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title: 8th Grade S1T2 Social Studies Final Exam Note

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# 8th Grade S1T2 Social Studies Final Exam Note
 - The English Bill of Rights
     - 1689 - British Parliament sets clear limits on a ruler's power. 
     - Bill of Rights guaranteed: 
         - King could not force on rules. 
     - Local Government in the colonies. 
         - Local issues discussed at town meetings. 
         - Land owners voted & passed laws. 
         - Developed a strong will to govern themselves. 
     - Colonial Resistance
         - Colonists accepted the Navigation Act at first. 
         - As population grew, they wanted to: 
             - manufacture their own goods. 
             - Sell products to countries other than England. 
         - English control on trade later led to conflict with the colonies. 
___
- Life in the Colonies
    - ==Immigration==: the permanent movement of people from a country to another. 
    - Population began to grow. 
    - From 1607 to 1775, 690000 Europeans and 278000 enslaved Africans come to the colonies. 
    - Women married young and had large families. 
    - Compared to other places in the world, the colonies were a very healthy place to live. 
    - Still, ==epidemics==, or outbreaks of disease that effect large numbers of people were common. 
- A New American Spirit
    - Many people who came to America started to call themselves Americans. 
    - People were able to create their own way of life. 
    - Religion, education, and the acts all created a new American culture. 
- Family Roles
    - Men were the head of the house. 
    - Sons might work as indentured servants of become an ==apprentice==. 
    - ==Apprentice== - someone who works with a skilled craftsperson as a way to learn the trade. 
- American Beliefs
    - Americans believe in education, religion beliefs, and tolerance of new ideas. 
    - Most colonies valued education. 
    - By 1750, about 85% of men and 50% of women in New England were able to read and write. 
- The Great Awakening
    - This was a time of religions ==revival==. 
    - ==Revival== - Rebirth. 
    - Inspired greater religious freedom. 
    - Placed emphased on personal faith over church rituals. 
    - United colonists from north to south and allowed for spread of revolutionary ideas. 
- Ideas of Freedom
    - Freedom of the press (news papers) became important issue in colonial America. 
    - In 1733, John Peter Ienger was thrown in jail for criticizing the New York governor. 
    - Ienger argued that his writing was true, and after a jury agreed, he was released from jail. 
    - This was seen as an 1^st^ step of allowing free press in America. 
- Civic Virtue
    - Colonists began to form new ideas of ==**freedom**==. 
    - ==Civic Virtue== - democratic ideas, practices, and values that form a truly free society. 
    - Colonists, like Benjamin Franklin, began to put their belief of Civic Virtue into action. 
    - These ideas would be the building blocks for a new nation. 
___
++Chapter 5 Lesson 1: "No Taxation without Representation"++
 - 
- What does "Taxation without Representation" mean?
    - it means to raise taxation without asking or voting. 
 -  ++Vocabulary Words++
==Revenue== - incoming money form taxes or other sources. 
==Writ of assistance== count document allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods. 
==Resolution== - an official expression of opinion by a group. 
==Effigy== - a mocking figure representing an unpopular individual. 
==Boycott== - to refuse to buy items in order to show disapproval or force acceptance of one's terms. 
==Repeal== - to cancel an act or law. 
 - After the French and Indian War... 
     - The British controlled more territory. 
     - Britain needed new ==revenue== (income $$) to pay for the **salary of the troops**. 
     - Britain had A LOT OF **DEBT**! 
     - As a result, Britain **issues** new taxes on the **colonies**. 
 - #1. Proclamation of 1763
     - Forbid **colonists** to settle (live) **west** of the Appalachian Mountains, on Native American lands. 
     - ++British Advantages:++ 
         - Kept **peace** with Native Americans. 
         - Kept colonists close to the ***East*** coast (To control easier). 
     - ++Colonist Reactions:++
         - Colonists did not like this because they fought hard for that land. 
 - Smuggling Problem
     - To avoid taxes - colonists practice ==smuggling==. 
     - British government - Passes laws to stop smuggling. 
         - Writs of assistance: documents allowed officers to search anywhere for smuggled goods, including people's house! 
     - Sugar smuggling was a **HUGE** Problem. 
     - To stop colonial smuggling - The British lowered the tax on molasses (Sugar) coming from the caribbean (Sugar Act......) 
 - #2. Sugar Act
     - When? **1764**
     - Who? **George Grenville** (British Prime Minister) 
     - What? **lowered** the **tax** on **Molasses** being **imported**. 
     - Why? Britain hoped that **lowering** the tax on sugar would convince colonists to **pay** that "law" tax instead of **smuggling** sugar. 
     - However, the tax also **allowed** officers to **seize goods** from ==accused== **colonial** smugglers **without** going to court. 
 - Colonists Reaction - Anger!!! 
     - Violated their rights as **"British Citizens"**. 
     - Argued that they had their **right to a trial by jury** and be viewed as **"innocent until proven guilty."**
 - #3. Stamp Act
     - When? **1765**
     - What? Put a legal tax on all printed material. 
     - Wills and marriage papers, newspapers, and playing cards. 
         - (Stamp must be shown on these documents. )
- Colonists Reaction
    - (Patrick Henry) & Virginia's House of Burgesses
        - Passes a ==resolution== (a formed expression of opinion) to Parliament. 
            - "We (colony of Virginia) have the sole right to lay taxes! "
    - Stamp Act Congress
        - **October 9** colonial delegates met in New York. 
        - Only **colonial** assemblies can **tax** the colonies. 
        - Colonists ==boycott== British goods. 
        - Sam Adam ==Sons of Liberty== (a group of colonists) took to the streets and ++***burned***++ **effigies* (stuffed figurines) made to look like unpopular tax collectors. 
        - Boycott was **successful**. 
        - Britain had to **repeal** (cancel) the Stamp Act! But passed the......
- #4. Declaratory Act
    - When? **March 1766**
    - Britain had the right to tax & make decision for the British colonies **"In ALL Cases"**
 - #5. Townshend Acts
     - When? **1767**
     - What? 
         - Parliament passes this law which taxes **imported** goods. 
             - such as glass, paint, paper, and tea. 
         - Tax paid before the goods arrive at the colonies. 
 - Colonists Reaction
     - "No **Taxation** Without **Representation**" 
     - By now ++==***ALL***==++ taxes angered the colonists! 
     - Colonists boycott ++***==all==***++ British goods. 
     - ==**Daughters of Liberty**== (Women Group) **protesting** by asking colonists to wear **homemade** fabric rather than **buying** English fabric and other goods! 
___
++Chapter 5 lesson 2 "Uniting the Colonists"++
 - 
 - Vocabulary:
     - ==**Rebellion**== - open defiance of authority. 
     - ==**Propaganda**== - ideas or information intentionally spread to arm or help a cause. 
     - ==**Committee of Correspondence**== - an organization that spread political ideas & information through the colonies. 
     - ==**Coercive**== - to force someone to do something. 
     - ==**Intolerable**== - paintful / unbearable. 
- Background
    - News reached Britain - colonists in the brick of **rebellion**! 
    - Britain sends **troops** to take control of the colonial cities. 
    - British soldiers - are rude and compete for jobs in the colonies. 
- #6. Boston Massacre
    - When? **March 5, 1770**
    - What? 
        - Violence Erupted. 
        - Fight broke out between angry town's people & the soldiers. 
        - Soldiers were knocked down - nervous "Red coasts" **fired**. 
        - Killed **5** colonists. 
        - Why it is a **"Massacre"** ? 
            - **Propaganda! (Paul Revere)**
- Committees of Correspondence
    - When? **1773**
    - Who? **Samuel Adams**
    - Where? **Boston**
    - What? 
        - Committees **protested** and called for actions against Britain. 
        - Urging **resistance** to the **British**. 
    - Impact: 
        - Many committees were created throughout the 13 colonies. 
            - The colonies were ==**uniting**==! Keeping in touch would one another as events unfolded (==**communication network**==) 
- #7. Tea Act
    - British East India Company - brought money to Britain. 
    - Colonies boycott British tea. 
    - The Co. was almost **bankrupt!** 
    - To save the company British passes the Tea Act
- Tea Act
    - Gave East Indian Company **total** control of tea market in the colonies. 
___
- ***First Continental Congress***
    - The first time 13 colonies work in group and not individual. 
    - Key Leaders: 
        - John Jay (NY) 
        - Samuel Adams & John Adams (MA) 
        - Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry. 
    - Vocabulary: 
        - ==**Minuteman**==: 
            - A member of the Massachusetts colony militia who could quickly be ready to fight the British. 
        - ==**Continental Congress**==: 
            - A meeting of representatives of the British colonies. 
        - ==**Patriot**==: 
            - Colonists against British rule / loyal to your country. 
- ***First Continental Congress 2***
    - September 5, 1774 - Philadelphia. 
    - 55 delegates from 12 colonies - Georgia didn't sent it . 
    - Debated what the colonies should do about their relationship with Britain. 
        - Boycott British goods. 
        - Refuse to sell goods to Britain. 
        - From citizens militia soldiers and ready to fight with Britain. 
    - John Adams
        - Borned in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1735 => A Patriot to Britain. (Diplomat, Writer) 
        - Led the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the movement for independence. (America President in 1796) 
- Fighting to Begin
    - Mostly in New England. 
    - Had training sessions. 
    - Make weapons. 
- Britain sends troops
    - King George III told Parliament New England Colonies were "In a state of rebellion". 
    - April 1775, thousand British soldiers sent to Boston. 
    - Under the command of Thomas Gage. 
    - The British were to take the weapons of militias. 
- Militia Weapons
    - The British were take the weapons of the militias. (In concord, a town) 
- Alerting the Colonists
    - Paul Revere and William Dawes => rode to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British is coming. 
- The Redcoats March on
    - British comes. 
- Battle
    - 8 minuteman were dead. 
    - They destroyed the remaining supplies. 
    - British come back: ++***VICTORY FOR PATRIOTS!!!***++ 
- Marching Back to Boston
    - Militiaman hid behind trees and stone fences. 
    - The militia fired at British as they marched. 
    - In the trip, 174 British were injured and 13 were dead. 
- Benedict Arnold & Fort Ticonderoga
    - Captain Connection militia. 
    - 400 Troops seize Fort Ticonderogam 1775. 
    - Traitor - Large sum of money. 
    - Swore allegiance to the British. 
- Militia Help
    - The colonial militia was about 20,000 strong. 
___
++Important Actions++
 - 
 - ==**Boston Tea Party**==
     - Angry colonists boarded ships in Boston and threw the tea overboard. 
 - ==**Intolerable Acts**==
     - Series of laws designed to punish the people of Massachusetts. 
 - ==**First Continental Congress Formed**==
     - Repealed Intolerable Acts. Allowed people to arm themselves against British. 
 - ==**Second Continental Congress 1775 - 1776**==
     - Took place May 10, 1775. 
     - ++**John Hancock**++ - president of the Congress. 
     - Authorized printing of money & set up post office with Franklin in charge. 
     - Formed committees to hand relationships. 
     - Created Continental Army. 
     - George Washington becomes Commander in chief of the Continental Army. 
         - Sent olive Branch Petition to the King. 
 - ==**January 1776**==
     - Common Sense
         - By Thomas Paine was published and explained. (list reasons) 
         - Why there should be independence. 
 - Outcome of Second Continental Congress
     - Appointed 5 men to write a declaration stating the colonies. 
     - July 4, 1776, Declaration written by ++**Thomas Jefferson**++. 
     - Reasons for independence. 
     - ==++***John Hancock***++== signed first with the largest signature. 
         - Wrote it big enough so King could see it without his glasses. 
     - **Put end to ties without Great Britain.** 
 - Declaration of Independence
     - **Thomas Jefferson** drafted the Declaration of independence. 
     - **John Locke**'s ideas inspired him. 
     - He understood the son sequences of writing a declaration of independence. 
     - Wanted to make sure the document explained ++**why the colonists wanted to separate**++. 
 - Declaration of Independent
     - Preamble (introduction) 
         - States why people choose to declare independence. 

| Colonies | Britain | 
| -------- | -------- | 
| Keep the colonial army together.  | Seeks to destroy the continental army.  | 
| Washington seeks to stretch the British army away from supply lines.  | Regain control of the colonists by region.  | 
| Harass the enemy, defeat the British in a major battle.  | Take the fight to the colonial army using. | 
 - The War of Independence

|  | The Continental Army | The British military | 
| -------- | -------- | -------- | 
| Advantages    | Knew the countryside. | Army of 50,000 soldiers. | 
| | Knew how to survive in the wilderness. | Most Powerful navy in the world. | 
| | Believed in their cause of freedom. | Well trained soldiers and officers. | 
| | George Washington as commander. | Had the support of Loyalists and African - Americans. | 
| |  | Hired Hessian Mercenaries - German professional-paid Soldiers. | 
| Disadvantages | Difficult to raise an army.  | Far from home & supplies (over 3000 miles) | 
| | Only 15,000 ~ 20,000 soldiers.  | Unfamilier with the landscape. | 
| | Lacked power to raise money and taxes.  | Fighting for no real cause. | 
| | Many didn't want to transfer power to the Continental Congress after rejecting the British Parliament.  | 

 - Militia key to Patriot Army
     - Many were ***farmers***. 
     - Had farms and families. 
     - Most only signed up for 1 year. 
         - hard to plan. 
 - Continental Army was in rough shape. 
     - Many had no shoes, socks, or jackets. 
     - Few Experienced officers. 
 - Battle of Trenton and Princeton
     - Winter of 1776
         - Most British soldiers were in NYC with smaller forces in Princeton and Trenton, NJ. 
     - ***December 25, 1776***
         - Washington & his men cross the Delaware River from Pennsylvania into NJ. 
     - Surprise attack on the British camp at Trenton. 
     - Many Hessians were celebrating Christmas. 
 - Battle of Saratoga (Capture Albany)(NY) 
     - Why? 
         - Control of the Hudston River and cut off New England from other countries. 
     - British troops would come from Canada, Lake Ontario, and from NYC to attack Albany. 
 - British Plan to Capture Albany (NY) 
     - British went South to Philadelphia first and were successful but winter was approaching so they stayed. 
     - British troops from Lake Ontario were stopped at FL Stanwix, NY (Central NY) 
     - British troops were in Saratoga, NY where they were attacked by Americans. 
     - Battle of Saratoga (October, 1777) 
         - British troops surrendered. 
             - Give up. 
     - Victory. 
     - Considered the turning point of the war. 
___

++Chapter 7.1  The Articles of Confederation++
- 
 - America's first constitution (plan of government). 
 - Confederation
     - "League of friendship" a group of states united to work together. 
 - Forming a republic. 
     - Americans agreed that they should be a ==***republic***==. 
         - citizens rule through elected representatives. 
     - Most Americans wanted a ***weak central government***. 
     - Only wage war & talk to other nations. 
 - Every states are individual during the war. 
 - Congress could deal with foreign affairs and create a military. 
     - Make war peace. 
     - Send and receive aubassadors. 
     - Make treaties. 
     - Raise equipment navy, main tain an army by requesting troops from the states, appoint senior military officers. 
- ***All other powers resided with states.*** 
- Articles of Confederation
    - USA's first Constitution. 
- Was in power from 1777 to 1789. 
- The Articles created a very weak central or nation government. 
- Individual states were stronger than the country! 
- Being 13 separate colonies together. 

| Weakness | Outcome  | 
| -------- | -------- | 
| Congress has no power to levy or collect | The government was always short of money. | 
| State collected money and turned it over to the nation treasury. | No armed forces to put down a simple rebellion (Shays rebellion) or basic government services. |
| No way to enforce laws. | To pass a law, 9 states of 13 needs to agree. | 
| Things depends on states. | Hard to change or pass a law. | 

 - Articles of Confederation
     - In 1777 the Articles of Confederation were adopted to provide for a central government. 
     - At the time the country needed a central government to fight the war against Britain. 
     - The Articles were America's first Constitution. 
         - States gave up little of their power. 
         - Each state kept "its sovereeignty, freedom, and independence. " 
     - The government didn't have a leader. 
     - Each state had one vote in Congress. 
     - State population didn't matter, although larger, more populated states believed they should have more votes. 
     - States also argued about whether or not they claimed land in the west. 
     - Many land refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation until states abandoned their land claims. 
     - Finally all 13 states approved the Articles on March, 1, 1781. 
     - The Confederacy formally became the government of the United States. 
     - The Confederation government had its weakness, but it ***won Americans their independence, expanded foreign trade, and provided for new states in the West***. 
         - It had limit authority. 
         - It couldn't pass a law unless 9 states out of 13 voted for it. 
         - To change the Articles of Confederation, all 13 states had to give consent. It was difficult therefore, for Congress to pass laws when there was any opposition. 
 - New Land Policies
     - The Articles of Confederation had no way for adding new states. 
     - Congress realized it had to entend its authority over the frontier and bring order and stability to the territory where Western settlers reached almost 120,000 by the 1790s. 
     - The Western ordiances had a large impact on Western expansion and development of the United States. 
     - In 1784 Congress divided the Western territory into self-governing districts. 
     - When the number of people in a district reached the population of the smallest existing state, that district could apply for statehead. 
 - Ordiance
     - In 1785 the Confederation Congress established a new law that divided the Western territories into larger townships and smaller sections. 
     - Each smaller section for at least $1 on acre. This was called the ==***Ordiance of 1785***==. 
     - Land spectulators bought large pieces of land cheapy. 
     - Another ordiance passed in 1787 was the Northwest Ordiance. 
         - Created a Northwest territory. 
         - Divided in 3 to 5 smaller territories. 
         - To be a state, needs to reach 60,000 population. Also, they will be equal with the original 13 colonies. 
         - Bill of rights. 
         - Freedom of religion. 
         - Trial by jury. 
         - No slavery. 
         - nor involuntary sertitude. 
     - The problem with Britain concerned landholdings and trade. 
         - British troops where still in some forts around the Great Lakes. 
         - British merchants closed Americans out of the West Indies and others profitable British markets. 
             - Hurt the economy of the new country! 
     - John Adams
         - Went to London in 1785 to talk about these issues. 
         - The British claimed. 
             - Americans hadn't paid Loyalists for the property taken during the war. 
             - This was agreed to under the Treaty of Paris. 
             - Britain wouldn't talk to the US because of this. 
             - Congress recommended payment, but the states refused. (shows the problem the confederated state had - no way raise revenue. ) 
 - The problem with Spain was worse. 
     - Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to American shipping. 
         - To stop American expansion into their territory (Spanish Flourida and lands west of the Mississippi River. ) 
     - Agreement in 1786
         - Limited American shipping on the Mississippi. 
         - Both accepted the border between Georgia and Spanish Flourida. 
         - Representatives from the South rejected the agreement because it did not include the right to use the Mississippi River. 