## Sustainable landscape architecture: implications of the Chinese philosophy of ‘‘unity of man with nature’’and beyond --- ### landscape > ①風景外観。けしき。ながめ。また、その美しさ。 > ②自然と人間界のこととが入りまじっている現実のさま。 > 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　『広辞苑』855ページ --- ### landscape ecology - 自然域から都市域まで、様々な場における景観の構造、機能、及びそれらの変化過程 - 景観の構造を創出する生態的・社会的プロセス、逆に景観構造が規定する生態的・社会的プロセス - 人間活動が景観構造、生態的機能、生態的過程にどのような影響を与え、それらを変化させるのか - 複数の空間スケールを用いての生態的過程の解明 - 人の感性や文化を含めた景観の総体の理解 --- ### Landscape architecture 造園  ---  <!-- Sim Van der Ryn—architect, author, and educator—has been integrating ecological principles into the built environment for more than 40 years. He spent 35 years as professor of architecture at UC Berkeley and was California’s State Architect for Governor Jerry Brown in the late 1970s, designing and building the State’s first energy efficient and climate-responsive building. Sim’s signature style, his collaborative approach and meta-disciplinary accomplishments continue to show us the way to an evolving era that values both the integrity of ecological systems and quality of life for all. --> --- ### Environmental crisis is a design crisis <!-- 10,000 years to increase from 5million to 1 billion by 1830 the time interval toreach the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth billiondecreased to 100, 30, 15, 13, and 12 years, respec-tively --> In many ways, the environmental crisis is a design crisis. It is a consequence of how things are made, buildings are constructed, and landscapes are used. Design manifests culture, and culture rests firmly on the foundation of what we believe to be true about the world Sim Van der Ryn --- ## Traditions and perspectives of Chinese landscape architecture China is the ‘‘mother of gardens’’ - "Unity of man with nature" - "peach blossom spring" - "world in a pot" - "Feng-Shui" ---  --- ### Unity of man with nature 天人合一思想 ‘unity ofman with nature’’ means that human activities, including their architectural creations, should be integrated within natural patterns and processes so that harmony between man and nature can be achieved ---  <!-- Fig. 2The Lion Forest Garden in Suzhou of southern China—an example of Chinese scholar’s gardens (photo by Wu in 2004).Originally built in 1342 A.D. during the Yuan Dynasty, the LionForest Garden has been known for its compactly and harmoni-ously arranged lion-resembling rocks, man-made mountains,bamboo jungles, and a lake surrounded by buildings of variousChinese architectural styles ↑ Westerngardens that often emphasize human mastery ofnature. --> --- ### Peach blossom spring(桃源郷) This paradise model reflects people’s desire for a way of connecting closely with nature to seek peace and minimize interactions with the outside world. --- ### The world in a pot(壺中の天地) > 「後漢書―費長房伝」に出て来るエピソードから。一～二世紀、中国の後漢王朝の時代。市場の役人をしていた費長房は、店先に壺を掛けて薬を売っていた老人が、商売が終わるとその壺の中に入ってしまったのを目撃しました。市場にいたほかの人は、まったく気づいていないようす。不思議に思った彼は、老人に酒や干し肉を贈りました。彼の心の中を察したのか、老人は、「明日、また来なさい」という答え。翌日、長房は、老人と一緒にその壺の中に入れてもらいました。すると、中には立派な建物があり、いいお酒やすばらしい料理が並んでいたので、一緒に飲み食いして、大いに楽しんだのでした。費長房は、これをきっかけに修行をして、仙人になったということです。 --- 区切られた理想の世界 --- https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A3%BA%E4%B8%AD%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%B0-502260 infinite imagination and expression of nature in a limited and often enclosed space Guanzhong(広州) enclosed structure --- ### Feng–shui theory(風水) The main premise of Feng–Shui theory is that the human–environment relationship (or the fate of the occupant of a space) can be influenced either positively or negatively by manipulating Qi(気)—the vital force or energy that drivesall change. The form school(巒頭) 目で見える有形のもの The compass school(理気) 目に見えないもの ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  --- ## Some differences between Chinese and Westernlandscape architectural traditions --- East: man is influenced by nature, learns something of himself and his environment as a result, and then becomes more able to live in harmony within the natural world. - Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi - "in concert" with natural landscapes - wood --- West: man is influenced by nature, reacts to nature, and then finds ways to tame elements of nature through technology and policy. - Democritus, Leucippus, andAristotle - "permanent" monuments that demonstrate human perseverance - stone, bricks --- <!-- 単純化しすぎかもしれない The main message presented here isthat landscape architecture, as well as landscapeecology, is profoundly influenced by cultural traditionsand philosophical roots that must be acknowledged and respected. --> <!-- In the West, conservationists and environmental-ists have played an important role in promoting aharmonious relationship between society and naturesince the early 1900s --> > the role of Homosapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it Aldo Leopold <!-- 賢明な利用 西洋に置いて、中国哲学を意識した景観利用に関する思想が広がり、 21世紀では、中国にそれが逆輸入されるような形になっている --> --- ## Towards a sustainable landscape architecture --- sustainability often refers to the ability of a coupled human–nature system to persist at a desirable state for multiple generations inthe face of anthropogenic and environmental perturbations and uncertainties --- Sustainability, holistic and humanistic sciences, and transdisciplinarity are different ways of conveying the same fundamental idea: living with nature, not separate from it, which is the essence of ‘‘unity of man with nature’’ ---  <!-- Fig. 5A conceptual framework for a sustainable Chineselandscape architecture --> --- ### Three functions for designing sustainable landscapes - The first function is the production of goods and services that generate economic benefits. - The second function is the provision of life enrichment services, including creating spaces, facilities, and opportunities for recreation, healthy living, and social functions. - The third function is ecological conservation. <!-- Reconciliation ecology studies ways to encourage biodiversity in human-dominated ecosystems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_ecology 保護区とは違う --> <!-- example a number of conceptsand principles in landscape ecology, such as patchdynamics, pattern–process–scale relationships, andlandscape connectivity, can and should be applied inlandscape architecture --> --- ## Conclusion Although differences in the philosophical roots and design traditions between Eastern and Western landscape architecture will continue to exist (inevitably and rightly), interactions and integration between the two will continue to increase under the theme of sustainability and through the process of globalization --- > there is a close relationship between landscape ecology and planningand design. We can move back and forth from one to the other, with landscape ecology providing information to the planner–designer, and the planned and designed landscapes serving as field experiments to test hypotheses for the landscape ecologist.