## Personality Psychology ### The Inner Psychic Approach ### Freudian Psychoanalysis <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> **Rizqy Amelia Zein** Social Cognition and Intergroup Relations Lab Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga google classroom: cyhrwcw ---  --- ## First things first: Instinct! :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==The motivating forces== that ==**drive behaviour**== and determine ==**its direction**==. * Instinct (or ==*Trieb*== in German), is ==a form of energy==, that is transformed into **physical energy** and serve its function to connect the physical and psychological needs. * Human always experience ==instinctual tension== and unable to escape from it. So most of our activities are directed to ==**reduce this tension**==. </div> --- ## First things first: Instinct! :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * People could have ==**different ways**== to ==reduce the tension== (e.g. sexual drives can manifest in various sexual behaviours). * It's also possible to ==substitute the objects== **(displacement)** and this process is primarily important to determine one's behaviour. * Freud coined the terms ==**"life"**== and ==**"death"**== instincts, which posit different process of ==primal motivations==. </div> --- ## The Life Instinct :green_apple: <div style="text-align: left"> 1. Serve the purpose of **survival** of the individual and the species by seeking to ==satisfy the needs== for food, water, air, and sex. 1. The life instincts are oriented toward ==**growth and development**==. The psychic energy manifested by the life instincts is **the libido**. 1. The libido can be ==attached== to or ==invested in objects==, a concept Freud called **cathexis**. 1. So if you like Ryan Gosling:heart: so much, for example, then your libido is cathected to him. </div> ---  --- ## The Death Instinct :alien: <div style="text-align: left"> 1. In opposition to the life instincts, Freud postulated the ==**destructive** or **death instincts**==. 1. All living things decay and die, returning to their original inanimate state, and he believed that ==people have an **unconscious wish to die**==. 1. One component of the death instincts is **the aggressive drive**, which he saw as the wish to die turned against objects other than the self. 1. Aggresive drives including ==strong impulsion to do damage, kill, destroy, conquer==, etc. </div> --- ## The Levels of Personality :roller_coaster: <div style="text-align: left"> - Freud divided personality into three levels: ==**the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious**==. - ==**The conscious**== includes all the sensations and experiences of which we are aware at any given moment. - **The conscious** is a **limited** aspect of personality because only **a small portion** of our thoughts, sensations, and memories exists in conscious awareness at any one time. </div> --- ## The Levels of Personality :roller_coaster: <div style="text-align: left"> - More important is ==**the unconscious**==, that larger, invisible portion below the surface. This is **the focus of psychoanalytic theory**. - Its vast, dark depths are ==the home of the instincts, those wishes and desires that direct our behavior==, the unconscious contains **the major driving power** behind all behaviours and is the repository of forces we cannot see or control. </div> --- ## The Levels of Personality :roller_coaster: <div style="text-align: left"> - Between these two levels is ==**the sub/preconscious**==. - This is the storehouse of all our ==memories, perceptions, and thoughts== of which we are not consciously aware at the moment but that we can easily summon into consciousness. </div> ---  --- ### Now the Core: **The Structure of Personality**  --- ### Id (*Das Es*) :one: <div style="text-align: left"> - The id is the reservoir for the ==instincts and libido== (the psychic energy manifested by the instincts). - The id is ==a powerful structure of the personality== because it ==supplies all the energy== for the other two components. - The id operates in accordance with what Freud called ==**the pleasure principle**==. Through its concern with tension reduction, the id functions to ==increase pleasure and avoid pain==. </div> --- ### Id (*Das Es*) :two: <div style="text-align: left"> - The id is ==a selfish, pleasure-seeking structure-primitive, amoral, insistent, and impulsive==. - The id has ==no awareness of reality==. - The only ways the id can attempt to satisfy its needs are through ==reflex action and wish-fulfilling hallucinatory or fantasy experience==, which Freud labeled **primary-process thought**. </div> --- ### The Ego (*Das Ich*) :one: <div style="text-align: left"> - The growing child is taught to ==deal intelligently and rationally== with other people and the outside world. - Freud called these abilities ==**secondary-process thought**==. - The Ego ==perceives and manipulates the environment== in a **practical** and **realistic manner** and so is said to operate in accordance with ==**the reality principle**==. </div> --- ### The Ego (*Das Ich*) :two: <div style="text-align: left"> - The ego ==serves two masters==-the id and reality-and is constantly ==mediating and striking compromises== between their conflicting demands. - This ==**controlling and postponing function**== of the ego must be exercised constantly. If not, the id impulses might come to dominate and overthrow the rational ego. </div> --- Freud argued that **we must protect ourselves** from being **controlled by the id** and proposed various unconscious mechanisms with which to **defend the ego**. This is ==**the main purpose of Psychoanalysis**==. --- ### The Superego (*Das Uber Ich*) :one: <div style="text-align: left"> - There is also a third set of forces-a powerful and largely unconscious set of dictates or beliefs-that we acquire in childhood: ==**our ideas of right and wrong**==. - We call this ==**internal morality or conscience**==. - Freud called it the ==**superego**== :hammer: </div> --- ### The Superego (*Das Uber Ich*) :two: <div style="text-align: left"> - Through ==praise, punishment, and example==, children learn which behaviors their parents consider good or bad. Those behaviors for which children are punished form ==**the conscience**==, one part of the superego. - The second part of the superego is ==**the ego-ideal**==, which consists of good, or correct, behaviors for which children have been praised. </div> --- ## Remember! :loudspeaker: The superego strives ==neither for pleasure== (as the id does) ==nor for attainment== of realistic goals (as the ego does). It strives solely for ==**moral perfection**==. ---  --- ### Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego :100: <div style="text-align: left"> - Anxiety is not unlike fear, but we may not know what we're afraid of. - Freud described anxiety as ==an objectless fear==, meaning that ==we cannot point to its source==, to a specific object that caused it. - Freud made anxiety ==an important part of his personality theory==, asserting that it is fundamental to the development of all neurotic and psychotic behavior. </div> --- ### Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego :100: <div style="text-align: left"> - When we ==cannot cope with anxiety==, when we are in danger of being overwhelmed by it, the anxiety is said to be traumatic. - The person, regardless of age, is ==**reduced**== to a state of helplessness like that experienced in infancy. - In adult life, **==infantile helplessness==** is reenacted to some degree whenever the ego is threatened. </div> --- ...Freud proposed **three different types of anxiety**: ==reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety==.  ---  --- ## Reality Anxiety :movie_camera: <div style="text-align: left"> - This involves ==a fear of real dangers== in the real world. Most of us justifiably fear fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, and similar disasters. - Reality anxiety serves the positive purpose of ==guiding our behavior to escape== or ==protect ourselves from actual dangers==. - The person who cannot leave home for fear of being hit by a car or who cannot light a match for fear of fire is carrying ==reality-based fears== **beyond the point of normality**. </div> --- ## Neurotic Anxiety :dizzy_face: <div style="text-align: left"> - Neurotic anxiety has its ==basis in childhood==, in a conflict between ==instinctual gratification and reality==. - Children are often ==punished== for ==overtly expressing sexual or aggressive impulses==. Therefore, the wish to gratify certain id impulses generates anxiety. - This neurotic anxiety is ==an unconscious fear of being punished== for impulsively displaying id-dominated behaviour. </div> --- ## Moral Anxiety :disappointed_relieved: <div style="text-align: left"> - Moral anxiety results from ==a conflict between the id and the superego==. - In essence, it is a fear of one's conscience. - When you are ==**motivated to express an instinctual impulse**== that is ==**contrary**== to ==your moral code==, your superego retaliates by causing you to ==feel shame or guilt==. </div> --- ## Moral Anxiety :disappointed_relieved: <div style="text-align: left"> - Moral anxiety is a function of ==how well developed the superego== is. - ==Children== are punished for violating their ==parents' moral codes==, and ==adults== are punished for violating ==society's moral code==. - The ==shame and guilt== feelings in moral anxiety arise from within; it is our conscience that causes the fear and the anxiety. </div> --- ### The Purpose of Anxiety :warning: <div style="text-align: left"> - Anxiety serves as a ==**warning**== to the person that ==something is amiss== within the personality. - Anxiety ==induces tension== in the organism and thus ==becomes a drive== (much like hunger or thirst) that the individual is motivated to satisfy. The tension must be reduced. - Anxiety alerts the individual that ==the ego is being threatened== and that unless action is taken, the ego might be overthrown. - How can the ego protect or defend itself? </div> ---  --- ## Psychosexual Stages :family: <div style="text-align: left"> - A person's ==unique character== type develops in ==childhood==, largely from ==parent-child interactions==. - Freud also sensed ==strong sexual conflicts== in the ==infant and young child==, conflicts that seemed to revolve around ==**specific regions of the body**==. - He noted that ==each body region== assumed a greater importance as the ==center of conflict== at a different age. </div> --- ## Psychosexual Stages :family: <div style="text-align: left"> - From these observations he derived his theory of the psychosexual stages of development. - In ==each developmental stage== a ==**conflict exists**== that must be resolved before the infant or child can progress to the next stage. - In either case, the individual is said to be fixated at this stage of development. </div> --- In **fixation**, a portion of libido or psychic energy ==remains invested== in that developmental stage, leaving ==less energy for the following stages==.  --- ## The oral stage :lips: <div style="text-align: left"> - The ==1st stage== of psychosexual development, lasts from ==**birth**== until some time **==during the second year==**. - During this period, the infant's principal source of pleasure is **==the mouth==**. The infant derives pleasure from sucking, biting, and swallowing. - The infant is totally ==dependent on the mother== or caregiver who becomes the ==primary object== of the child's libido. </div> --- ## The oral stage :lips: <div style="text-align: left"> - There are two ways of behaving during this stage: ==**oral incorporative behavior**== (taking in) and ==**oral aggressive or oral sadistic behavior**== (biting or spitting out). - Adults **fixated at the oral incorporative stage** become excessively concerned with oral activities, like ==eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing==. </div> --- ## The Anal Stage :poop: <div style="text-align: left"> - Around the ==age of 18 months==, when a new demand, ==toilet training==, is made of the child. - Freud believed that the experience of toilet training during the anal stage had a significant effect on personality development. - Defecation produces ==erotic pleasure for the child==, but with the onset of toilet training, the child is put under pressure to ==learn to postpone or delay== this pleasure. </div> --- ## The Anal Stage :poop: <div style="text-align: left"> - ==**The anal retentive person**== is likely to be ==rigid, compulsively neat, obstinate, and overly conscientious==. - Such a person becomes stubborn and stingy, and hoards or retains things because feelings of security depend on what is saved and possessed, and on the order and in which possessions and other aspects of life are maintained :arrow_right: *==obsessive-compulsive disorder==* </div> --- ## The Anal Stage :poop: <div style="text-align: left"> - If children defy their parents' order to defecate properly, it causes ==**anal aggressive personality**==. - To Freud, this was the basis for many forms of ==hostile and sadistic behavior== in adult life, including cruelty, destructiveness, and temper tantrums. </div> --- ## The Phallic Stage :elephant: <div style="text-align: left"> - Children at the phallic stage display considerable interest in ==**exploring and manipulating the genitals**==, their own and those of their playmates. - The phallic stage is ==the last of the pre genital== or childhood stages, and ==phallic conflicts== are the ==most complex ones to resolve==. - They are also difficult for many people to accept because they involve the notion of incest, ==a taboo== in many cultures. </div> --- ## The Phallic Stage :elephant: <div style="text-align: left"> - ==**The Oedipus Complex**== happens in this stage. - Oedipus complex refers to a condition where boys interprets his fear of his father in genital terms, ==becoming fearful== that his father will ==cut off the offending organ (the boy's penis)==, which is the source of the boy's pleasure and sexual longings (==**castration anxiety**==). - Penis envy vs [Womb envy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womb_envy) (Karen Horney) </div> --- ## The Latency Stage :confounded: <div style="text-align: left"> - The latency period is ==**not a psychosexual stage**== of development. - The sex instinct is ==dormant== during this time, Freud believed, and is ==temporarily sublimated in school activities==, hobbies, and sports and in developing friendships with members of the same sex. </div> --- ## The Genital Stage :couple_with_heart: <div style="text-align: left"> - The ==**final psychosexual stage**== of development, begins at puberty. - The body is becoming ==physiologically mature==, and if no major fixations have occurred at an earlier stage of development, the individual may be able to lead a normal life. </div> --- ## The Genital Stage :couple_with_heart: <div style="text-align: left"> - Freud believed that the ==conflict== during this period is ==less intense== than in the other stages. - The adolescent ==must conform to societal sanctions== and taboos that exist concerning sexual expression, but he believed that conflict is minimized through sublimation. </div> ---  ---  --- ## Techniques :scissors: <div style="text-align: left"> - **==Free Association==** :arrow_right: A technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind. In other words, it is a kind of ==daydreaming out loud==. - ==**Catharsis**== :arrow_right: The expression of emotions that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms. - **==Hypnosis==** :arrow_right: Freud learned to perform hypnosis from Charcot, but he stopped using it afterwards. </div> --- ## Dream Analysis :thought_balloon: <div style="text-align: left"> - Freud believed that ==dreams represent==, in symbolic form, ==repressed desires, fears, and conflicts==. So strongly have these feelings been repressed that they can surface only in disguised fashion during sleep. - ==**Two aspects of dreams**==: ==the manifest content==, which refers to the actual events in the dream; and ==the latent content==, which is the hidden symbolic meaning of the dream. </div> ---  --- ### Thank you! :tada: You can find me on: - [My personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/) - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein) - [..or email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)