電子電路
- 電學基礎
- 被動元件
- 主動元件
- 模擬電路
- 數位電路
- PCB設計與整合
比較項目 |
主動元件(Active) |
被動元件(Passive) |
是否提供能量 |
✔ 需要外部電源,可放大或產生能量 |
✘ 不提供能量,只吸收或儲存能量 |
能量轉換功能 |
✔ 可以將電能轉換為其他形式(例如放大、開關控制) |
✘ 只能消耗或暫存能量 |
控制能力 |
✔ 能控制電流(例如開關、訊號調整) |
✘ 無法主動控制,響應取決於輸入 |
非線性性質 |
常為非線性元件(如電晶體、二極體) |
多為線性元件(如電阻、電容) |
舉例 |
電晶體(BJT, MOSFET)、二極體、IC、運算放大器等 |
電阻器(R)、電容器(C)、電感器(L) |
分壓電路
Lab ADC
EEPROM
是儲存單元,負責存放硬體描述(如 FRU 資訊)或 BMC 的設定數據。
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M24C64-RMN6TP-2-GP
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- The image was uploaded to a note which you don't have access to
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- The image was uploaded to a note which you don't have access to
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FRU
是硬體資訊,描述伺服器硬體模組,用於資產追蹤與維修。
I2C
-
一種低速的雙線通信協議,用於連接主機(如 BMC)和多個外設(如 EEPROM、溫度感測器等)。有主從架構,主機發起通信,從機回應。在 BMC 的應用:用來監控硬體設備的狀態,例如存取 EEPROM 儲存韌體資訊、讀取溫度感測器數據,或控制 GPIO 擴展器。
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BMC 的應用:用來監控硬體設備的狀態,例如存取 EEPROM 儲存韌體資訊、讀取溫度感測器數據,或控制 GPIO 擴展器。
-
Philips (現為 NXP)
-
適用 低成本 簡單的通訊
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-
Feature
-
Usecase
-
優缺點
- Pros
- Cons
- 沒有內建錯誤檢測(例如 CRC)
- 缺乏嚴格的時間約束。
-
Protocol
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-
Cmd
-
操作範例
- 找到 I2C bus 和地址:
- 從地址
0x00
讀取 8 bytes 的數據(例如:儲存韌體版本):
- 寫入一筆資料到地址
0x10
:
Lab Temp Sensor
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Lab FRU
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Lab IPMI
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SMBus
- (常用)
- 簡單解釋: I²C 的延伸版,加入更多系統管理功能,例如封包錯誤檢查(PEC)和時序控制,用於更可靠的數據通信。
- 在 BMC 的應用: 常用於與智慧電池(Smart Battery)或溫度感測器等關鍵設備通信,幫助 BMC 進行更可靠的系統健康監控。
- protocol
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- common cmd
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PMBus
- 通常用於電源
- PMBus:基於 I²C/SMBus 的高階協議,專門用於電源管理,允許對電源設備進行監控和控制,例如調節電壓、電流或讀取溫度。用於監控電源供應器(PSU)的狀態,確保伺服器的電源供應正常,並在異常時發出告警。
I2C vs SMBus vs PMBus
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I2C |
SMBus |
PMBus |
改進 |
|
資料格式,時間約束, CRC 檢查和裝置發現,標準化的命令 |
基於 SMBus,標準化的電源管理指令集。裝置間的互操作性(Interoperability)。精細的控制(如數字電源模組) |
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Philips (現為 NXP) |
Intel |
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Multi-Master, Multi-Slave |
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Use case |
感測器,記憶體(如 EEPROM) |
系統關鍵元件的通訊(如溫度監控、電源管理)溫度監控。電壓監控。晶片健康狀態監測。 |
|
Pros |
通用性高,協議簡單 |
穩定,內建的錯誤檢測 |
標準化的指令集,減少不同廠商之間的兼容問題。源參數監控與配置 |
Cons |
1.沒有內建錯誤檢測(例如 CRC)2.缺乏嚴格的時間約束。 |
1.不如 I²C 靈活。2.傳輸速度限制較低 |
電源管理裝置,不具備通用性。 |
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SPI
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SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous serial communication protocol used for short-distance communication between a master device (e.g., microcontroller) and one or more slave devices (e.g., sensors, flash memory).
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同步
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短距離
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application: for interfacing flash memory (e.g., NOR/NAND), sensors, and display modules.



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Usecase
- 韌體更新(Firmware Update):BMC 通過 SPI 接口在系統運行時更新 BIOS。
- 系統啟動(Boot):在伺服器啟動時,CPU 通過 SPI 讀取 SPI Flash 內的韌體。
- 遠端修復(Recovery):BMC 通過 SPI 幫助恢復受損的固件。
-
Protocol

Lab 更新 flash






UART
- Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
是一種序列通訊協定的硬體控制器,將資料從「平行資料匯流排(如 CPU 寄存器)」轉換成「位元流(bit stream)」以便透過 TX/RX 腳位傳送。
名稱 |
是什麼? |
本質角色 |
UART Controller |
一種硬體模組或電路(通常在 SoC、南橋晶片、MCU 裡) |
負責「位元」與「字元」的轉換、傳輸控制邏輯 |
COM Port |
作業系統中對 UART 裝置的名稱(如 /dev/ttyS0 或 COM1: ) |
OS 抽象出來的裝置節點,用來存取 UART 控制器 |
UART Controller 的功能:
- 位元編碼與解碼:例如 8N1 → 8 個資料位、無 parity、1 個停止位
- 波特率設定:如 115200 bps(即每秒可傳 11.5 萬個 bit)
- 中斷控制:傳完/收完一個字元觸發 IRQ 通知 CPU
- FIFO buffer:硬體緩衝避免漏資料
存在位置:
- MCU 內部(如 STM32 的 USART)
- SoC(如 Raspberry Pi 的 miniUART、PL011)
- PC 主機板南橋晶片或 LPC-to-UART
- PCIe/UART 擴充卡上的 16550 UART 晶片
- 作業系統為了讓軟體存取 UART 而提供的裝置節點或「入口名稱」。
windows
裝置名稱 |
對應意義 |
COM1 |
第一個 UART 控制器(通常對應 0x3F8 I/O port) |
COM2 |
第二個 UART 控制器(通常對應 0x2F8) |
Linux
裝置節點 |
解釋 |
/dev/ttyS0 |
第一個傳統 UART 控制器 |
/dev/ttyUSB0 |
透過 USB-to-Serial 裝置產生的虛擬 UART |
/dev/ttyAMA0 |
特定 ARM SoC(如 Raspberry Pi)上的 UART |
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|
項目 |
UART Controller |
COM Port |
本質 |
硬體模組 |
OS 上的裝置名稱 |
功能 |
傳輸控制、編碼解碼、FIFO |
提供使用者層讀寫介面 |
類型 |
嵌入式/外接晶片 |
Windows: COM1、Linux: /dev/ttyS0 |
與使用者關係 |
背後黑盒 |
使用者直接讀寫的對象 |
什麼是 UART routing?
- UART routing 是在 DTS 中定義每條 UART 的角色與接腳對應,讓 kernel 知道怎麼初始化它。
- 對 OpenBMC 來說,這樣的路由資訊關鍵於:
- 哪個 UART 提供給主機作為 serial console?(如 ttyS0 → SoL)
- 哪個 UART 用來與外部裝置通訊?(如 MCU、CPLD、sensor)
- 哪些 UART 是無用或要 disabled?
GPIO
- GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) is a versatile pin on a microcontroller or System on Chip (SoC) that can be configured as either an input or an output. Key features include input mode, output mode, and additional functionalities such as pull-up/pull-down resistors and interrupt generation.






Lab Blinking LED


Lab ADC voltage



- read schmantic 看astspeed 2600 spec
可以去 /sys/bus/platform/drivers/gpio_aspeed
下 devmem {}
- 驗證去
/sys/class/hwmon/hwmon5
可以看掛載在 hwmon 的值 ``



MCTP
MCTP (Management Component Transport Protocol)
管理元件傳輸協議
- 功能:MCTP 是一種定義在不同物理介質(如 I²C/SMBus、PCIe、Ethernet 等)上傳輸管理資訊的標準協議。它提供了在不同系統管理元件之間的高效通訊方法。
- 特點:
- 支援多種底層傳輸介質。
- 提供通用的封包格式,讓不同的管理協議(如 PLDM、SPDM)可以共存。
- 提供分層結構,讓傳輸層與應用層分離。
- 應用場景:
- 用於傳遞設備管理指令、狀態報告或固件更新。
- 在 BMC 中,MCTP 經常作為管理通訊的骨幹。
PLDM
PLDM (Platform Level Data Model)
平台級數據模型
- 功能:PLDM 是用於系統管理的一套協議集合,旨在統一管理功能的數據結構和通訊方式。
- 核心特點:
- 提供了標準化的管理命令和響應格式。
- 支援多種功能模組(例如:Firmware Update、Event Logging、Monitoring 等)。
- 模組分類:
- PLDM for Firmware Update:提供標準化的固件更新方法。
- PLDM for Sensor and Control:用於傳感器數據讀取和控制。
- PLDM for Redfish Device Enablement:將 PLDM 與 Redfish 整合,方便系統管理。
- PLDM for Event Logging:用於記錄系統事件。
- 應用場景:
- 將 BMC 與其他系統管理元件(如電源管理模組)進行交互。
- 為硬體廠商提供標準化的管理協議,減少客製化開發的工作量。
SPDM
SPDM (Security Protocol and Data Model)
安全協議與數據模型
- 功能:SPDM 是一個用於設備間安全通信的協議,主要用於身份驗證、機密性和完整性保護。
- 特點:
- 提供雙向身份驗證:設備之間可以相互驗證其身份。
- 支援基於硬體信任根(如 TPM)的安全機制。
- 提供數據加密與完整性保護,確保敏感數據不被竄改或洩露。
- 應用場景:
- 用於硬體設備之間的可信通信,例如 BMC 與其他管理模組之間的安全連線。
- 在固件更新中確保數據來源可信。
- 應對硬體供應鏈中的安全挑戰(如防範偽造設備)。
SoC
ast 2600
AST2600 的主要特點
- 處理器架構
- 搭載 雙核心 ARM Cortex-A7 處理器作為主核,運行速度高達 1.2GHz,提供高效能。
- 內建一個 ARM Cortex-M3 協處理器,用於即時控制和節省能耗。
- 採用 28nm 製程,功耗更低,性能更佳。
- 內存和存儲支持
- 支援 DDR4 和 DDR3 記憶體,容量最高可達 8GB。
- 提供 SPI、eMMC、SD 等多種存儲接口,滿足多樣化存儲需求。
- 網絡功能
- 集成 雙 GbE 網卡(PHY),支持 NC-SI(Network Controller Sideband Interface)。
- 提供多通道網絡虛擬化功能,實現更靈活的網絡管理。
- 顯示和圖形
- 支援 2D 硬體加速引擎,提供基本的圖形渲染能力。
- 支援 HDMI 和 VGA 接口,分辨率最高可達 1920x1200。
- 安全功能
- 集成 TPM(Trusted Platform Module)2.0,提供硬體級安全保護。
- 支援 Secure Boot 功能,保證固件來源可信。
- 支援加密引擎,用於硬體加速的 AES、SHA 和 RSA 演算法。
- 系統管理與協議支持
- 支援業界主流的管理協議,包括 IPMI 2.0、Redfish、MCTP、PLDM 和 SPDM。
- 兼容多種操作系統,如 Linux(常見於 OpenBMC 平台)。
- I/O 和擴展性
- 提供多種 I/O 接口,包括 PCIe、USB、I²C、SPI、UART 和 GPIO。
- 支援多個 I²C 控制器,方便連接外部感測器和其他元件。
AST2600 的應用場景
- 伺服器管理
- 作為 BMC,用於監控伺服器硬體狀態(如溫度、電壓、風扇速度等)。
- 支援遠端開關機、固件更新和事件日誌管理。
- 雲端資料中心
- 通過 Redfish API 實現統一的伺服器管理和自動化。
- 高性能和低功耗特性適合高密度伺服器部署。
- 嵌入式控制
- ARM Cortex-M3 核心可用於即時任務(如電源控制或嵌入式監測)。
- 提供強大的硬體加密能力,用於敏感數據處理。
- 高效能計算(HPC)
- 通過 MCTP 和 PLDM 進行高效的硬體管理。
- 提供可靠的安全機制以保護運算環境。
**
邏輯分析儀
JTAG
Sensors
TMP75
- TMPx75 Temperature Sensor spec




0x1027
0x027
16*2+7
39
