## Personality Psychology ### The Humanistic Approach ### Maslow's Needs Theory <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> **Rizqy Amelia Zein** Department of Personality and Social Psychology google classroom: rhinbxh ---  --- ### The Hierarchy of Needs :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * Maslow proposed ==a hierarchy of five innate needs== that activate and direct human behavior. * They are the **physiological**, **safety**, **belongingness and love**, **esteem**, and **self-actualization** needs. * Maslow described these needs as **==instinctoid==**, by which he meant that they have a hereditary component. </div> --- ### The Hierarchy of Needs :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * The needs are ==arranged== in order from ==strongest at the bottom== to the ==weakest at the top==. * **==Lower needs==** must be at least ==partially satisfied== before higher needs become influential. * Thus, we are ==not driven by all needs== at the same time. * In general, only ==one need will dominate== our personality at any one point in time. </div> ---  --- ## A Fun Fact! <div style="text-align: left"> Maslow indeed proposed a hierarchical model of needs, BUT he [didn't present it as a pyramid](https://medium.com/@ndisisnd/maslow-didnt-create-the-pyramid-391c285fc6c). </div>  --- ## Characteristics :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==The lower== the need is in the hierarchy, ==the greater== is its strength, potency, and priority. The higher needs are weaker needs. * ==Higher needs== appear ==later in life==. - Physiological and safety needs arise in infancy. - Belongingness and esteem needs arise in adolescence. - The need for self-actualization does not arise until midlife. </div> --- ## Characteristics :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * Failure to satisfy ==a higher need== ==does not produce a crisis==. * Failure to satisfy ==a lower need== does ==produce a crisis==. * For this reason, Maslow called **==lower needs deficit, or deficiency==**, needs; failure to satisfy them ==produces a deficit== or lack in the individual. </div> --- ## Characteristics :three: <div style="text-align: left"> * Although ==higher needs are less necessary== for survival, they can contribute to ==our personal growth==. * Satisfaction of higher needs leads to ==improved health==, ==happiness==, ==contentment==, ==fulfillment==, and ==longevity==. - For this reason, Maslow called higher needs **==growth or being needs==**. </div> --- ## Characteristics :four: <div style="text-align: left"> * Gratification of higher needs ==requires better== external social, economic, and political circumstances than does gratification of lower needs. - For example, ==pursuing self-actualization== requires ==greater freedom of expression== and opportunity than pursuing safety needs. </div> --- ## Characteristics :five: <div style="text-align: left"> * A need ==does not have to be satisfied fully== before the next need in the hierarchy becomes important. - Maslow proposed ==a declining percentage== of satisfaction for each need. - He described a person who satisfied, 85% of physiological needs, 70% of safety needs, 50% of belongingness and love needs, 40% of esteem needs, and 10% of self-actualization need. </div> --- ## Achieving self-actualization :woman_in_lotus_position: <div style="text-align: left"> The ==following conditions== are necessary in order for us to satisfy the self-actualization need, we must: * Be ==free of constraints== imposed by society and by ourselves. * ==Not be distracted== by the lower-order needs. * Be ==secure in our self-image== and in our relationships with other people. * Have ==a realistic knowledge== of our strengths and weaknessesand virtues. </div> --- ## The self-actualizers :man_in_steamy_room: <div style="text-align: left"> * Self-actualizers ==differ from others== in terms of their basic motivation. * Maslow proposed ==a distinct type of motivation== for self-actualizers which he called **==metamotivation==**(sometimes called B-motivation or Being). * Metamotivation indicates that it ==goes beyond== psychology’s traditional idea of motivation. </div> --- ## The self-actualizers :man_in_steamy_room: <div style="text-align: left"> * Metamotivations involves ==maximizing personal potential== rather than striving for a particular goal object. * Having explained that self-actualizers are unmotivated, Maslow proposed ==**a list of metaneeds**== toward which self-actualizers evolve. * Metaneeds are ==states of being==—such as goodness, uniqueness, and perfection—rather than specific goal objects. </div> --- ## The self-actualizers :man_in_steamy_room: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==Failure to satisfy== metaneeds is harmful and produces a kind of ==**metapathology**==, which thwarts the full development of the personality. * Metapathology ==prevents== self-actualizers from ==expressing, using, and fulfilling their potential==. * They may come to ==feel helpless and depressed==, unable to pinpoint a source for these feelings or identify a goal that might alleviate the distress. </div> ---  --- ## Who is a self-actualizers?:man_in_business_suit_levitating: <div style="text-align: left"> * An ==efficient perception== of reality * An ==acceptance== of themselves, others, and nature * A ==spontaneity==, simplicity, and naturalness * A ==focus on problems== outside themselves * A ==sense of detachment== and the need for privacy * A ==freshness of appreciation== </div> --- ## Who is a self-actualizers?:man_in_business_suit_levitating: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==Mystical or peak experiences== - Self-actualizers know moments of ==intense ecstasy==, not unlike deep religious experiences, that can occur with virtually any activity. - Maslow called these events [**peak experiences**](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-peak-experience/201109/what-was-maslows-view-peak-experiences), during which the ==self is transcended== and the person feels supremely powerful, confident, and decisive. </div> --- ## Self-Determination Theory :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * A ==contemporary outgrowth== of the essence of Maslow’s self-actualization theory is **==the self-determination theory==**. * ..which suggests that ==people have an innate tendency== to ==express their interests==, to ==exercise and develop== their capabilities and potentials, and to ==overcome challenges==. </div> --- ## Self-Determination Theory :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * Research supporting the notion of self-determination has come from diverse groups such as football players in Australia, teenagers in India and Nigeria, and older women in the United States. * Those who ==scored highest== in self-determination showed the ==greatest improvement== in overall behavior and subjective well-being </div> --- ## Self-Determination Theory :three: <div style="text-align: left"> * Self-determination is facilitated by a ==person’s focus on intrinsic motivation==, such as engaging in an activity solely because of the interest and challenge of the activity itself. * Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in some activity only for the sake of some external reward such as praise, a promotion or pay raise, or a higher grade. </div> --- ## Self-Determination Theory :three: <div style="text-align: left"> * There is ==a basic similarity== between the notions of intrinsic motivation and self-determination, and Maslow’s description of self-actualization. - Both are concerned with fulfilling or realizing one’s talents and abilities for the goal of inner satisfaction rather than any kind of external reward. </div> --- ## Self-Determination Theory :four: <div style="text-align: left"> * Three Basic Needs :arrow_right: it is through the satisfaction of these needs that a person can reach a state of well-being. - ==Competence==—the need to feel that one can master difficult tasks - ==Autonomy==—the freedom to base one’s course of action on one’s own interests, needs, and values - ==Relatedness==—the need to feel a close connection with other people </div> --- ## Personality Assessments :straight_ruler: <div style="text-align: left"> * The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) - A ==self-report== questionnaire consisting of 150 pairs of statements, was developed by psychologist Everett Shostrom (1964, 1974) to ==measure self-actualization==. - Time competence :arrow_right: the degree to which we live in the present - Inner directedness :arrow_right: how much we depend on ourselves rather than on others for judgments and values. </div> --- ## Personality Assessments :straight_ruler: <div style="text-align: left"> * The Smartphone Basic Needs Scale - A 20-item ==self-report inventory== designed to assess the degree to which ==smartphone use can satisfy the needs== in Maslow’s system. * It was developed using college students in the United States and in South Korea as subjects, and [the developers reported](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563214001460) high levels of validity and reliability. </div> ---  --- ### Thank you! :tada: You can find me on: - [My personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/) - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein) - [..or email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)