# 8th Grade S1T2 Social Studies Final Exam Note
- The English Bill of Rights
- 1689 - British Parliament sets clear limits on a ruler's power.
- Bill of Rights guaranteed:
- King could not force on rules.
- Local Government in the colonies.
- Local issues discussed at town meetings.
- Land owners voted & passed laws.
- Developed a strong will to govern themselves.
- Colonial Resistance
- Colonists accepted the Navigation Act at first.
- As population grew, they wanted to:
- manufacture their own goods.
- Sell products to countries other than England.
- English control on trade later led to conflict with the colonies.
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- Life in the Colonies
- ==Immigration==: the permanent movement of people from a country to another.
- Population began to grow.
- From 1607 to 1775, 690000 Europeans and 278000 enslaved Africans come to the colonies.
- Women married young and had large families.
- Compared to other places in the world, the colonies were a very healthy place to live.
- Still, ==epidemics==, or outbreaks of disease that effect large numbers of people were common.
- A New American Spirit
- Many people who came to America started to call themselves Americans.
- People were able to create their own way of life.
- Religion, education, and the acts all created a new American culture.
- Family Roles
- Men were the head of the house.
- Sons might work as indentured servants of become an ==apprentice==.
- ==Apprentice== - someone who works with a skilled craftsperson as a way to learn the trade.
- American Beliefs
- Americans believe in education, religion beliefs, and tolerance of new ideas.
- Most colonies valued education.
- By 1750, about 85% of men and 50% of women in New England were able to read and write.
- The Great Awakening
- This was a time of religions ==revival==.
- ==Revival== - Rebirth.
- Inspired greater religious freedom.
- Placed emphased on personal faith over church rituals.
- United colonists from north to south and allowed for spread of revolutionary ideas.
- Ideas of Freedom
- Freedom of the press (news papers) became important issue in colonial America.
- In 1733, John Peter Ienger was thrown in jail for criticizing the New York governor.
- Ienger argued that his writing was true, and after a jury agreed, he was released from jail.
- This was seen as an 1^st^ step of allowing free press in America.
- Civic Virtue
- Colonists began to form new ideas of ==**freedom**==.
- ==Civic Virtue== - democratic ideas, practices, and values that form a truly free society.
- Colonists, like Benjamin Franklin, began to put their belief of Civic Virtue into action.
- These ideas would be the building blocks for a new nation.
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++Chapter 5 Lesson 1: "No Taxation without Representation"++
-
- What does "Taxation without Representation" mean?
- it means to raise taxation without asking or voting.
- ++Vocabulary Words++
==Revenue== - incoming money form taxes or other sources.
==Writ of assistance== count document allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods.
==Resolution== - an official expression of opinion by a group.
==Effigy== - a mocking figure representing an unpopular individual.
==Boycott== - to refuse to buy items in order to show disapproval or force acceptance of one's terms.
==Repeal== - to cancel an act or law.
- After the French and Indian War...
- The British controlled more territory.
- Britain needed new ==revenue== (income $$) to pay for the **salary of the troops**.
- Britain had A LOT OF **DEBT**!
- As a result, Britain **issues** new taxes on the **colonies**.
- #1. Proclamation of 1763
- Forbid **colonists** to settle (live) **west** of the Appalachian Mountains, on Native American lands.
- ++British Advantages:++
- Kept **peace** with Native Americans.
- Kept colonists close to the ***East*** coast (To control easier).
- ++Colonist Reactions:++
- Colonists did not like this because they fought hard for that land.
- Smuggling Problem
- To avoid taxes - colonists practice ==smuggling==.
- British government - Passes laws to stop smuggling.
- Writs of assistance: documents allowed officers to search anywhere for smuggled goods, including people's house!
- Sugar smuggling was a **HUGE** Problem.
- To stop colonial smuggling - The British lowered the tax on molasses (Sugar) coming from the caribbean (Sugar Act......)
- #2. Sugar Act
- When? **1764**
- Who? **George Grenville** (British Prime Minister)
- What? **lowered** the **tax** on **Molasses** being **imported**.
- Why? Britain hoped that **lowering** the tax on sugar would convince colonists to **pay** that "law" tax instead of **smuggling** sugar.
- However, the tax also **allowed** officers to **seize goods** from ==accused== **colonial** smugglers **without** going to court.
- Colonists Reaction - Anger!!!
- Violated their rights as **"British Citizens"**.
- Argued that they had their **right to a trial by jury** and be viewed as **"innocent until proven guilty."**
- #3. Stamp Act
- When? **1765**
- What? Put a legal tax on all printed material.
- Wills and marriage papers, newspapers, and playing cards.
- (Stamp must be shown on these documents. )
- Colonists Reaction
- (Patrick Henry) & Virginia's House of Burgesses
- Passes a ==resolution== (a formed expression of opinion) to Parliament.
- "We (colony of Virginia) have the sole right to lay taxes! "
- Stamp Act Congress
- **October 9** colonial delegates met in New York.
- Only **colonial** assemblies can **tax** the colonies.
- Colonists ==boycott== British goods.
- Sam Adam ==Sons of Liberty== (a group of colonists) took to the streets and ++***burned***++ **effigies* (stuffed figurines) made to look like unpopular tax collectors.
- Boycott was **successful**.
- Britain had to **repeal** (cancel) the Stamp Act! But passed the......
- #4. Declaratory Act
- When? **March 1766**
- Britain had the right to tax & make decision for the British colonies **"In ALL Cases"**
- #5. Townshend Acts
- When? **1767**
- What?
- Parliament passes this law which taxes **imported** goods.
- such as glass, paint, paper, and tea.
- Tax paid before the goods arrive at the colonies.
- Colonists Reaction
- "No **Taxation** Without **Representation**"
- By now ++==***ALL***==++ taxes angered the colonists!
- Colonists boycott ++***==all==***++ British goods.
- ==**Daughters of Liberty**== (Women Group) **protesting** by asking colonists to wear **homemade** fabric rather than **buying** English fabric and other goods!
___
++Chapter 5 lesson 2 "Uniting the Colonists"++
-
- Vocabulary:
- ==**Rebellion**== - open defiance of authority.
- ==**Propaganda**== - ideas or information intentionally spread to arm or help a cause.
- ==**Committee of Correspondence**== - an organization that spread political ideas & information through the colonies.
- ==**Coercive**== - to force someone to do something.
- ==**Intolerable**== - paintful / unbearable.
- Background
- News reached Britain - colonists in the brick of **rebellion**!
- Britain sends **troops** to take control of the colonial cities.
- British soldiers - are rude and compete for jobs in the colonies.
- #6. Boston Massacre
- When? **March 5, 1770**
- What?
- Violence Erupted.
- Fight broke out between angry town's people & the soldiers.
- Soldiers were knocked down - nervous "Red coasts" **fired**.
- Killed **5** colonists.
- Why it is a **"Massacre"** ?
- **Propaganda! (Paul Revere)**
- Committees of Correspondence
- When? **1773**
- Who? **Samuel Adams**
- Where? **Boston**
- What?
- Committees **protested** and called for actions against Britain.
- Urging **resistance** to the **British**.
- Impact:
- Many committees were created throughout the 13 colonies.
- The colonies were ==**uniting**==! Keeping in touch would one another as events unfolded (==**communication network**==)
- #7. Tea Act
- British East India Company - brought money to Britain.
- Colonies boycott British tea.
- The Co. was almost **bankrupt!**
- To save the company British passes the Tea Act
- Tea Act
- Gave East Indian Company **total** control of tea market in the colonies.
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- ***First Continental Congress***
- The first time 13 colonies work in group and not individual.
- Key Leaders:
- John Jay (NY)
- Samuel Adams & John Adams (MA)
- Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry.
- Vocabulary:
- ==**Minuteman**==:
- A member of the Massachusetts colony militia who could quickly be ready to fight the British.
- ==**Continental Congress**==:
- A meeting of representatives of the British colonies.
- ==**Patriot**==:
- Colonists against British rule / loyal to your country.
- ***First Continental Congress 2***
- September 5, 1774 - Philadelphia.
- 55 delegates from 12 colonies - Georgia didn't sent it .
- Debated what the colonies should do about their relationship with Britain.
- Boycott British goods.
- Refuse to sell goods to Britain.
- From citizens militia soldiers and ready to fight with Britain.
- John Adams
- Borned in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1735 => A Patriot to Britain. (Diplomat, Writer)
- Led the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the movement for independence. (America President in 1796)
- Fighting to Begin
- Mostly in New England.
- Had training sessions.
- Make weapons.
- Britain sends troops
- King George III told Parliament New England Colonies were "In a state of rebellion".
- April 1775, thousand British soldiers sent to Boston.
- Under the command of Thomas Gage.
- The British were to take the weapons of militias.
- Militia Weapons
- The British were take the weapons of the militias. (In concord, a town)
- Alerting the Colonists
- Paul Revere and William Dawes => rode to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British is coming.
- The Redcoats March on
- British comes.
- Battle
- 8 minuteman were dead.
- They destroyed the remaining supplies.
- British come back: ++***VICTORY FOR PATRIOTS!!!***++
- Marching Back to Boston
- Militiaman hid behind trees and stone fences.
- The militia fired at British as they marched.
- In the trip, 174 British were injured and 13 were dead.
- Benedict Arnold & Fort Ticonderoga
- Captain Connection militia.
- 400 Troops seize Fort Ticonderogam 1775.
- Traitor - Large sum of money.
- Swore allegiance to the British.
- Militia Help
- The colonial militia was about 20,000 strong.
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++Important Actions++
-
- ==**Boston Tea Party**==
- Angry colonists boarded ships in Boston and threw the tea overboard.
- ==**Intolerable Acts**==
- Series of laws designed to punish the people of Massachusetts.
- ==**First Continental Congress Formed**==
- Repealed Intolerable Acts. Allowed people to arm themselves against British.
- ==**Second Continental Congress 1775 - 1776**==
- Took place May 10, 1775.
- ++**John Hancock**++ - president of the Congress.
- Authorized printing of money & set up post office with Franklin in charge.
- Formed committees to hand relationships.
- Created Continental Army.
- George Washington becomes Commander in chief of the Continental Army.
- Sent olive Branch Petition to the King.
- ==**January 1776**==
- Common Sense
- By Thomas Paine was published and explained. (list reasons)
- Why there should be independence.
- Outcome of Second Continental Congress
- Appointed 5 men to write a declaration stating the colonies.
- July 4, 1776, Declaration written by ++**Thomas Jefferson**++.
- Reasons for independence.
- ==++***John Hancock***++== signed first with the largest signature.
- Wrote it big enough so King could see it without his glasses.
- **Put end to ties without Great Britain.**
- Declaration of Independence
- **Thomas Jefferson** drafted the Declaration of independence.
- **John Locke**'s ideas inspired him.
- He understood the son sequences of writing a declaration of independence.
- Wanted to make sure the document explained ++**why the colonists wanted to separate**++.
- Declaration of Independent
- Preamble (introduction)
- States why people choose to declare independence.

| Colonies | Britain |
| -------- | -------- |
| Keep the colonial army together. | Seeks to destroy the continental army. |
| Washington seeks to stretch the British army away from supply lines. | Regain control of the colonists by region. |
| Harass the enemy, defeat the British in a major battle. | Take the fight to the colonial army using. |
- The War of Independence

| | The Continental Army | The British military |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Advantages | Knew the countryside. | Army of 50,000 soldiers. |
| | Knew how to survive in the wilderness. | Most Powerful navy in the world. |
| | Believed in their cause of freedom. | Well trained soldiers and officers. |
| | George Washington as commander. | Had the support of Loyalists and African - Americans. |
| | | Hired Hessian Mercenaries - German professional-paid Soldiers. |
| Disadvantages | Difficult to raise an army. | Far from home & supplies (over 3000 miles) |
| | Only 15,000 ~ 20,000 soldiers. | Unfamilier with the landscape. |
| | Lacked power to raise money and taxes. | Fighting for no real cause. |
| | Many didn't want to transfer power to the Continental Congress after rejecting the British Parliament. |

- Militia key to Patriot Army
- Many were ***farmers***.
- Had farms and families.
- Most only signed up for 1 year.
- hard to plan.
- Continental Army was in rough shape.
- Many had no shoes, socks, or jackets.
- Few Experienced officers.
- Battle of Trenton and Princeton
- Winter of 1776
- Most British soldiers were in NYC with smaller forces in Princeton and Trenton, NJ.
- ***December 25, 1776***
- Washington & his men cross the Delaware River from Pennsylvania into NJ.
- Surprise attack on the British camp at Trenton.
- Many Hessians were celebrating Christmas.
- Battle of Saratoga (Capture Albany)(NY)
- Why?
- Control of the Hudston River and cut off New England from other countries.
- British troops would come from Canada, Lake Ontario, and from NYC to attack Albany.
- British Plan to Capture Albany (NY)
- British went South to Philadelphia first and were successful but winter was approaching so they stayed.
- British troops from Lake Ontario were stopped at FL Stanwix, NY (Central NY)
- British troops were in Saratoga, NY where they were attacked by Americans.
- Battle of Saratoga (October, 1777)
- British troops surrendered.
- Give up.
- Victory.
- Considered the turning point of the war.
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++Chapter 7.1 The Articles of Confederation++
-
- America's first constitution (plan of government).
- Confederation
- "League of friendship" a group of states united to work together.
- Forming a republic.
- Americans agreed that they should be a ==***republic***==.
- citizens rule through elected representatives.
- Most Americans wanted a ***weak central government***.
- Only wage war & talk to other nations.
- Every states are individual during the war.
- Congress could deal with foreign affairs and create a military.
- Make war peace.
- Send and receive aubassadors.
- Make treaties.
- Raise equipment navy, main tain an army by requesting troops from the states, appoint senior military officers.
- ***All other powers resided with states.***
- Articles of Confederation
- USA's first Constitution.
- Was in power from 1777 to 1789.
- The Articles created a very weak central or nation government.
- Individual states were stronger than the country!
- Being 13 separate colonies together.

| Weakness | Outcome |
| -------- | -------- |
| Congress has no power to levy or collect | The government was always short of money. |
| State collected money and turned it over to the nation treasury. | No armed forces to put down a simple rebellion (Shays rebellion) or basic government services. |
| No way to enforce laws. | To pass a law, 9 states of 13 needs to agree. |
| Things depends on states. | Hard to change or pass a law. |

- Articles of Confederation
- In 1777 the Articles of Confederation were adopted to provide for a central government.
- At the time the country needed a central government to fight the war against Britain.
- The Articles were America's first Constitution.
- States gave up little of their power.
- Each state kept "its sovereeignty, freedom, and independence. "
- The government didn't have a leader.
- Each state had one vote in Congress.
- State population didn't matter, although larger, more populated states believed they should have more votes.
- States also argued about whether or not they claimed land in the west.
- Many land refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation until states abandoned their land claims.
- Finally all 13 states approved the Articles on March, 1, 1781.
- The Confederacy formally became the government of the United States.
- The Confederation government had its weakness, but it ***won Americans their independence, expanded foreign trade, and provided for new states in the West***.
- It had limit authority.
- It couldn't pass a law unless 9 states out of 13 voted for it.
- To change the Articles of Confederation, all 13 states had to give consent. It was difficult therefore, for Congress to pass laws when there was any opposition.
- New Land Policies
- The Articles of Confederation had no way for adding new states.
- Congress realized it had to entend its authority over the frontier and bring order and stability to the territory where Western settlers reached almost 120,000 by the 1790s.
- The Western ordiances had a large impact on Western expansion and development of the United States.
- In 1784 Congress divided the Western territory into self-governing districts.
- When the number of people in a district reached the population of the smallest existing state, that district could apply for statehead.
- Ordiance
- In 1785 the Confederation Congress established a new law that divided the Western territories into larger townships and smaller sections.
- Each smaller section for at least $1 on acre. This was called the ==***Ordiance of 1785***==.
- Land spectulators bought large pieces of land cheapy.
- Another ordiance passed in 1787 was the Northwest Ordiance.
- Created a Northwest territory.
- Divided in 3 to 5 smaller territories.
- To be a state, needs to reach 60,000 population. Also, they will be equal with the original 13 colonies.
- Bill of rights.
- Freedom of religion.
- Trial by jury.
- No slavery.
- nor involuntary sertitude.
- The problem with Britain concerned landholdings and trade.
- British troops where still in some forts around the Great Lakes.
- British merchants closed Americans out of the West Indies and others profitable British markets.
- Hurt the economy of the new country!
- John Adams
- Went to London in 1785 to talk about these issues.
- The British claimed.
- Americans hadn't paid Loyalists for the property taken during the war.
- This was agreed to under the Treaty of Paris.
- Britain wouldn't talk to the US because of this.
- Congress recommended payment, but the states refused. (shows the problem the confederated state had - no way raise revenue. )
- The problem with Spain was worse.
- Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to American shipping.
- To stop American expansion into their territory (Spanish Flourida and lands west of the Mississippi River. )
- Agreement in 1786
- Limited American shipping on the Mississippi.
- Both accepted the border between Georgia and Spanish Flourida.
- Representatives from the South rejected the agreement because it did not include the right to use the Mississippi River.