# Objects: Examples

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One reason the previous session was difficult is that lists are "objects" and we did not yet understand what objects are.

In Python everything is an objet.

Download the program [objects.py](https://github.com/alexhkurz/introduction-to-programming/blob/master/src/objects.py).

You may have to run in a terminal

pip install termcolor

in order to install the package `termcolor` that I use to print coloured output.

**Activity:** Run `objects.py`.
- Which line of the output stems from which line of the program?
- Which of the results would you expected and which did surprise you?
- In a terminal, call `python`

python
>>>

and run your own interactive experiments. Here is an example of such an interactive session:

>>> a = []
>>> a
[]
>>> id(a)
4407006064
>>> a = a + [1]
>>> a
[1]
>>> id(a)
4408064352
>>> a += [2]
>>> a
[1, 2]
>>> id(a)
4408064352

If you want to recreate this example enter the text after the python prompts `>>>`, line by line.

`id(a)` returns the name of the object `a`, or, in fact, the address where the object `a` is stored in memory. How does this shed light on the difference between `... = ... + ...` and `... += ...`?

- Create experiments, similar to the one in the item above, that check the following.
- Create the same list twice as in `a = []` and `b = []`. Do the variables `a` and `b` refer to the same object?
- What happens if you replace lists by numbers as eg in `a=0` and `b=0`?
- What happens if you use larger numbers as eg in `a=257` and `b=257`?
- Can you make two variables refer to the same list?

Btw, you can use `is` to test whether the objects named by two variabels are the same: `a is b` is equivalent to `id(a) == id(b)`, which is different to `a==b`:

- The phrase "the same object" can have two different interpretations. Accordingly, Python has two different operators, `==` and `is`. Run some experiments that explain the difference between the two. (At first, do not look up `==` and `is` but try to find out for yourself.)

- Can you design a memory model for Python that explains the results of the program `object.py` and your own experiments?

## References

From the official Python Tutorial:

- [3.1.3. Lists](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#lists)
- [5.1. More on Lists](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html)

The built-in function [`id`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#id). Btw, it can't harm to browse through the list of all [built-in functions](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html). There should be a couple you have seen already and others whose meaning you can probably guess from the name.

From Stackoverflow:
- [Append in Python](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/725782/in-python-what-is-the-difference-between-append-and/725882
)
- [Implementation on Python lists](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3917574/how-is-pythons-list-implemented
)
- [Print coloured text in Python](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/287871/how-to-print-colored-text-in-python
)