## Introduction to Social Psychology :book: <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> **Rizqy Amelia Zein** Department of Personality and Social Psychology Universitas Airlangga slides: https://hackmd.io/@ameliazein/kogsos-1a ---  To download the slides (.pdf), swipe down and click :printer: icon. --- ### What is "Social" Psychology? :bust_in_silhouette: <div style="text-align: left"> * "..how the **==thoughts==**, **==feelings==** and **==behaviours==** of individuals are influenced by the **==actual==**, **==imagined==** or **==implied==** presence of others" (Allport, 1954) * What is "social"? - Dealing with how people are affected by other people who are **==physically present==**. - ..or who are **==imagined==** to be present. - ..or even whose presence is **==implied==**. </div> ---  --- ### Topics covered in Social Psychology :pencil: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Social cognition==** :point_right: e.g. stereotypes, attitudes, self & identity, etc. * ==**Social interaction and intergroup relation**== :point_right: discrimination, romantic relationship, intergroup relation, aggression, etc. * **==Social influence and group dynamics==** :point_right: obedience, compliance, conformity, conflict, etc. </div> --- ## A bit of history :scroll: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==**Anglo-European influences**== (19th century) - *Völkerpsychologie* :point_right: Steinthal and Lazarus, then Wundt. Inspired by Hegel, studying *the collective mind*. * **==The rise of experimental method==** (North America) :point_right: Triplett's experiment as the earliest experimental study. - Attitude scaling (Likert) - Group dynamics (Lewin) </div> --- ## A bit of history :scroll: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Collectivist theories==** :point_right: European influences ([Social Identity theory](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/social-identity-theory) & [Social Representation theory](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43557448.pdf)). * ==**Post-2011**== :point_right: [credibility revolution](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/psychologys-credibility-revolution/202005/promoting-credibility-revolution-journey-open-science). </div> --- ### Is Social Psychology scientific? :female-scientist: <div style="text-align: left"> * Of course, it is. A social psychologist uses the scientific method **==to construct and test theories==**. * the ==**validity**== of a theory is based on its **==correspondence with fact==**. - Social psychologists construct theories from **==data and/or previous theories==**. - ..then conduct empirical research, in which data are collected to **==test the theory==**. </div> ---  --- ### Research Methods :microscope: <div style="text-align: left"> * Experimental methods - Independent, dependent, and confounding variable - Laboratory vs field experiments - External (mundane realism) vs internal (experimental realism) validity - Experimenter effect ([Milgram's case](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jtsb.12137) is a good example) - Blinding/masking :point_right: a strategy to debilitate experimenter effect </div> --- ### Research Methods :microscope: <div style="text-align: left"> * Non-experimental methods - Cross-sectional surveys/correlational research - Archival research - Case studies - Qualitative research - Field studies :point_right: field experiment :heavy_minus_sign: intervention </div> --- <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hFV71QPvX2I" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- ## Research ethics :angel: <div style="text-align: left"> * Respecting one's privacy :mask: * Making sure that no harm has been made :hammer_and_wrench: * Are we allowed to use deception? :face_with_raised_eyebrow: * Informed consent :loudspeaker: * Debriefing :sunglasses: </div> --- ### Famous classical experiments :male-scientist: <div style="text-align: left"> * [Norman Triplett's](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDAOZqfMca4) 1893 social facilitation * [Solomon Asch's](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRh5qy09nNw) 1951 conformity * [Muzafer & Carolyn Wood Sherif's](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QGNxRGgBwM) 1954 Robbers cave experiment (realistic conflict theory) * [Stanley Milgram's](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBDkJ-Nc3Ig) 1963 obedience * [John Latane and Bibb Darley's](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdpdUbW8vbw) 1968 bystander effect * [Phillip Zimbardo's](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2TCfex1aFw) 1971 obedience to authority (Stanford Prison Experiment) </div> --- <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8PRuxMprSDQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- ## Social Psychology in crisis? :confused: <div style="text-align: left"> [(Gergen, 1973)](https://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/kenneth-gergen/soc_psych.pdf) * Social psychology was ==**overly reductionist**== (i.e. by explaining social behaviour mainly in terms of individual psychology, it failed to address the essentially social nature of the human experience). * Social psychology was **==overly positivistic==** (i.e. it adhered to a model of science that was distorted, inappropriate and misleading). </div> --- ### Social Psychology (again) [in crisis?](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00621/full) :confounded: <div style="text-align: left"> * Research findings will be seen **==credible==** if other researchers successfully produce **==more or less the same==** findings, when the whole research process is replicated. * Unfortunately, in modern times, a lot of research findings in Psychology, including those that are highly influential, are **==unable to replicate==**. * ...creating a crisis that we called, [a replication crisis](https://nobaproject.com/modules/the-replication-crisis-in-psychology). </div> --- ## Why does it matter? :shrug: <div style="text-align: left"> * Non-replicated studies indicate some psychological phenomenon ==may not be real==. * It also indicates that scientists ==do their job sloppily== :arrow_right: the danger of eroding trust in science and scientist. * Even worse, it arises suspicion that ==some findings are [fabricated](https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/09/harvard-psychology-researcher-committed-fraud-us-investigation-concludes)==. * Good (well, kind of) news :arrow_right: Social Psychology [is not alone.](https://www.pnas.org/content/115/11/2628) </div> --- <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FpCrY7x5nEE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- ### Thank you! :tada: Should you have any questions, drop them in: - [Spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LqcvLnfamGoE3rxKFg9eVtttMbmkPfcF7OxMY1yVGYM/edit?usp=sharing); or - [Drop-in session (every Friday at 11-12)](https://meet.google.com/iis-oxiz-emc); or - [Email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)