# Johannes site
## Block Assignments:
[Block 1](https://hackmd.io/m5Pa7-ItTWSTAwr1bAo2xg)
[Block 2](https://hackmd.io/prv-FQ01Qzq2Bx8s_jumRg)
[Block 3](https://hackmd.io/h_G7ROR5Ts-R0jEFWDW57w)
[Block 4](https://hackmd.io/RhGqgttBQWKI_MurAEjQBg)
## MX assignments and reflections
### MX001:
First of all i understood this as the place to submit the reflections over the assigned readings, so…: The assigned readings have made me further consider how our lives have become influenced and molded by this ever-developing digital society. How my life is knowingly / unknowingly being shaped by all my everyday objects. From my tv, speakers and electric heater. They all have become a central part of my life and has become a standard for most of us. This really gives the sensation of moving further towards a world where technology becomes more and more integrated and forming our lives. As an example, the Tv has changed my conception of many things in life. How I relax and access my home. Making it an everyday ritual to be placed in sofa binging content from many different services. This is a very new ideal. When my parents were kids and television was making an entry to the households, only a few single programs were scheduled with only one channel to select. When I was a kid, 20 years ago, I remember waking up early in the morning and waiting for the broadcast to open. As it was normal not to broadcast anything between 00 to 06 in the morning. Today I would question my friends if they were watching flow tv instead of binging content from Netflix, HBO, TV2 Play or any of the many other services. The conception of television has completely changed. Likewise, the way we use it. The issues that can arise from this, might be the structures which has created these technologies in the first place. All these aspects of the content and the tv itself has been designed by, mostly, larger cooperation’s seeking profit. They have slowly turned this way of life into a norm for me, and many others. This way of being influenced is of course a reason to be critical and reflect, but it is becoming more and more difficult as we transcend into this post-human way of being, making it inseparable what we are being manipulated to behave like, and what is a person’s own deliberate choice. This is just one example of how our conceptions of the digital world is changing and how our definition is forever changing with it.
---
### MX002:
#### What interests you?
These texts underline the importance of understanding how data and artefacts is made. Nothing Is objective or neutral. Be it data or artefacts. They are created by some underlying structures. It makes me think about how larger companies who extract enormous amount of data, tries to organize and simplify data by grouping it together. This is a way of simplifying humans and their behavior. This is in a critical perspective a way of dehumanizing people and categorize them as simple binary data. Looking outside data, Harraways text also made me think about how every design have been designed for a reason. People in teams who represent companies are creating our everyday products. The underlying structures are hidden behind the product. As when we design as student we have to understand where we ourself come from, and how difficult it is to make an objective design.
#### Why we need to conceptualize and understand data?
Data in today’s form has become way to untransparent. It is almost impossible to get a close understanding of the data created. How it is obtained, how it is sorted and how it is applied. By trying to investigate the data we can get a better insight into the structures which as formed it.
#### Data map:
In my map i tried to make a simple visualitation of how data is created and proccesed. The way i have done it, is to show the issues of translating data. How it is always created and altered to fit into an end understanding of a group. This is done to create an reflection on the different actors and their possible influence in the process.
---
### MX003 GROUP
In The workshop about Feminist data visualisation, we worked with the concept of "The God Trick". In groups we discussed how to work "against" the god trick, or how one could create a visualisation which would not be seen as the God trick.
Taking our stance in Covid-19 data, we created a visualisation which showed the data in a way that both draws on the competitive charts of corona cases between countries, but also tries to challenge this view by incorporating the connections between countries, and how different countries might have been at fault for affecting other countries, or bringing the virus to different parts of the world.
___
### MX004 GROUP
#### [Slide Presentation](https://hackmd.io/@TYO2/SJfo2GC4D#/)
---
### MX005 GROUP
When working with the cookie-script, we quickly had an idea of what we wanted to do. Online advertisers such as YouTube value visitors from economically strong countries higher than visitors from countries with lower economic power.
So we simply wanted the cookie to save from which continent you are visiting and then assign a value accordingly.
Adding a continent input was not an issue, but having the cookie assign a value according to the continent was to challenging for us and the time available. Below you can find our script and try it out for yourself even though it does not have the desired feature.
```
<code>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--
//ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ttpghXjG0g
example of cookie: _user=siusoon;expires=Thu, 10 Sep 2020 09:01:51 GMT;
-->
<html>
<head>
<script>
let myCookies = {};
function saveCookies()
{
//retrieve data from the form elements
myCookies["_user"] = document.getElementById("user").value;
myCookies["_uage"] = document.getElementById("age").value;
myCookies["_ucon"] = document.getElementById("continent").value;
/* if("_ucon" = "Afrika"){
myCookies["_uval"] = document.getElementById("continent").value;
}*/
//get rid of existing cookie
document.cookie = "";
//set expiry time, that is 30 seconds of now
let date = new Date();
date.setTime(date.getTime() + ((30) * 1000));
let expiry = "expires=" + date.toUTCString();
//store each cookie
let cookieString = "";
//loop via each myCookies (e.g user and age....)
//join by ';'
for (let key in myCookies)
{
cookieString = key+"="+myCookies[key]+";" + expiry +";";
document.cookie = cookieString; //save each cookie
console.log(cookieString);
}
document.getElementById("out").innerHTML = document.cookie; //load in the output with the latest array first
}
function loadCookies()
{
console.log(document.cookie);
myCookies = {};
let kv = document.cookie.split(";"); //different key
for (let id in kv)
{
let cookie = kv[id].split("="); //actual value
myCookies[cookie[0].trim()] = cookie[1]; //trim white space and assign to the second half i.e value
}
document.getElementById("user").value = myCookies["_user"];
document.getElementById("age").value = myCookies["_uage"];
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
User: <input type="text" id = "user"> <p>
Age: <input type="text" id = "age">
Continent: <input type="text" id = "continent">
<p>
<button onclick="saveCookies()">Save to Cookies</button>
<button onclick="loadCookies()">Load From Cookies</button>
<p id="out"></p>
</body>
</html>
</code>
```
---
### MX006
The art piece of Jeff Gates is for me one of the most interesting art pieces as it clearly predicts one of the most publicly discussed issues of the modern-day internet. He did it 20 years earlier! This is clearly a great example for net art, as by using eBay’s auction platform, almost simulates todays commerce with data. Selling to the highest bidder. The tactical aspect of the can be seen through Jeff Gates trying to predict a future with data as currency. He is clearly trying to expose his dystopia of the future. By doing this he is critical of the system and the way it was evolving. This can be understood as ‘’the bottom-up struggle of the networks against the power centers.’’ (Galloway 2004, p. 175)
In terms of critical making, the process of creating the piece would have contributed with reflection of the subject and object. In the text, there is no further explanation of his initial process. But the process of creating might have made him more aware of the system which he has worked within.
From my perspective the link between critical making and tactical media, is the exploration of the object. In this case it is eBay and data. The critical making is focusing on the whole process, which possibly have gained a lot of knowledge and reflection on the objects, while tactical media highlights the issues and seeks reflection from creator and the ‘audience’. But both have the common goal of creating a meaningful reflection upon the object.
Q: Does Net.art have any advantages over other mediums in being tactical?
---
### MX007 - GROUP
#### Expanding Fullers text on how he describes internet art as "not just art":
Can also be a functioning tool to do a task. In the case of the demetricator, it is an actual add on with an actual effect on the user interface.
Web art is not-just-art in Fullers understanding, it can only come into occurence by being not just it-self, and has to be used. Net art is not something static, but something that evolves through for instances the users interaction with it.
#### What is the relationship between art and culture?
As you can see on the drawing, we interpret the relationship between art and culture, as a movement from having one understanding, and then encountering art, which can create a movement which gives us the oppurtunity to reflect upon culture in a new way.
first you see the circle that is flat, art is not added. Whe dont go in other directions in relation to our reflections upon life, society and culture.
When adding art we create a reflection, that makes another movement, which then makes us reflect upon culture in a new way.
#### How can art enable us to see things, escpecially technological objects in the context of digital culture, differently?
- AS described earlier, it forces us to relfect upon culture in another way. When we encounter art, whether we understand or not, we have to reflect and question what we already know. TEchnological objects are accesible to more people and in the setting of the digital it enables us to reflect upon digital culture.
#### Can you give an artwork example to illustrate that?
https://kunsten.nu/journal/dagens-netkunstner-ben-grosser/
The demitricator is an example of an artwork that changes the digital culture that we are already familiar with. By changing the layout of the known, it makes us reflect upon what we already know, and whether there are more layers to the understanding we have of the culture we already exist in.
Demitricator is an artwork in the sense Fuller represents beacuse it is something that can be used, and somthing that is a tool. If no one interacts with it, you might say that it doesnt have any existing, but when people use it, it can make us reflect, this relation and reflection is the artwork.
---
### MX008
What interests and sparks reflection for me in these texts is really how sometimes they try to predict the future of the internet in the transition from web 1.0 to 2.0. In What is web 2.0? O’Reilly
writes: ‘’The world of Web 2.0 is also the world of what Dan Gillmor calls "we, the media," a world in which "the former audience", not a few people in a back room, decides what's important.’’ This is trying to show that there might be a transition with more democratic principles occurring. But this is an I issue, I have thought alot about a lot lately. As most people know, influencers have become a huge part of most people lives. These people have lately had bad connotations. Influencing young people, I negative ways. Leading to body dysmorphia and even making some subscribe to conspiracy theories. In this regard, the ‘democratization’ have had a negative impact on certain groups and, funny enough, democracy itself. But on the other hand, we saw what the internet and free people can do to create awareness of issues. This have become known lately through the free journalists in China, illegally reporting on the Corona Virus situation in Wuhan. This possibility has been enabled by the internet. Therefore some aspects of the prediction of the future internet have been true, but at the same time there is some really bad aspects which has developed out of this.
---
### MX009 GROUP
How the website looked:
Our changes:
We have chosen to change the rhetoric of the danish asylum application site. We have changed the text from the alreday existing site, into a more critical perspective on what will happen when you apply, with inspiration from danish asylum cases.
Futhermore we have changed the layout, by changing the background picture into a picture of the reality some refugees come from.
We havent changed the colours of the layout, since we wanted it to look official, to put into focus the content on the page, such as; text and images.
We chose this site, because we believe that it gives false hopes about what will happen when you apply for asylum, in this way we create awareness about an already existing problem.
**Is this a form of critical making?**
WE learn something about the material while we are working, in this way we begin to refelct upon the funtionality of the different elements, and how they can easily be changed. Therefore the choices of the developers becomes very clear.
**Is this Internet art?**
If we had done it differently, and instead of changing the conten, changes the layout into for instance something less understandable, it might have been a form of internet art in the way that it explores or works critically with the material of the internet.
Our approach instead takes a critical stand toward politics. Therefore the content is more critical, therfore not neccesarily internet art.
---
### MX010
**Can you locate the articles’ problem statements?**
In the texts they try to explore the importance and effects of archives. In Accumulate , Arhchive, Destroy, How archives are being centralized and controlled is being explored. Everything we do online is run through these. These archives consist of data being transferred and moved through different databases, exchanged for money and business improvement. In Artbase History they talk about archives as an issue of preservation.
**How do the authors contextualize the issues?**
Through examples as the ftp server. We used to upload every single thing to our own archives on a webpage. Being able to control and see every single created file and code. Today most of the internet is run through giant server farms. Artbase History use the example of trying to preserve net.art, trying to sort, create meta-data and keep the originality of the artworks.
Beyond internet art, what other forms of archives are challenging but interesting to you? Why do we need archives in culture, and what’s the role of archival practice in wider culture?
Well archives in the classic instance, before the internet, has been used to get insights to the old ways of doing stuff. This can be seen as every major city have a physical archive where we can access old pictures and building plans for houses and buildings throughout the city. This gives an insight into how the city have developed and what have been in focus at that time. In the same way the internet archives can do the same. Today archives are being used as in the instance in artbase history as way to understand how the internet used to be, while saving all the important stuff from the internet. In the same way archives can be used to understand our development and usage of the internet and what the future might hold. In both negative and positive regards, when AI’s and people try to enhance aspects of the internet for the users.
---
### MX011 GROUP
Together as a group, what are the issues and cultural phenomenon that the archival techniques are addressing? What is an archive? What are they archiving? What are the potential and limitation of these techniques? How do these techniques allow you to think about internet culture differently?
In the case of the Webrecorder we found it interesting that it highlights how important interaction is on the internet. Just archiving a static image of a page would not be representative of the experience of visiting the page. The WayBack machine also keeps some of the interactivity, but lacks the ability to navigate the page through links, while a screenshot completely removes all interactivity.
This lack of interactivity is really a symptom of the fact, that most of the underlying code is not being saved. This made us think of how complex it would be to both try to keep all interactivity and therefore saving alot of data, and at the same point minimizing the weight of the data.
---
### MX012
**What is/are commons? are you familiar with this concept/practice? have you come across it before this session? if so in what circumstances?**
After reading the takes and watching the video, my understanding of what commons is, is a notion of sharing. Sharing something openly without limits and without requirement of payment. This can be understood by open source, or from one of the artworks, where writers could send in their books for an art exhibition and everybody could access and read them. Therefore i understand it as a knowledge sharing, building upon the notion of being able to understand, acces and change the culture (which technology is embedded in).
I am not familiar with this practice through this concept presented in the text. Only by using torrent sites, to download e-books or movies.
**Find an image that best visualises how you understand or imagine commons. Save that image in your computer and bring it to the session.**
**think of 3 - 5 words (nouns, verbs, adjectives), which in some way describe the values you associate with commons.**
Sharing, flat-structure, Marxism, free, knowledge-sharing
---
### MX013 - GROUP
**What kind of free and open source software that you like? Why?**
We discussed the different kinds of Open source software that we use.
For instance:
- Wordpress
- Processing
- Modelling for instance, for 3d printing
Processing, because it is an open platform, that works towards programming literacy. Depending on level of programming experience you can either contribute to the "core" of the programing enviroment, fix bugs, use the libraries for own projects, or share your "beginner" code. It becomes kind of a common, with a community.
**If you have to choose to discuss one aspects of FLOSS, how would you approach this?**
We find the commercial aspect of FLOSS, both interesting and confusing.
It is mentioned by Mansoux that FLOSS is made in a capitalist society, and that it therefore is not incompatible with such a society. However, this is a little confusing to us, since a core value of FLOSS is the freedom to edit and distribute software freely - so how does this play into capitalist thinking?
If we were to investigate this aspect of FLOSS, we would make a comparative analysis of different software belonging to FLOSS. How these differentiate in the ways software is copied, altered and reshared, and which commercial pratices these softwares implement.
___
### MX014 GROUP
Glossary: https://hackmd.io/Upka9dCsRRGOD40u6HMGfA?both
---
### Brain-dumping 10/11/2020
In the digital commons block i have learned about digital commons. It has provided me with an increased focus upon online communities, and communties in general. The many different notions of free software, seen through the many different forms of licences. licences that all have different goals other than being ''free/libre''. I didn't actually know that there were so much ''well-known'' software that has used this model and have found a viable economically sustainable model that actually works.
What i got from the workshop was mostly how servers and hosting works. Have many different steps and how many components communicate with one and other. The last part of the exercice which mostly were focused on creating the platform and how to navigate, made me really appriciate GUI ;)..
___
### MX015 - GROUP
Since we have some former experience with Machine Learning we found it interesting how this simplified version presented the concept. The image datasets have no metadata except for what color the image should be categorized as.
When we gave the learner the “training data”, we experienced that our different categories had more overlap than we had thought. This illustrated the difference in how we see images and how machine vision processes an image.
Goggles teachable machine doesnt necesarily have the same many layers as more advanced machine learning algorithms. Therefore training this machine might not present the same boundaries or biases as more extensive algortihms. On the other hand we still see bias or boundaries in this simple model. Because it for example cant recognise different skintones (by experiementing with lighting). Having a simple algortihm like this we can better uncover the biases, instead of an algortihm building upon tons of data.
___
### MX016
First of all, I found the major parts of today’s text interesting. In the text Against a personalization of the self the aspect of anonymization was really surprising. Maybe I was naïve, but I didn’t think it was so difficult to hide your identity and making sure nothing is being tracked or monitored. It might have been because of VPN adverts claiming how easy it is, downloading and activating an APP, and that’s it. The Q&A at the end of the text sums up how extremely demanding and difficult it is makes it really surprising. This makes me think of how extensively we are part of a larger structure, which is so difficult to opt. out of.
The other text made me think a lot about how we search on the internet. She says she searched ‘’black girls’’ on google and, disgustingly, the search result is full of porn. But what I really began wondering was: How do we form our language when we use a search engine? Maybe it’s my naivety but I would never have thought of googling ‘’What does white boys like to do?’’ if my nephew visited. Nor writing: ‘’what do Koreans (or any other nationality) like to do?’’. I don’t have anything clever to say about this. It was just a wondering in how we form our language to apply it to search engines. Or maybe it is just my danish white male university student perspective.
Questions for today’s text:
How can we reach a satisfying amount of anonymity online? - And what is that amount?
___
### MX017 GROUP
Feedback for group 4
We do understand why you compare commons and opensource software. Though we believe that your assignment would benefit from a clear distinction between the two. The two concepts flow into eachother as one unit in the way you use it, both in the podcast and in the written part of your assignment.
Overall it would have been nice that you define the terms you use, both the important theoretical ones, but also concept such as ownership, because in this context ownership can mean quite different things.
You seem to have a nice research question;
“It is then not only relevant to look at defining whether or not Wikipedia can be viewed as a commons, but also what ethical questions can be raised in relation to how the commons is operating.”
But it seems that you dont really follow up on it as much as we as listeners or readers would like.
In the podcast most parts seems mostly explanatory/analytic. It could have been nice if you had included reflections on a higher taxonomic level or followed up on the research questions. Such as how the users decide how and with what to contirbute with, and how this might interfere or adhere with what the foundation of wikipedia wants.
### MX018
# Synopsis draft
### Introduction
Nature and wellbeing have for a long time been connected. When feeling stressed, couped up in the city or just wanting to relax, nature can provide a change of scenery. I notice this phenomenon in my everyday life when walking through Risskov forest, which is a popular space for having a quick escape from the city of Aarhus. This forest is in close proximity to the city, which implies heavy traffic from cars from one side, trains from the other, and a more or less constant construction noise from the nearby developing area. However, when in the very center of the forest all these disturbing noises are gone. And just for one moment you might feel like you fully have escaped the city.
But what if we used the technology, that we are surrounding ourselves with, to create a more constant feeling of escaping the city when walking in the forest? By creating a program that censors out the ‘’city-noises’’, this project investigates the possible implications of machine learning in our everyday life.
#### Research question:
*How can the use of machine learning create an immersive sensation in nature and what issues does this raise about the relation of culture and technology?*
First of all, this synopsis explains the effects technology has on culture through the chapter Digital by Benjamin Peters (2016), then then the technology and machine learning will be elaborated, to get a basic understanding and highlight some of its issues by Mackenzie (2017), lastly in the section the use of sound in nature explained. Afterwards the methods for the project: critical making, Teachable machine and coding are explained, before the presentation of the project. The project is explored through the method of critical making. The final chapter further discusses the use of machine learning and its wider cultural issues with the insights from the project.
### Methodology:
Today most of us uses technology every day. But how can we understand it’s influence on us, the users. According to Benjamin Peters, the digital medium can be understood as a referent to the world. He explains how digital media points towards something (Peters, 2016 p. 97). This pointing is described as how digital media describes something in the world. This could be how Facebook chat points toward chatting in real life. But as digital media points toward something, they end up hiding something else (Peters, 2016 p. 99). As Facebook points toward and imitates chatting, it is, however, not the real concept of chatting. Even though it points toward something social and real, it cannot completely replicate it. This gives a notion of how technology has become a part of who we are, and the way we perceive, interact, and understand the world.
One of the technologies which we surround ourselves with, knowingly or unknowingly, is machine learning. It has been embedded in our lives in many different areas. From health care, numerous academic fields, in business models, and also in consumer products. Machine learning is a very complex phenomenon. It consists of data, which is accumulated, creating datasets which the machine learning uses to train its neural network (Mackenzie, 2017 p. 5). There are multiple techniques used for this, depending on what you want a program to do. But for this paper, the focus is on predictive models: How machine learning, on the basis of datasets, create their own understanding and delivers a predicted output (Mackenzie, 2017 p. 5). Mackenzie uses the example of the software Kiddydar, which is fed with pictures of cats as data, and using HOG it creates its own definition (algorithms) of what a cat is. This have raised concerns. Mackenzie quotes Amoore: ´´(…)but rather calling for attention to be paid to the specific temporalities and norms of algorithmic techniques that rule out, render invisible, other potential futures´´ (Mackenzie, 2017 p. 7) . Within machine learning there are many cultural questions to be asked, about a technology so close to us, that creates its own almost un-understandable conclusions. Likewise, is the use of categorization problematized. Using categories to determine, as an example, what a cat is. It might seem simple, but as the real world is complex, categorization becomes as well (Mackenzie, 2017 p. 10.). As machine learning is also understood as knowledge production, these shortcomings, ´´(…) they might actually reinforce power asymmetries and exacerbate the ethical and political challenges posed by machine learning’’ as Galloway is quoted (Mackenzie, 2017 p. 12).
The context, which is explored in this paper, is to create an immersive feeling of nature. Being in nature has long been connected with wellbeing (Bates et al. 2020p. 1). Visual impressions of nature have even been proven to reduce stress (Alvarsson et al., 2010 p. 1036), and the sound of nature also most likely can be beneficial for a high stress level (Alvarsson et al., 2010 p.1044). How sound of nature then directly affects us, is explored by Bates et al. (2020). By setting up a test where the user closes their eyes and listens to sounds of nature and then afterwards is being interviewed. The experiment results show how the respondents got a feeling of wellbeing (Bates et al. 2020 p. 3). For some the sound prompted pleasant memories. Some, being very descriptive, describe figuratively how the beach looks, and how the first thing they do is to jump in the water (Bates et al. 2020 p. 4). Generally, sound of nature prompted a sense of wellbeing. The shortcomings were shown when trying to reduce these. As an example, using fake grass to stimulate the tactile sense. This made it too unrealistic, and people started complaining about how fake it suddenly felt (Bates et al. 2020 p. 5). Therefore, if one should create a project with nature, keeping it as close to reality is important.
### Methods
(I wrote half a page to much for this delivery, so you can skip this section) ;-)
This section introduces the methods used for the project. Critical making is used to thoroughly investigate a process to create ‘’critical social reflection’’ (Herz & Ratto, 2019 p. 18). When understanding the word critical in this context, it is to try and denaturalize assumptions of an object of study (Herz & Ratto, 2019 p. 22). The making aspect focuses on the more hands-on approach. (Herz & Ratto, 2019 p. 23). The sum of these to creates a method to conceptualize and critically approach an object of study by taking the hands-on approach. This can open up questions as:
*What are the relations between particular social agendas and technical objects and systems? How might sociotechnical systems be integrated with wider and more emancipatory values? What can we build to sustain and foster social equality and justice? What technologies are worth making?* (Herz & Ratto, 2019 p. 23)
Ratto describes how he sees the purpose and process of critical making as a method. To investigate conceptual theories, one can do so by working in a design process and instead of focusing on the final object, the insights are gained through the process of working with the object. (Herz & Ratto, 2019 p. 24)
In this project two ways of making is used, Teachable machine and coding in P5.JS. Teachable machine is an online tool created as an easy entry-level experience with machine learning. For this project the sound tool is used. From here it is easy to register a sound file and make it react to a parameter. This can then be exported to P5.JS. P5.JS is a coding framework based on JavaScript. From here I can control what output I wish to react upon the predictions of an input through the created machine learning algorithm.
### Project
In this section I will thoroughly describe my process and the findings.
I plan on recording sounds of city noises around Riis skov, and using them in the machine learning program. By importing the machine learning program to p5.JS, i will play nature sounds from Riss Skov everytime it detects a city noise. This way one would be able to walk in Riss skov, without other noises interfering.
### Discussion
The section is based on the findings of the project. Currently my ideas for discussions are:
- As we are socially/culturally shaped by social media and technology, am I/the program trying to influence our perception of nature?
- What is unclear about the structures of the machine learning algorithm, and what does it them imply?
- Does it raise any issues about data?
### Bibliography (so far)
Alvarsson, J. J., Wiens, S., & Nilsson, M. E. (2010). Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise. International journal of environmental research and public health, 7(3), 1036-1046.
Bates, V., Hickman, C., Manchester, H., Prior, J., & Singer, S. (2020). Beyond landscape's visible realm: Recorded sound, nature, and wellbeing. Health & place, 61, 102271
Mackenzie, Adrian . (2017). “Introduction: Into the Data” in Machine Learners: Archaeology of a Data Practice, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 1-19
Peters, B. 2016. “Digital” in Digital Keywords, a Vocabulary of Information, Society and Culture
Ratto, Matt & Hertz, Garnet, “Critical Making and Interdisciplinary Learning: Making as a Bridge between Art, Science, Engineering and Social Interventions” In Bogers, Loes, and Letizia Chiappini, eds. The Critical Makers Reader: (Un)Learning Technology. the Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam, 2019, pp. 17-28
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