# [Record] Utilization of make and Makefile to build a binary
###### tags: `make`, `Makefile`, `gcc`, `hello world`, `compile`, `link`
[toc]
## Introduction
>In software development, Make is a build automation tool that builds executable programs and libraries from source code by reading files called makefiles which specify how to derive the target program. Though integrated development environments and language-specific compiler features can also be used to manage a build process, Make remains widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems.
>
>Make can be used to manage any project where some files need to be updated automatically from others whenever the others change in addition to building programs.
This page is make and Makefile hello world to show you how to use it.
## Compile and link hello world
Write a c code named main.c as shown below.
```C
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, world!\n");
return 0;
}
```
And we can **compile and link** it in linux with gcc.
```bask
Tomas# gcc main.c
Tomas# ls -al
-rwxrwxr-x 1 tomas tomas 16696 十 8 14:01 a.out
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tomas tomas 76 十 8 13:32 main.c
Tomas# ./a.out
Hello, world!
```
After compiling it, we get a a.out, and we can execute it to get the output "Hello, world!"
On the other hand, we can directly build the hello world program to the name what we like by
```bash
Tomas# gcc -o hello main.c
Tomas# ls -al
total 52
drwxrwxr-x 2 tomas tomas 4096 十 8 14:09 .
drwxr-xr-x 26 tomas tomas 4096 十 8 14:09 ..
-rwxrwxr-x 1 tomas tomas 16696 十 8 14:01 a.out
-rwxrwxr-x 1 tomas tomas 16696 十 8 14:09 hello
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tomas tomas 76 十 8 13:32 main.c
Tomas# ./hello
Hello, world!
```
The usage of gcc is shown below.
:::spoiler
```bash!
Tomas# gcc --h
Usage: gcc [options] file...
Options:
-pass-exit-codes Exit with highest error code from a phase.
--help Display this information.
--target-help Display target specific command line options.
--help={common|optimizers|params|target|warnings|[^]{joined|separate|undocumented}}[,...].
Display specific types of command line options.
(Use '-v --help' to display command line options of sub-processes).
--version Display compiler version information.
-dumpspecs Display all of the built in spec strings.
-dumpversion Display the version of the compiler.
-dumpmachine Display the compiler's target processor.
-print-search-dirs Display the directories in the compiler's search path.
-print-libgcc-file-name Display the name of the compiler's companion library.
-print-file-name=<lib> Display the full path to library <lib>.
-print-prog-name=<prog> Display the full path to compiler component <prog>.
-print-multiarch Display the target's normalized GNU triplet, used as
a component in the library path.
-print-multi-directory Display the root directory for versions of libgcc.
-print-multi-lib Display the mapping between command line options and
multiple library search directories.
-print-multi-os-directory Display the relative path to OS libraries.
-print-sysroot Display the target libraries directory.
-print-sysroot-headers-suffix Display the sysroot suffix used to find headers.
-Wa,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the assembler.
-Wp,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the preprocessor.
-Wl,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the linker.
-Xassembler <arg> Pass <arg> on to the assembler.
-Xpreprocessor <arg> Pass <arg> on to the preprocessor.
-Xlinker <arg> Pass <arg> on to the linker.
-save-temps Do not delete intermediate files.
-save-temps=<arg> Do not delete intermediate files.
-no-canonical-prefixes Do not canonicalize paths when building relative
prefixes to other gcc components.
-pipe Use pipes rather than intermediate files.
-time Time the execution of each subprocess.
-specs=<file> Override built-in specs with the contents of <file>.
-std=<standard> Assume that the input sources are for <standard>.
--sysroot=<directory> Use <directory> as the root directory for headers
and libraries.
-B <directory> Add <directory> to the compiler's search paths.
-v Display the programs invoked by the compiler.
-### Like -v but options quoted and commands not executed.
-E Preprocess only; do not compile, assemble or link.
-S Compile only; do not assemble or link.
-c Compile and assemble, but do not link.
-o <file> Place the output into <file>.
-pie Create a dynamically linked position independent
executable.
-shared Create a shared library.
-x <language> Specify the language of the following input files.
Permissible languages include: c c++ assembler none
'none' means revert to the default behavior of
guessing the language based on the file's extension.
Options starting with -g, -f, -m, -O, -W, or --param are automatically
passed on to the various sub-processes invoked by gcc. In order to pass
other options on to these processes the -W<letter> options must be used.
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-9/README.Bugs>.
```
:::
## Compile and link hello world manually
In a big project, it is possible to compile the source code to get many object files at one time and link them latter.
For example,
```shell
# Compiling
gcc -c x.c
gcc -c y.c
gcc -c z.c
# Linking
gcc -o mytool x.o y.o z.o
```
Here demos a simple example.
```shell
Tomas# gcc -c main.c
Tomas# ls -al
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tomas tomas 1680 十 8 14:17 main.o
Tomas# gcc -o main main.o
Tomas# ls -al
-rwxrwxr-x 1 tomas tomas 16696 十 8 14:19 main
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tomas tomas 76 十 8 13:32 main.c
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tomas tomas 1680 十 8 14:17 main.o
Tomas# ./main
Hello, world!
```
## Makefile hello world
Beside, we can write a simple Makefile to build the program, too.
```bash
Tomas# vi Makefile
all:
@echo build the hello world.
gcc -o hello main.c
@echo execute the hello world.
./hello
clean:
@echo clean all except for the source
rm *.o hello
```
And now, we can build it simply by "*make*".
```bash
Tomas# make
build the hello world.
gcc -o hello main.c
execute the hello world.
./hello
Hello, world!
Tomas# ls -al
-rwxrwxr-x 1 tomas tomas 16696 十 8 14:25 hello
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tomas tomas 76 十 8 13:32 main.c
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tomas tomas 99 十 8 14:25 Makefile
Tomas# file hello
hello: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, BuildID[sha1]=b1825aad62ec89f9b5048d7a8b5371a722ee4830, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, not stripped
Tomas# readelf -a hello
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF64
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: DYN (Shared object file)
Machine: Advanced Micro Devices X86-64
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x1060
Start of program headers: 64 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 14712 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 64 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 56 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 13
Size of section headers: 64 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 31
Section header string table index: 30
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Address Offset
Size EntSize Flags Link Info Align
[ 0] NULL 0000000000000000 00000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 0000000000000318 00000318
000000000000001c 0000000000000000 A 0 0 1
[ 2] .note.gnu.propert NOTE 0000000000000338 00000338
0000000000000020 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8
[ 3] .note.gnu.build-i NOTE 0000000000000358 00000358
0000000000000024 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[ 4] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 000000000000037c 0000037c
0000000000000020 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[ 5] .gnu.hash GNU_HASH 00000000000003a0 000003a0
0000000000000024 0000000000000000 A 6 0 8
[ 6] .dynsym DYNSYM 00000000000003c8 000003c8
00000000000000a8 0000000000000018 A 7 1 8
[ 7] .dynstr STRTAB 0000000000000470 00000470
0000000000000082 0000000000000000 A 0 0 1
[ 8] .gnu.version VERSYM 00000000000004f2 000004f2
000000000000000e 0000000000000002 A 6 0 2
[ 9] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 0000000000000500 00000500
0000000000000020 0000000000000000 A 7 1 8
[10] .rela.dyn RELA 0000000000000520 00000520
00000000000000c0 0000000000000018 A 6 0 8
[11] .rela.plt RELA 00000000000005e0 000005e0
0000000000000018 0000000000000018 AI 6 24 8
[12] .init PROGBITS 0000000000001000 00001000
000000000000001b 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 4
[13] .plt PROGBITS 0000000000001020 00001020
0000000000000020 0000000000000010 AX 0 0 16
[14] .plt.got PROGBITS 0000000000001040 00001040
0000000000000010 0000000000000010 AX 0 0 16
[15] .plt.sec PROGBITS 0000000000001050 00001050
0000000000000010 0000000000000010 AX 0 0 16
[16] .text PROGBITS 0000000000001060 00001060
0000000000000185 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 16
[17] .fini PROGBITS 00000000000011e8 000011e8
000000000000000d 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 4
[18] .rodata PROGBITS 0000000000002000 00002000
0000000000000012 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[19] .eh_frame_hdr PROGBITS 0000000000002014 00002014
0000000000000044 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[20] .eh_frame PROGBITS 0000000000002058 00002058
0000000000000108 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8
[21] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 0000000000003db8 00002db8
0000000000000008 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[22] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 0000000000003dc0 00002dc0
0000000000000008 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[23] .dynamic DYNAMIC 0000000000003dc8 00002dc8
00000000000001f0 0000000000000010 WA 7 0 8
[24] .got PROGBITS 0000000000003fb8 00002fb8
0000000000000048 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[25] .data PROGBITS 0000000000004000 00003000
0000000000000010 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 8
[26] .bss NOBITS 0000000000004010 00003010
0000000000000008 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 1
[27] .comment PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00003010
000000000000002b 0000000000000001 MS 0 0 1
[28] .symtab SYMTAB 0000000000000000 00003040
0000000000000618 0000000000000018 29 46 8
[29] .strtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 00003658
0000000000000202 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[30] .shstrtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 0000385a
000000000000011a 0000000000000000 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
l (large), p (processor specific)
There are no section groups in this file.
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr
FileSiz MemSiz Flags Align
PHDR 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040
0x00000000000002d8 0x00000000000002d8 R 0x8
INTERP 0x0000000000000318 0x0000000000000318 0x0000000000000318
0x000000000000001c 0x000000000000001c R 0x1
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]
LOAD 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x00000000000005f8 0x00000000000005f8 R 0x1000
LOAD 0x0000000000001000 0x0000000000001000 0x0000000000001000
0x00000000000001f5 0x00000000000001f5 R E 0x1000
LOAD 0x0000000000002000 0x0000000000002000 0x0000000000002000
0x0000000000000160 0x0000000000000160 R 0x1000
LOAD 0x0000000000002db8 0x0000000000003db8 0x0000000000003db8
0x0000000000000258 0x0000000000000260 RW 0x1000
DYNAMIC 0x0000000000002dc8 0x0000000000003dc8 0x0000000000003dc8
0x00000000000001f0 0x00000000000001f0 RW 0x8
NOTE 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338
0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000020 R 0x8
NOTE 0x0000000000000358 0x0000000000000358 0x0000000000000358
0x0000000000000044 0x0000000000000044 R 0x4
GNU_PROPERTY 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338 0x0000000000000338
0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000020 R 0x8
GNU_EH_FRAME 0x0000000000002014 0x0000000000002014 0x0000000000002014
0x0000000000000044 0x0000000000000044 R 0x4
GNU_STACK 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 RW 0x10
GNU_RELRO 0x0000000000002db8 0x0000000000003db8 0x0000000000003db8
0x0000000000000248 0x0000000000000248 R 0x1
Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00
01 .interp
02 .interp .note.gnu.property .note.gnu.build-id .note.ABI-tag .gnu.hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rela.dyn .rela.plt
03 .init .plt .plt.got .plt.sec .text .fini
04 .rodata .eh_frame_hdr .eh_frame
05 .init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got .data .bss
06 .dynamic
07 .note.gnu.property
08 .note.gnu.build-id .note.ABI-tag
09 .note.gnu.property
10 .eh_frame_hdr
11
12 .init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got
Dynamic section at offset 0x2dc8 contains 27 entries:
Tag Type Name/Value
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6]
0x000000000000000c (INIT) 0x1000
0x000000000000000d (FINI) 0x11e8
0x0000000000000019 (INIT_ARRAY) 0x3db8
0x000000000000001b (INIT_ARRAYSZ) 8 (bytes)
0x000000000000001a (FINI_ARRAY) 0x3dc0
0x000000000000001c (FINI_ARRAYSZ) 8 (bytes)
0x000000006ffffef5 (GNU_HASH) 0x3a0
0x0000000000000005 (STRTAB) 0x470
0x0000000000000006 (SYMTAB) 0x3c8
0x000000000000000a (STRSZ) 130 (bytes)
0x000000000000000b (SYMENT) 24 (bytes)
0x0000000000000015 (DEBUG) 0x0
0x0000000000000003 (PLTGOT) 0x3fb8
0x0000000000000002 (PLTRELSZ) 24 (bytes)
0x0000000000000014 (PLTREL) RELA
0x0000000000000017 (JMPREL) 0x5e0
0x0000000000000007 (RELA) 0x520
0x0000000000000008 (RELASZ) 192 (bytes)
0x0000000000000009 (RELAENT) 24 (bytes)
0x000000000000001e (FLAGS) BIND_NOW
0x000000006ffffffb (FLAGS_1) Flags: NOW PIE
0x000000006ffffffe (VERNEED) 0x500
0x000000006fffffff (VERNEEDNUM) 1
0x000000006ffffff0 (VERSYM) 0x4f2
0x000000006ffffff9 (RELACOUNT) 3
0x0000000000000000 (NULL) 0x0
Relocation section '.rela.dyn' at offset 0x520 contains 8 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
000000003db8 000000000008 R_X86_64_RELATIVE 1140
000000003dc0 000000000008 R_X86_64_RELATIVE 1100
000000004008 000000000008 R_X86_64_RELATIVE 4008
000000003fd8 000100000006 R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT 0000000000000000 _ITM_deregisterTMClone + 0
000000003fe0 000300000006 R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT 0000000000000000 __libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.2.5 + 0
000000003fe8 000400000006 R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT 0000000000000000 __gmon_start__ + 0
000000003ff0 000500000006 R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT 0000000000000000 _ITM_registerTMCloneTa + 0
000000003ff8 000600000006 R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT 0000000000000000 __cxa_finalize@GLIBC_2.2.5 + 0
Relocation section '.rela.plt' at offset 0x5e0 contains 1 entry:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
000000003fd0 000200000007 R_X86_64_JUMP_SLO 0000000000000000 puts@GLIBC_2.2.5 + 0
The decoding of unwind sections for machine type Advanced Micro Devices X86-64 is not currently supported.
Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 7 entries:
Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
0: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND
1: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _ITM_deregisterTMCloneTab
2: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND puts@GLIBC_2.2.5 (2)
3: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.2.5 (2)
4: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __gmon_start__
5: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _ITM_registerTMCloneTable
6: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND __cxa_finalize@GLIBC_2.2.5 (2)
Symbol table '.symtab' contains 65 entries:
Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
0: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND
1: 0000000000000318 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 1
2: 0000000000000338 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 2
3: 0000000000000358 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 3
4: 000000000000037c 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 4
5: 00000000000003a0 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 5
6: 00000000000003c8 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 6
7: 0000000000000470 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 7
8: 00000000000004f2 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 8
9: 0000000000000500 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 9
10: 0000000000000520 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 10
11: 00000000000005e0 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 11
12: 0000000000001000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 12
13: 0000000000001020 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 13
14: 0000000000001040 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 14
15: 0000000000001050 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 15
16: 0000000000001060 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 16
17: 00000000000011e8 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 17
18: 0000000000002000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 18
19: 0000000000002014 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 19
20: 0000000000002058 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 20
21: 0000000000003db8 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 21
22: 0000000000003dc0 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 22
23: 0000000000003dc8 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 23
24: 0000000000003fb8 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 24
25: 0000000000004000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 25
26: 0000000000004010 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 26
27: 0000000000000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 27
28: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS crtstuff.c
29: 0000000000001090 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 16 deregister_tm_clones
30: 00000000000010c0 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 16 register_tm_clones
31: 0000000000001100 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 16 __do_global_dtors_aux
32: 0000000000004010 1 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 26 completed.8061
33: 0000000000003dc0 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 22 __do_global_dtors_aux_fin
34: 0000000000001140 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 16 frame_dummy
35: 0000000000003db8 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 21 __frame_dummy_init_array_
36: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS main.c
37: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS crtstuff.c
38: 000000000000215c 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 20 __FRAME_END__
39: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS
40: 0000000000003dc0 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 21 __init_array_end
41: 0000000000003dc8 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 23 _DYNAMIC
42: 0000000000003db8 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 21 __init_array_start
43: 0000000000002014 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 19 __GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR
44: 0000000000003fb8 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 24 _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
45: 0000000000001000 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 12 _init
46: 00000000000011e0 5 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 16 __libc_csu_fini
47: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _ITM_deregisterTMCloneTab
48: 0000000000004000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT 25 data_start
49: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND puts@@GLIBC_2.2.5
50: 0000000000004010 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 25 _edata
51: 00000000000011e8 0 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 17 _fini
52: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_
53: 0000000000004000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 25 __data_start
54: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __gmon_start__
55: 0000000000004008 0 OBJECT GLOBAL HIDDEN 25 __dso_handle
56: 0000000000002000 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 18 _IO_stdin_used
57: 0000000000001170 101 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 16 __libc_csu_init
58: 0000000000004018 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 26 _end
59: 0000000000001060 47 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 16 _start
60: 0000000000004010 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 26 __bss_start
61: 0000000000001149 27 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 16 main
62: 0000000000004010 0 OBJECT GLOBAL HIDDEN 25 __TMC_END__
63: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _ITM_registerTMCloneTable
64: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND __cxa_finalize@@GLIBC_2.2
Histogram for `.gnu.hash' bucket list length (total of 2 buckets):
Length Number % of total Coverage
0 1 ( 50.0%)
1 1 ( 50.0%) 100.0%
Version symbols section '.gnu.version' contains 7 entries:
Addr: 0x00000000000004f2 Offset: 0x0004f2 Link: 6 (.dynsym)
000: 0 (*local*) 0 (*local*) 2 (GLIBC_2.2.5) 2 (GLIBC_2.2.5)
004: 0 (*local*) 0 (*local*) 2 (GLIBC_2.2.5)
Version needs section '.gnu.version_r' contains 1 entry:
Addr: 0x0000000000000500 Offset: 0x000500 Link: 7 (.dynstr)
000000: Version: 1 File: libc.so.6 Cnt: 1
0x0010: Name: GLIBC_2.2.5 Flags: none Version: 2
Displaying notes found in: .note.gnu.property
Owner Data size Description
GNU 0x00000010 NT_GNU_PROPERTY_TYPE_0
Properties: x86 feature: IBT, SHSTK
Displaying notes found in: .note.gnu.build-id
Owner Data size Description
GNU 0x00000014 NT_GNU_BUILD_ID (unique build ID bitstring)
Build ID: b1825aad62ec89f9b5048d7a8b5371a722ee4830
Displaying notes found in: .note.ABI-tag
Owner Data size Description
GNU 0x00000010 NT_GNU_ABI_TAG (ABI version tag)
OS: Linux, ABI: 3.2.0
```
## Advanced Makefile with a library
Assume we are going to build an application together with a library mylib which can be a static or a dynamic library.
```shell
#
# 'make depend' uses makedepend to automatically generate dependencies
# (dependencies are added to end of Makefile)
# 'make' build executable file 'mycc'
# 'make clean' removes all .o and executable files
#
# define the C compiler to use
CC = gcc
# define any compile-time flags
CFLAGS = -Wall -g
# define any directories containing header files other than /usr/include
#
INCLUDES = -I/home/tomas/include -I../include
# define library paths in addition to /usr/lib
# if I wanted to include libraries not in /usr/lib I'd specify
# their path using -Lpath, something like:
LFLAGS = -L/home/tomas/lib -L../lib
# define any libraries to link into executable:
# if I want to link in libraries (libx.so or libx.a) I use the -llibname
# option, something like (this will link in libmylib.so:
LIBS = -lmylib -lm
# define the C source files
SRCS = main.c
# define the C object files
#
# This uses Suffix Replacement within a macro:
# $(name:string1=string2)
# For each word in 'name' replace 'string1' with 'string2'
# Below we are replacing the suffix .c of all words in the macro SRCS
# with the .o suffix
#
OBJS = $(SRCS:.c=.o)
# define the executable file
MAIN = hello
#
# The following part of the makefile is generic; it can be used to
# build any executable just by changing the definitions above and by
# deleting dependencies appended to the file from 'make depend'
#
.PHONY: depend clean
all: $(MAIN)
@echo Simple application named hello has been compiled
$(MAIN): $(OBJS)
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -o $(MAIN) $(OBJS) $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS)
# this is a suffix replacement rule for building .o's from .c's
# it uses automatic variables $<: the name of the prerequisite of
# the rule(a .c file) and $@: the name of the target of the rule (a .o file)
# (see the gnu make manual section about automatic variables)
.c.o:
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $< -o $@
clean:
$(RM) *.o *~ $(MAIN)
depend: $(SRCS)
makedepend $(INCLUDES) $^
# DO NOT DELETE THIS LINE -- make depend needs it
```
## Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)
https://blog.gtwang.org/programming/gcc-comipler-basic-tutorial-examples/
https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/unixhelp/howto_makefiles.html
https://hackmd.io/@TomasZheng/ByLACT1Wp
Sign in with Wallet
Connect another wallet