## Self and Identity :trident: <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> **Rizqy Amelia Zein** Department of Personality and Social Psychology Universitas Airlangga slides: https://hackmd.io/@ameliazein/kogsos-7 ---  To download the slides (.pdf), swipe down and click :printer: icon. ---  --- ## Who am I? :selfie: <div style="text-align: left"> * Your **==identity and your self-concept==** underpin your everyday life. * Knowing who you are allows you to **==know what you should think and do==** and how **==others might think of and treat you==**. * Self and identity are cognitive constructs that influence social interaction and perception, and that are themselves influenced by society. </div> --- ## Historical Context :book: <div style="text-align: left"> * The self is **==a relatively new idea==** ([Baumeister, 1987](https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/52/1/163.html?uid=1987-15569-001)). * In medieval society, social relations were fixed and stable and legitimised in religious terms. * People’s lives and identities were mapped out according to their **==position in the social order==**. * i.e. ascribing attributes such as family membership, social rank, birth order and place of birth. </div> --- ## Historical Context :book: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Secularisation==** – the idea that fulfilment occurs in the afterlife was replaced by the idea that you should actively pursue personal fulfilment in this life. * **==Industrialisation==** – people were increasingly seen as units of production that moved from place to place to work and thus had a portable personal identity that was not locked into static social structures such as the extended family. </div> --- ## Historical Context :book: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Enlightenment==** – people felt that they could organise and construct different, better, identities and lives for themselves by overthrowing orthodox value systems and oppressive regimes. * **==Psychoanalysis==** – Freud’s theory of the human mind crystallised the notion that the self was unfathomable because it lurked in the gloomy depths of the unconscious. </div> --- ## Selves in many contexts :left_speech_bubble: <div style="text-align: left"> * Psychodynamic Self * Individual vs Collective Self * Symbolic Interactionist Self - Looking-Glass Self </div> --- ## Psychodynamic Self :zap: <div style="text-align: left"> * Freud believed that unsocialised and selfish *libidinal impulses* (the id) are **==repressed and kept==** in check by internalised *societal norms* (the superego). - So that we often supressed the desire in order to conform to social norms. * To reveal the true self, Freud suggested **==special procedures==**, such as hypnosis or psychotherapy, are employed to reveal repressed thoughts. </div> --- ## Psychodynamic Self :zap: <div style="text-align: left"> * Adorno, et al's (1950) notion about [The Authoritarian Personality](https://books.google.com/books?hl=id&lr=&id=SUmHDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR23&dq=the+authoritarian+personality&ots=z_PY1XDEfd&sig=H2IjKmphkYZ-bDFYrmbhG7-2DhI) is rooted from Psychodynamic Self. </div>  --- ### The F-Scale :scales: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Conventionalism==**: Adherence to conventional values. * **==Authoritarian Submission==**: Towards ingroup authority figures. * **==Authoritarian Aggression==**: Against people who violate conventional values. * **==Anti-Intraception==**: Opposition to subjectivity and imagination. * **==Superstition and Stereotypy==**: Belief in individual fate; thinking in rigid categories. </div> --- ### The F-Scale :scales: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Power and Toughness==**: Concerned with submission and domination; assertion of strength. * **==Destructiveness and Cynicism==**: hostility against human nature. * **==Projectivity==**: Perception of the world as dangerous; tendency to project unconscious impulses. * **==Sex==**: Overly concerned with non-conventional sexual practices. </div> --- ### Individual versus collective self :man_and_woman_holding_hands: <div style="text-align: left"> * Freud viewed the self as very **==personal and private==** – the high point of individuality: something that uniquely describes an individual human being. * Social psychologists have considered groups to be made up of individuals who interact with one another rather than of individuals who have **==a collective sense of shared identity==**. </div> --- ### Individual versus collective self :man_and_woman_holding_hands: <div style="text-align: left"> * According to Wilhelm Wundt, Social Psychology is a study of... "..*those mental products which are created by **==a community of human life==** and are, therefore, inexplicable in terms merely of individual consciousness since they presuppose the **==reciprocal action of many==***." </div> --- ### Individual versus collective self :man_and_woman_holding_hands: <div style="text-align: left"> * So that we also deal with **==collective phenomena==**, such as language, religion, customs and myth, which could not be understood in terms of the psychology of the isolated individual. </div> --- ### Individual versus collective self :man_and_woman_holding_hands: <div style="text-align: left"> Some modern theorists on "collective self" * Social representation of identity ([Farr & Moscovici, 1984](http://www.europhd.net/bibliographic-item/nature-and-role-representations-selfs-understanding-others-and-self)) * Social identity theory (SIT) (Tajfel & Turner, 1986, but see [Hogg & Abrams, 1990](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dominic_Abrams/publication/226768706_An_Introduction_to_the_Social_Identity_Approach/links/56b4910108ae22962fe5fca9/An-Introduction-to-the-Social-Identity-Approach.pdf) for a clearer conceptualisation) * Collective self-construal ([Markus & Kitayama, 1991](https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224)) </div> --- ### Symbolic Interactionist Self :twisted_rightwards_arrows: <div style="text-align: left"> * Another twist to the idea of the collective self is recognition that the self emerges and is **==shaped by social interaction==**. * People tend to reconstruct who they are **==without being aware==** of having done it. * Although people may be aware of who they are in terms of their attitudes and preferences, they are **==rather bad at knowing how they arrived==** at that knowledge. </div> --- ### Symbolic Interactionist Self :twisted_rightwards_arrows: <div style="text-align: left"> * Sociologist G.H. Mead believed that **==society influences individuals==** through the way individuals think about themselves. - Self-conception arises and is continually modified through **==interaction between people==**. * Symbolic interactionism offers a quite sophisticated and complex model of how the self is formed and it generates a very straightforward prediction. </div> --- ### Symbolic Interactionist Self :twisted_rightwards_arrows: <div style="text-align: left"> * Shrauger and Schoeneman (1979) reviewed sixty-two studies to see if this was true. - What they found was that people did not tend to see themselves as others saw them but instead saw themselves as they thought others saw them. - This is a concept namely **=='looking-glass self'==** </div> ---  ([Tice, 1992](https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/63/3/435.html?uid=1993-01479-001)) --- ## Self-awareness :man_in_lotus_position: <div style="text-align: left"> Scheier and Carver (1981) introduced a qualification to **==self-awareness theory==**, in which they distinguished between two types of self that you can be aware of. </div> --- ## Self-awareness :man_in_lotus_position: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==The private self==** – your private thoughts, feelings and attitudes :point_right: leads you to try to match your behaviour to your internalised standards; * **==The public self==** – how other people see you, your public image :point_right: is oriented towards presenting yourself to others in a positive light. </div> --- ## Self-awareness :man_in_lotus_position: <div style="text-align: left"> * Being self-aware can be very uncomfortable. * We all feel self-conscious from time to time and are only too familiar with how it affects our behaviour – we feel **==anxious==**. * Self-awareness can also make us **==feel good==** when the standards against which we compare ourselves are not too exacting. - i.e. when we make **==downward comparison==** </div> --- ## Self-awareness :man_in_lotus_position: <div style="text-align: left"> * Self-awareness can also **==improve introspection==**, **==intensify emotions==** and **==improve performance==** of controlled effort-sensitive tasks that do not require undue skill. - i.e. checking over an essay you have written. </div> --- ## Self-awareness :man_in_lotus_position: <div style="text-align: left"> * The opposite of being objectively self-aware is being in a state of **==reduced objective self-awareness==**. * Because elevated self-awareness can be stressful or aversive, people may try to avoid this state by drinking alcohol, or by more extreme measures such as suicide. </div> --- ## Self-awareness :man_in_lotus_position: <div style="text-align: left"> * Reduced self-awareness has also been identified as a key component of **==deindividuation==**. - a state in which people are **==blocked from awareness==** of themselves as distinct individuals, fail to monitor their actions and can behave impulsively. * Reduced self-awareness may be implicated in the way that crowds behave and in other forms of social unrest. </div> --- ### Self-Construal :japanese_goblin: ##### ([Markus & Kitayama, 1991](http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_2)) <div style="text-align: left"> * There might be a **==cultural variation==** is how human forming their self-concept. * The way individuals construing themselves might affect how they react to others, especially when making inferences in certain social situations. * Markus and Kitayama (1991) drew a very important notion that there are **==two views of the self-system==** in relationship to others. </div> --- ### Self-Construal :japanese_goblin: ##### ([Markus & Kitayama, 1991](http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_2)) <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Independent self-construal==** (decontextualised self) :point_right: The emphasis is on the individual's *separateness* and *independence*. * This construal gives rise to concerns with "self actualization," "realizing oneself," "expressing one's unique configuration of needs, rights, and capacities," and "developing one's distinct potential". </div> --- ### Self-Construal :japanese_goblin: ##### ([Markus & Kitayama, 1991](http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_2)) <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Interdependent self-construal==** :point_right: The emphasis is on the individual's *connectedness* and *interdependence* to others. * An individual's *roles*, *statuses*, or *positions*, and the *commitments*, *obligations*, and *responsibilities* they confer, all presuppose a given social relation. * What a person does is meaningful only in the context of a given **==social relation==**. </div> ---  --- ### Self-Construal :japanese_goblin: ##### ([Markus & Kitayama, 1991](http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_2)) <div style="text-align: left"> * However, independents ***==don’t always to be less collectivistic==*** than are interdependents ([Brewer & Chen, 2007](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-23341-005)). * The individualists often hold higher regard for their ingroups rather than the interdependents, making a call for cross-cultural researchers to revisit the term “collectivism”. </div> --- ### Self-Construal :japanese_goblin: ##### ([Markus & Kitayama, 1991](http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_2)) <div style="text-align: left"> * [Brewer and Gardner (1996)](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-01782-006) proposed to distinguish *different types of collectivism*; ***==relational and collective self==*** -- making self as a **==tripartite model==** rather than a bipolar construct. </div> ---  --- ### Thank you! :tada: Should you have any questions, drop them in: - [Spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LqcvLnfamGoE3rxKFg9eVtttMbmkPfcF7OxMY1yVGYM/edit?usp=sharing); or - [Drop-in session (every Friday at 11-12)](https://meet.google.com/iis-oxiz-emc); or - [Email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)