## Personality Psychology ### The Trait Approach ### Five Factor Model and HEXACO Model <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> **Rizqy Amelia Zein** Department of Personality and Social Psychology course website: https://s.id/amerta google classroom: cyhrwcw --- ## Try it first! :smile: [Click here to take the test](http://www.personalitylab.org/tests/bfi2_self_pol.htm)  --- ## Five Factor Model :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * The model is based on [Hans Eysenck's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck) theory that personality is composed of ==traits, or factors==, derived by the [factor-analytic method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis). * The theory uses ==statistical procedure== to derive evidence of the factors of human personality. * Robert McCrae and Paul Costa embarked on an extensive research program starting in the 1980s that identified five so-called robust or [Big Five factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits). </div> --- ## Five Factor Model :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * These factors are **neuroticism**, **extraversion**, **openness**, **agreeableness**, and **conscientiousness**. * More than 25 years and hundreds of studies later, one of the originators of the five-factor model accurately described it as marking ==“a turning point in the history of personality psychology”== (McCrae, 2011, p. 210). </div> ---  --- ## Personality Measurement :straight_ruler: <div style="text-align: left"> * The factors were confirmed through a variety of assessment techniques including ==self-ratings==, ==objective tests==, and ==observers’ reports==. - McCrae and Costa then developed a personality test, ==the NEO Personality Inventory==, using an acronym derived from the initials of the first three factors. </div> --- ## Personality Measurement :straight_ruler: <div style="text-align: left"> ==Four of the five== factors show ==a stronger hereditary component==: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness. ==Agreeableness== was found to have a ==stronger environmental== component. </div> ---  ---  --- ## Cultural and Gender Differences :woman-boy-boy: <div style="text-align: left"> * The five factors have been ==consistently observed== in Eastern as well as Western cultures, a finding that also supports a genetic component. * McCrae and Costa noted that the Big Five factors and their traits appear to represent a ==“common human structure of personality”== that transcends cultural differences. </div> --- ## Cultural Differences :curly_loop: <div style="text-align: left"> * These five factors and their traits have been found in ==more than 50 diverse nations== * It is important to note that those countries tend to be ==urban==, ==literate==, ==well-educated== societies. * ==No evidence== of the five factors was found in an extensive study of ==a small, isolated, largely illiterate== tribal group residing in a remote area of Bolivia. </div> --- ## Gender Differences :woman-boy-boy: <div style="text-align: left"> * There seem to be ==consistent sex differences== in the five factors. * [Research](https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168) carried out in 55 countries found that :girl: reported ==higher== levels of ==neuroticism==, ==extraversion==, ==agreeableness==, and ==conscientiousness== than men. * These differences were most pronounced in ==prosperous and egalitarian nations== where women had greater opportunity for education and employment. </div> --- ## Is personality stable over-time? <div style="text-align: left"> * The five factors have been found in ==children as well as adults==. Longitudinal research studying the same people over a 6-year period demonstrated ==a high level of stability== for all five traits. * A [large-scale research review](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07317115.2014.885917) showed that neuroticism, extraversion, and openness appeared to ==decrease== as people ==reached their 60s==, whereas agreeableness and ==conscientiousness== seem to ==increase with age==. </div> --- ## HEXACO Model <div style="text-align: left"> * Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee have proposed ==a six-factor model of personality==. * ==Two of the factors==—extraversion and conscientiousness—are ==similar== to those found in the ==five-factor model==; the other four differ in various degrees from the earlier work and are unique to this model of personality. * [Try the HEXACO personality test!](https://hexaco.org/hexaco-online) </div> --- ## HEXACO Model <div style="text-align: left"> * The model was developed from several previous independent ==lexical studies==. * ==Language-based taxonomies== for personality traits have been widely used as a method for developing personality models. * This method, based on the logic of the lexical hypothesis, uses ==adjectives== found in language that describe behaviours and tendencies among individuals. </div> ---  --- ### Thank you! :tada: You can find me on: - [My personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/) - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein) - [..or email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)