# NOTES [EDIT]

### Some... Every... No...
| --- --- | Every | Some | No |
|:---------- | ---------- | --------- | ------- |
| **People** | Everybody | Somebody | Nobody |
| **People** | Everyone | Someone | No one |
| **Thing** | Everything | Something | Nothing |
| **Space** | Everywhere | Somewhere | Nowhere |
| **Time** | Always | Sometimes | Never |

@adara

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# USED TO

### Used to do

[Description here [past tense]]

- I never used to watch TV
- Jane used to be fat, but now she is slim

### Used to do something

[Description here]

- He is used to living alone
- She wasn't used to driving

---

# For / Since

> We use **for** + **period of time** (for two hours, for six weeks...)

> **keywords:** 2 hours, a long time, a week, 20 minutes, six months, ages, years, 50 years, five days

- I've been waiting **for 2 hours**
- Sally has been worknig here **for six months** (not: __since__ six months)
- I haven't seen Tom **for three days** (not: __since__ three days)

> We use **since** + **the start of a period** (9 o'clock, Monday, 2000...)

> **keywords:** 9 o'clock, Monday, 12 May, June, 2000, Christmas, lunchtime, we arrived, I got up

- I've been waiting **since 8 o'clock**
- Sally has been worknig here **since April** (from April until now)
- I havent' seen Tom **since Monday** (from Monday until now)

---

# Formal and Informal Words

| Formal | Neutral | Informal |
| ---------------- | ---------- | ---------------- |
| offspring | child | kid |
| attire | clothes | rags |
| ancestors | parents | folks |
| residence | house/flat | place |
| alcohol beverage | drink | booze |
| proceed | continue | go on / carry on |

---

# Irregular Nouns
[add irregular NOUNs here]

| Singular | Plural |
| -------- | -------- |
| man | men |
| person | people |
| woman | women |
| mouse | mice |
| foot | feet |
| child | children |
| tooth | teeth |
| ox | oxen |
| deer | deer |
| fish | fish |
| goose | geese |
| louse | lice |
| sheep | sheep |
| species | species |

# SUFFIX

## Adjective suffixes

| Suffix | --- | --- |
| ---------------- | ------------- | --------------------------- |
| __-able, -ible__ | to eat | eatable |
| __-al__ | center/centre | central |
| __-ant, -ent__ | to differ | different |
| __-ary, -ory__ | second | secondary |
| __-en__ | wood | wooden |
| __-ful__ | care | careful |
| __-ic__ | hero | heroic |
| __-ish__ | Scott | Scottish |
| __-ive__ | to act | active |
| __-less__ | home | homeless |
| __-ness__ | dark | darkness |
| __-less+ness__ | point | pointless --- pointlessness |
| __-ous__ | danger | dangerous |
| __-y__ | dirt | dirty |

## Noun suffixes
[add examples]

| Suffix | --- | --- |
| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| __-(t)ion, -sion, -ion__ | _for nouns which formed from verbs_ | pollution, complication... |
| __-er, -or__ | _used for person who __does__ the __activity___ | writer, pointer, youtuber, v-tuber, teacher, motherfucker LOL |
| __-ment__ | | excitement, enjoyment; |
| __-ity__ | | scarcity, flexibility |
| __-hood__ | ___abstract__ nouns_ | childhood, motherhood; |
| __-ship__ | ___abstract__ nouns_ | membership, relationship... |

# PREFIX
[add prefix here]

---

# Demonstartives

| This (singular) / These (plural) | Example | That (singular) / Those (plural) | Example |
| --------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| For people or things which are near us | This is my favourite painting | For peopel or things which are not near us | That man over there is moving at you |
| For present or future situations | My friend is staying with me this week | For past situations | That was a great party |
| To introduce on the phone | Hello? This is Adara desu :D | To refer back to something mentioned before | She lost her phone. That's annoying |
| When the speaker is in or near the place he/she is referring to | This room hasn't got enough light | | |

# Reasons for and Purposes of doing things

| --- | Example | Note |
| ---------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
| __reason__ | Her __reason for__ _not going_ with us was that she had no money. | less formal: __The reason (why)__ she __didn't go__ with us... |
| __purpose__ | I wonder what his __motives__ were __in__ _telling_ that? | |
| __reason/cause__ | I wonder what __prompted__ him _to tell_ that ? | |
| __purpose__ | She wrote to the press __with the aim of__ _exposing_ the scandal. | sounds a bit more indirect that __with the aim of__ |
| __purpose__ | I've invited you here __with a view to__ _resolving our differences._ | |
| __reason__ | He refused to answer __on the grounds that__ his lawyer was out | |

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# Silent Letters

[add full list]

| --- | --- |
| ----- | --------------------------------- |
| **p** | ~~p~~sychic, ras~~p~~berry |
| **b** | com~~b~~, dou~~b~~t |
| **l** | cou~~l~~d, wou~~l~~d, shou~~l~~d |
| **t** | whil~~t~~le |
| **k** | ~~k~~nee, ~~k~~nife, slip~~k~~not |
| **r** | ma~~r~~lboro |
| **u** | hono~~u~~r |

| Silent K | Silent B |
| -------- | -------- |
| knew | lamb |
| knee | thumb |
| knot | numb |
| knitting | crumb |
| know | bomb |
| knock | comb |
| knob | doubt |
| knickers | plumber |
| knight | limb |
| knuckle | debt |
| knew | tomb |

---

## Must vs Have to

[description here]

__EXAMPLES:__

| Must | Have to |
| ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| I __must__ stop smoking. | I __have to__ follow a dress code |
| You __must__ clean your room! | You **don't have to** get up early tomorrow |
| You __must not__ take photos here. | |

---

## Have been to vs Have gone to

[description here]

**Examples:**

- He has been to Japan.
This means that he has visited Japan; he is not there(in Japan) now. He has come back.
- Where have you been to ?
- I have been to Turkey.
- They have gone to the theater.
This means that they have not come back yet. They are still at the theater.
- Where are the Browns ?
- They have gone to Turkey.

---

## Have vs Have got

[description here]

For **possession, relationships, illnesses** there is **no difference** in meaning.

| DO or DOES for ? and - | HAVEN'T GOT and HAVE...GOT ? |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ |
| You **have** some questions. | I **have got** some questions. |
| You **don't have** any questions. | I **haven't got** any questions. |
| **Do** you **have** any questions ? | **Have** you **got** any questions ? |
| She **has** some questions. | She **has got** some questions. |
| She **doesn't have** any questions. | She **hasn't got** any questions. |
| **Does** she **have** any question ? | **Has** she **got** any questions ? |

## Who's vs Whose

__The key idea:__
- Who's is two words -- a contraction of __who is:__
- Who's on first ? (who is)
- Who's pitching ? (who is)
- Whose is one word -- a possessive pronoun. It usually modifies a noun:
- Whose turn is it ? (the __turn__ belonging to whom ?)
- Whose softball are we using ? (the __softball__ belonging to whom ?)

---

CONTRACTIONS
: We compress two words into one -- __we are__ becomes we're -- and we replace the omitted letters with an apostrophe:

| Original | Contraction |
| -------- | ----------- |
| you are | you're |
| he is | he's |
| who is | who's |

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
: __Pronouns__ that show possession _never_ have an apostrophe -- they don't need one.
And they usually modify a noun:

| Pronoun | Possessive |
| ------- | ------------ |
| he | his softball |
| she | her bat |
| who | whose glove |

## The [ _two_ ] sides of [ _to_ ] and [ _too_ ]

___The problem:___ Words that sound identical but have completely different uses and meanings.

TO
: Either a __Preposition__ or part of an __Infinitive__
- Are you talking __to me__ ? [preposition]
- I always like __to walk__ [infinitive] __to my locker.__ [preposition]

TOO
: An __Adverb__ indicating 1) __excess__ or 2) __also.__
1. The soup is __too__ hot, the meat is __too__ cold, and the music is __too__ loud.
2. Jim is late, and Harriet is late, __too.__

TWO
: A number.
- It takes __two__ to tango.
- __Two__ heads are better than one.

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## The Family Tree


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