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# System prepended metadata

title: 'NOTES [EDIT]'

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# NOTES [EDIT]


### Some... Every... No...
| --- ---    | Every      | Some      | No      |
|:---------- | ---------- | --------- | ------- |
| **People** | Everybody  | Somebody  | Nobody  |
| **People** | Everyone   | Someone   | No one  |
| **Thing**  | Everything | Something | Nothing |
| **Space**  | Everywhere | Somewhere | Nowhere |
| **Time**   | Always     | Sometimes | Never   |

@adara 

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# USED TO

### Used to do

[Description here [past tense]]

- I never used to watch TV
- Jane used to be fat, but now she is slim


### Used to do something

[Description here]

- He is used to living alone
- She wasn't used to driving


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# For / Since

> We use **for** + **period of time** (for two hours, for six weeks...)

> **keywords:** 2 hours, a long time, a week, 20 minutes, six months, ages, years, 50 years, five days

- I've been waiting **for 2 hours**
- Sally has been worknig here **for six months** (not: __since__ six months)
- I haven't seen Tom **for three days** (not: __since__ three days)

> We use **since** + **the start of a period** (9 o'clock, Monday, 2000...)

> **keywords:** 9 o'clock, Monday, 12 May, June, 2000, Christmas, lunchtime, we arrived, I got up

- I've been waiting **since 8 o'clock**
- Sally has been worknig here **since April** (from April until now)
- I havent' seen Tom **since Monday** (from Monday until now)


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# Formal and Informal Words

| Formal           | Neutral    | Informal         |
| ---------------- | ---------- | ---------------- |
| offspring        | child      | kid              |
| attire           | clothes    | rags             |
| ancestors        | parents    | folks            |
| residence        | house/flat | place            |
| alcohol beverage | drink      | booze            |
| proceed          | continue   | go on / carry on |




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# Irregular Nouns
[add irregular NOUNs here]

| Singular | Plural   |
| -------- | -------- |
| man      | men      |
| person   | people   |
| woman    | women    |
| mouse    | mice     |
| foot     | feet     |
| child    | children |
| tooth    | teeth    |
| ox       | oxen     |
| deer     | deer     |
| fish     | fish     |
| goose    | geese    |
| louse    | lice     |
| sheep    | sheep    |
| species  | species  | 




# SUFFIX

## Adjective suffixes

| Suffix           | ---           | ---                         |
| ---------------- | ------------- | --------------------------- |
| __-able, -ible__ | to eat        | eatable                     |
| __-al__          | center/centre | central                     |
| __-ant, -ent__   | to differ     | different                   |
| __-ary, -ory__   | second        | secondary                   |
| __-en__          | wood          | wooden                      |
| __-ful__         | care          | careful                     |
| __-ic__          | hero          | heroic                      |
| __-ish__         | Scott         | Scottish                    |
| __-ive__         | to act        | active                      |
| __-less__        | home          | homeless                    |
| __-ness__        | dark          | darkness                    |
| __-less+ness__   | point         | pointless --- pointlessness |
| __-ous__         | danger        | dangerous                   |
| __-y__           | dirt          | dirty                       |

## Noun suffixes
[add examples]

| Suffix                   | ---                                             | ---                                                           |
| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| __-(t)ion, -sion, -ion__ | _for nouns which formed from verbs_             | pollution, complication...                                    |
| __-er, -or__             | _used for person who __does__ the __activity___ | writer, pointer, youtuber, v-tuber, teacher, motherfucker LOL |
| __-ment__                |                                                 | excitement, enjoyment;                                        |
| __-ity__                 |                                                 | scarcity, flexibility                                         |
| __-hood__                | ___abstract__ nouns_                            | childhood, motherhood;                                        |
| __-ship__                | ___abstract__ nouns_                            | membership, relationship...                                   |

# PREFIX
[add prefix here]

---

# Demonstartives

| This (singular) / These (plural)                                | Example                                | That (singular) / Those (plural)            | Example                              | 
| --------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| For people or things which are near us                          | This is my favourite painting          | For peopel or things which are not near us  | That man over there is moving at you |
| For present or future situations                                | My friend is staying with me this week | For past situations                         | That was a great party               |
| To introduce on the phone                                       | Hello? This is Adara desu :D           | To refer back to something mentioned before | She lost her phone. That's annoying  |
| When the speaker is in or near the place he/she is referring to | This room hasn't got enough light      |                                             |                                      |

# Reasons for and Purposes of doing things

| ---              | Example                                                               | Note                                                           |
| ---------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
| __reason__       | Her __reason for__ _not going_ with us was that she had no money.     | less formal: __The reason (why)__ she __didn't go__ with us... |
| __purpose__      | I wonder what his __motives__ were __in__ _telling_ that?             |                                                                |
| __reason/cause__ | I wonder what __prompted__ him _to tell_ that ?                       |                                                                |
| __purpose__      | She wrote to the press __with the aim of__ _exposing_ the scandal.    | sounds a bit more indirect that __with the aim of__            |
| __purpose__      | I've invited you here __with a view to__ _resolving our differences._ |                                                                |
| __reason__       | He refused to answer __on the grounds that__ his lawyer was out       |                                                                |

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# Silent Letters

[add full list]

| ---   | ---                               |
| ----- | --------------------------------- |
| **p** | ~~p~~sychic, ras~~p~~berry        |
| **b** | com~~b~~, dou~~b~~t               |
| **l** | cou~~l~~d, wou~~l~~d, shou~~l~~d  |
| **t** | whil~~t~~le                       |
| **k** | ~~k~~nee, ~~k~~nife, slip~~k~~not |
| **r** | ma~~r~~lboro                      |
| **u** | hono~~u~~r                        |

| Silent K | Silent B |
| -------- | -------- |
| knew     | lamb     |
| knee     | thumb    |
| knot     | numb     |
| knitting | crumb    |
| know     | bomb     |
| knock    | comb     |
| knob     | doubt    |
| knickers | plumber  |
| knight   | limb     |
| knuckle  | debt     |
| knew     | tomb     |

---

## Must vs Have to

[description here]

__EXAMPLES:__

| Must                               | Have to                                     |
| ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| I __must__ stop smoking.           | I __have to__ follow a dress code           | 
| You __must__ clean your room!      | You **don't have to** get up early tomorrow |
| You __must not__ take photos here. |                                             |

---

## Have been to vs Have gone to

[description here]

**Examples:**

- He has been to Japan.
This means that he has visited Japan; he is not there(in Japan) now. He has come back.
- Where have you been to ?
- I have been to Turkey.
- They have gone to the theater.
This means that they have not come back yet. They are still at the theater.
- Where are the Browns ?
- They have gone to Turkey.

---

## Have vs Have got

[description here]

For **possession, relationships, illnesses** there is **no difference** in meaning.

| DO or DOES for ? and -               | HAVEN'T GOT and HAVE...GOT ?         |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ |
| You **have** some questions.         | I **have got** some questions.       |
| You **don't have** any questions.    | I **haven't got** any questions.     |
| **Do** you **have** any questions ?  | **Have** you **got** any questions ? |
| She **has** some questions.          | She **has got** some questions.      |
| She **doesn't have** any questions.  | She **hasn't got** any questions.    |
| **Does** she **have** any question ? | **Has** she **got** any questions ?  |

## Who's vs Whose

__The key idea:__
- Who's is two words -- a contraction of __who is:__
    - Who's on first ? (who is)
    - Who's pitching ? (who is)
- Whose is one word -- a possessive pronoun. It usually modifies a noun:
    - Whose turn is it ? (the __turn__ belonging to whom ?)
    - Whose softball are we using ? (the __softball__ belonging to whom ?)

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CONTRACTIONS
: We compress two words into one -- __we are__ becomes we're -- and we replace the omitted letters with an apostrophe:

| Original | Contraction |
| -------- | ----------- |
| you are  | you're      |
| he is    | he's        |
| who is   | who's       |

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
: __Pronouns__ that show possession _never_ have an apostrophe -- they don't need one.
And they usually modify a noun:

| Pronoun | Possessive   |
| ------- | ------------ |
| he      | his softball |
| she     | her bat      |
| who     | whose glove  | 


## The [ _two_ ] sides of [ _to_ ] and [ _too_ ]

___The problem:___ Words that sound identical but have completely different uses and meanings.

TO
: Either a __Preposition__ or part of an __Infinitive__
    - Are you talking __to me__ ? [preposition]
    - I always like __to walk__ [infinitive] __to my locker.__ [preposition]

TOO
: An __Adverb__ indicating 1) __excess__ or 2) __also.__
    1. The soup is __too__ hot, the meat is __too__ cold, and the music is __too__ loud.
    2. Jim is late, and Harriet is late, __too.__
    
TWO
: A number.
    - It takes __two__ to tango.
    - __Two__ heads are better than one.

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## The Family Tree

![](https://i.imgur.com/Dma0QxX.jpg)

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