## Personality Psychology ### The Limited-Domain Approach #### Facets of Personality: Taking Control, Taking Chances, and Finding Happiness <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> **Rizqy Amelia Zein** Department of Personality and Social Psychology google classroom: rhinbxh --- ## Introduction :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * An increasing number of contemporary personality psychologists have concluded that ==no single theory== can ==provide a comprehensive explanation== for all aspects of personality and behavior. * This has given rise to a newer, ==limited-domain approach== to personality. - More ==restricted in scope==, focusing on more circumscribed personality factors. </div> --- ## Introduction :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * The focus began to ==shift away== from the whole person when the study of personality was brought out of the clinic and into ==the research laboratory==. * Experimental psychologists typically study only ==one variable at a time==, controlling or holding constant all others. - They concentrate on ==a limited area== of investigation. </div> --- ## Introduction :three: <div style="text-align: left"> * Proponents of these limited-domain theories place ==less emphasis== on the ==therapeutic value== of their ideas. * Typically they are researchers, not clinicians, and, as a result, are ==more interested in investigating personality== than in changing it. </div> --- ## Facets of Personality :face_with_monocle: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Julian Rotter==** :arrow_right: Locus of Control :control_knobs: * ==**Marvin Zuckerman**== :arrow_right: Sensation Seeking :sake: * ==**Martin E. Seligman**== :arrow_right: Learned Helplessness :hear_no_evil: </div> --- ## Locus of Control :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * Rotter found that.. - Some people believe that their reinforcers ==depend on their own actions==. - Others believe their reinforcers are ==controlled by other people== and ==by outside forces==. * He called this concept **==locus of control==**. </div> --- ## Locus of Control :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * People who have **==an internal locus of control==** believe that the reinforcement they receive is under the control of their own behaviors and abilities. * Those with **==an external locus of control==** believe that other people, fate, or luck control the rewards they receive. - They are convinced that they are powerless with respect to outside forces. </div> --- ## Sensation Seeking <div style="text-align: left"> * Zuckerman describes ==**sensation seeking**== as a desire for “varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experience, and the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experience” * We might call it simply ==“taking chances.”== </div> --- ## Aspects Sensation Seeking :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==**Thrill and adventure seeking**== :arrow_right: A desire to engage in physical activities involving speed, danger, novelty, and defiance of gravity * **==Experience seeking==** :arrow_right: The search for novel experiences through travel, music, art, or a nonconformist lifestyle with similarly inclined people. </div> --- ## Aspects Sensation Seeking :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==**Disinhibition**== :arrow_right: The need to seek release in uninhibited social activities such as risky sex, impulsiveness, aggressiveness, and antisocial behaviors. * ==**Boredom susceptibility**== :arrow_right: An aversion to repetitive experiences, routine work, and predictable people, and a reaction of restless discontent when exposed to such situations. </div> --- ### Good & Bad Sensation Seeking :dragon_face: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==**The good type**==, or non-impulsive socialized sensation seeking, involves the thrill- and adventure-seeking component. * ==**The bad type**==, impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking, consists of high scores on the disinhibition, experience seeking, and boredom susceptibility components </div> ---  --- ### Learned Helplessness :frowning: <div style="text-align: left"> * **==Learned helplessness==** :arrow_right: A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment. * Seligman expanded his work on learned helplessness to encompass the factor of ==optimism versus pessimism==. * It is not only the lack of control under conditions of learned helplessness that affects our health but how we explain this lack of control to ourselves. </div> ---  --- ## Explanatory Style <div style="text-align: left"> * ==An optimistic explanatory== style **prevents** helplessness * ==A pessimistic explanatory== style **spreads** helplessness to all facets of life. </div> ---  --- ## Happiness :smiley: <div style="text-align: left"> * Psychologists have ==variously labeled== the happy personality in terms such as ==subjective well-being== or ==life satisfaction== * They define it as encompassing ==a cognitive evaluation== of the ==quality of one’s life== experience and the possession of ==positive moods and emotions==. * Thus, happiness has ==both rational== and ==emotional== aspects. </div> ---  --- ## Happiness and success :smile: <div style="text-align: left"> * Which comes first: happiness and success? * Are some people happy because they are successful, or are they successful because they are happy? </div> ---  --- ## Happiness and success :smile: <div style="text-align: left"> * Happiness, or subjective well-being, ==[leads to](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1069072707308140) the kinds of behaviors== that bring about success. * People [high in subjective well-being](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1069072707308140) “are ==more likely to secure job interviews==, ==to be evaluated more positively by supervisors== once they obtain a job, [and] ==to show superior performance== and productivity” </div> --- ### Thank you! :tada: You can find me on: - [My personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/) - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein) - [..or email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)