###### tags: `學習之章-大一篇`

# 英文(余佳紋)-(上)

期中考 20%、期末考 20%、平時成績 60%

## 平時成績評量方式

- 課堂出席佔 20%:缺席一次扣 2%，缺席十次 0 分。
- 小考佔 20%:以聽寫單字為主，不要遲到。
- 缺課未考零分計算，小考無補考。

## 課堂規定

- 取英文名字，按照座位坐，照座位點名。
- 老師非常準時上課，每堂考 10 個單字，準時考，沒考到自己負責。

## 單字(01)

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ----------------- | ------------------ | ---- |
| **foreign** | 外國的 | a |
| **whereas** | 然而 | adv |
| **accent** | 腔調 | n |
| **religion** | 信仰 | n |
| **improve** | 改善 | v |
| knife | 刀 | n |
| fork | 叉 | n |
| tip | 給小費 | v |
| waiter | 服務生 | n |
| percent | 百分比 | n |
| background | 背景 | n |
| arrive | 抵達 | v |
| difference | 不同 | n |
| through | 雖然 | adv |
| confused | 困惑的 | n |
| dislike | 不喜歡 | v |
| advice | 建議 | n |
| homesick | 思鄉的；想家的 | a |
| perfectly | 完美地；非常 | adv |
| normal | 正常的 | a |
| either | 也 | adv |
| **international** | 國際的 | a |
| **student union** | 學生活動中心 | n |
| club | 社團 | n |
| load | 大量 | n |
| add | 附加；補充說明 | v |
| dish | 一道菜 | n |
| strange | 奇怪的 | a |
| unhealthy | 不健康的 | a |
| care package | 愛心包裹 | n |
| **get used to** | 習慣 | |
| **settling-in** | 安定下來；適應環境 | |
| **get along** | 相處 | |
| **hang out** | 出去玩 | |
| **sums up** | 總結 | |
| a lot | 在此指頻率、經常 | |
| turn to | 轉向 | |
| interested in | 對...有興趣 | |

- 國家不會考

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| -------------- | -------- | ---- |
| British | 英國的 | a |
| Britain | 英國 | n |
| Senegal | 塞內加爾 | n |
| North American | 北美的 | a |
| Mexico | 墨西哥 | n |
| Mexican | 墨西哥的 | a |

## 單字(02)

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| --------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------- |
| **embarrassed** | 尷尬的 | a |
| **whistle** | 口哨 | n |
| **crosswalk** | 人行道 | n |
| **suddenly** | 突然地 | adv |
| pleased | 愉悅的 | a |
| explain | 解釋 | v |
| thirsty | 口渴的 | a |
| invite | 邀請 | v |
| rude | 粗魯的、不禮貌的 | a |
| local | 當地的 | a |
| strange | 奇怪的 | a |
| cross | 穿越 | v |
| blow | 吹 | v |
| tear | 眼淚 | n |
| present | 禮物 | n |
| shocked | 震驚的 | a |
| upset | 使沮喪 | v |
| cheap | 小氣的、便宜的 | a |
| write | 寫(write-wrote-written) | |
| ink | 墨水 | n |
| burst into | 爆破、突然打開 | burst into tears |
| police officer | 警察 | n |

## 單字(03)

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ------------------- | -------------- | ------ |
| **lecture** | 講課 | n |
| **audio** | 聽覺的 | a |
| engineering student | 工學院學生 | n |
| paper | 報告 | n |
| educational | 教育的 | a |
| professor | 教授 | n |
| record | 錄影(音) | n 或 v |
| logical | 合邏輯的 | a |
| purpose | 目的 | n |
| replace | 取代 | v |
| technology | 科技 | n |
| digital | 數位的 | a |
| tablet | 平板電腦 | n |
| laptop | 筆記型電腦 | n |
| include | 包含 | v |
| website | 網站 | n |
| download | 下載 | v |
| device | 裝置 | n |
| upstairs | 樓上 | adv |
| earphone | 耳機 | n |
| information | 資訊 | n |
| support | 支持 | n |
| university course | 大學課程 | n |
| podcast | 播客 | n |
| explain | 解釋 | v |
| UK(United Kingdom) | 英國 | n |
| gone | 消失不見的 | a |
| possible | 可能的 | a |
| British | 英國的 | a |
| library | 圖書館 | n |
| way | 方法 | n |
| follow | 跟隨 | v |
| normal | 正常的 | a |
| extra | 額外的 | a |
| bedroom | 臥室 | n |
| concentrate | 集中 | v |
| **surround by** | 環繞 | |
| take notes | 作筆記 | |
| up to | 達到 | |
| add to | 附加 | |
| on the move | 行動中、同勤中 | |
| of two minds | 猶豫不決 | |

## 單字(04)

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ------------- | -------------- | ---- |
| vinyl | 黑膠唱片 | n |
| constantly | 經常地 | adv |
| cassette | 錄音帶 | n |
| record | 唱片 | n |
| invent | 發明 | v |
| practical | 實用的 | a |
| speaker | 喇叭 | n |
| earphone | 耳機 | n |
| track | 音軌 | n |
| rip | 撕開 | v |
| net | 網路 | n |
| record player | 唱盤 | |
| in one go | 一次 | |
| pass the time | 消磨時間 | |

## 單字(05)

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ----------- | -------------------- | ---- |
| novel | 新穎的 | a |
| novel | 小說 | n |
| brainwave | 靈感 | n |
| popularity | 人氣 | n |
| middleman | 中間人、中盤商 | n |
| profit | 利潤 | n |
| add | 附加 | v |
| fair trade | 公平貿易法 | |
| open up | 開發土地或店面 | |
| account for | 佔據(在數量上)、總計 | |
| help out | 幫助...擺脫困境 | |

## 單字(06)

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ----------------- | ---------------------- | ---- |
| **estimate** | 估計 | v |
| **conclusive** | 確實的 | a |
| **involve** | 牽涉 | v |
| **contradictory** | 矛盾的 | a |
| **consumption** | 消耗 | n |
| **reveal** | 顯露 | v |
| **likelihood** | 可能性 | n |
| be likely to | 可能 | |
| clogged | 阻塞的、堵塞的 | a |
| bladder | 膀胱 | n |
| artery | 動脈 | n |
| alcohol | 酒精 | n |
| determine | 決定 | v |
| chemical | 化學物 | n |
| caffeine | 咖啡因 | n |
| moderate | 適當的 | a |
| stimulate | 刺激 | v |
| irregular | 不規則的 | a |
| analyze | 分析 | v |
| smoothie | 雪泥、冰沙、濃稠的果汁 | n |
| diet | 飲食 | n |
| gene | 基因 | n |
| calorie | 熱量 | n |
| key | 關鍵的 | a |
| heathly | 健康的 | a |
| unhealthy | 不健康的 | a |
| effect | 效用 | n |
| prevent | 預防 | v |
| factor | 因素 | n |
| simply | 僅僅 | adv |
| does | 劑量 | n |
| alert | 警覺的 | a |
| focused | 專注的 | a |
| heartbeat | 心跳 | n |
| unaffected | 不受影響的 | a |
| contain | 包含 | v |
| blood pressure | 血壓 | |
| lead to | 導致 | |
| lung cancer | 肺癌 | |
| without doubt | 毫無疑問的 | |
| black and white | 非黑即白 | |
| nervos system | 神經系統 | |
| natural signal | 自然訊號 | |
| compare to | 比較 | |
| acidic content | 酸性物 | |
| in excess | 過量 | |
| hundreds of | 數以百的 | |
| heart attack | 心臟病發 | |
| related to | 有關聯的 | |
| neither | 兩者都不 | |
| keep awake | 保持清醒 | |
| bear in mind | 記在心裡 | |
| when it comes to | 一提到... | |

## 單字(七)

### CH4 URBAN LIFE

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ------------- | ---------------- | ---- |
| urban | 都市的 | a |
| cousin | 堂或表兄弟姊妹 | n |
| generation | 世代 | n |
| country | 鄉下 | n |
| September | 九月 | n |
| California | 加州 | n |
| describe | 描述 | v |
| typical | 典型的 | a |
| feed | 餵食 | v |
| homemade | 自製的 | a |
| swap | 交換 | b |
| weekly | 每週的 | a |
| barbecue | 燒烤 | n |
| machinery | 機械 | n |
| tractor | 牽引機 | n |
| hike | 健行、爬小山 | n |
| freezing | 冰凍的 | a |
| skip | 略過 | v |
| doughnut | 甜甜圈 | n |
| wander | 徘徊 | v |
| burger | 兩片圓麵包夾食物 | n |
| milkshake | 奶昔 | n |
| theater | 電影院 | n |
| Los Angeles | 洛杉磯 | |
| either...or | 兩者之一 | |
| without fail | 一定 | |
| drop by | 順道(順便) | |
| go off | 出發 | |
| depend on | 視...而定 | |
| cut wood | 砍柴 | |
| picking fruit | 摘水果 | |
| play pool | 打撞球 | |
| go bowl | 打保齡球 | |

## 單字(八)

### CH4 Living in the city

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ---------------- | ---------- | ---- |
| **facility** | 設施 | n |
| **emergency** | 緊急 | n |
| **population** | 人口總數 | n |
| **exhibition** | 展覽 | n |
| **respectively** | 分別地 | adv |
| **inhabitant** | 居民 | n |
| **activity** | 活動 | n |
| **pollution** | 汙染 | n |
| **overcrowded** | 過度擁擠的 | a |
| **project** | 估計 | v |
| **available** | 可獲得的 | a |
| **estimate** | 估計 | v |
| squash | 迴力球 | n |
| education | 教育 | n |
| fall | 秋天 | n |
| healthcare | 健康、養生 | n |
| main | 主要的 | n |
| block | 棋盤式街道 | n |
| theater | 電影院 | n |
| United Nations | 聯合國 | |
| urban | 都市的 | a |
| Nigeria | 奈及利亞 | n |
| account for | 佔據 | v |
| mega city | 大型都市 | |
| salary | 薪水 | n |
| cultural | 文化的 | a |

## 單字(九)

### CH5 Under the knife

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| -------------------------------- | ----------------- | ---- |
| **influence** | 影響 | v |
| **competitive** | 競爭的 | adj |
| **qualified** | 有資格的 | adj |
| **tricky** | 複雜的、難處理的 | adj |
| **disaster** | 災難 | n |
| **properly** | 適當地 | adv |
| **clinic** | 診所 | n |
| **patient**(注意) | 病人 | n |
| **fortunately** | 幸運地 | adv |
| **unfortunately** | 不幸地 | adv |
| **ill** | 生病的 | adj |
| **advertisement** | 廣告 | n |
| **mature** | 成熟的 | adj |
| **traditional** | 傳統的 | adj |
| **simply** | 只是 | adv |
| **charge** | 收費 | v |
| image | 形象 | n |
| explain | 解釋 | v |
| boom | 繁榮 | v |
| operation | 手術 | n |
| billion | 十億 | n |
| appear | 出現、看起來 | v |
| appearance | 外表 | n |
| rule | 統治 | v |
| respect | 尊重 | v |
| middle-aged | 中年的 | adj |
| success | 成功 | n |
| beauty | 美 | n |
| Western | 西方的 | adj |
| Asian | 亞洲的 | adj |
| vertical | 垂直的 | adj |
| smooth | 滑順的 | adj |
| shape | 形狀 | n |
| equipment | 設備 | n |
| complain | 抱怨 | v |
| neither A nor B | 既不是 A 也不是 B | |
| graduation gift | 畢業禮物 | |
| pale - paler - palest | 膚色白的 | |
| wealthy - wealthier - wealthiest | 富有的 | |
| cosmetic surgery | 整形手術 | |
| plastic surgery | 整形手術 | |
| per capita | 每人 | |
| at least | 至少 | |
| youth culture | 年輕文化 | |
| job market | 工作市場 | |
| teens | 十幾歲的青少年 | |
| twenties | 二十幾歲 | |

## 單字(十)

### CH5 BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE have BETTER LIVES

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| --------------- | -------------- | ---- |
| **actress** | 女演員 | n |
| **attractive** | 有吸引力的 | a |
| **attention** | 注意力 | n |
| **positive** | 正面的、積極的 | a |
| **confidence** | 自信 | n |
| **colleague** | 同事 | n |
| **awful** | 糟糕的 | a |
| raise | 提高 | v |
| praise | 讚美 | v |
| average height | 平均身高 | |
| popular crowd | 受歡迎的人群 | |
| plain | 平庸的 | a |
| experiment | 實驗 | n |
| glue | 膠水 | n |
| double eyelid | 雙眼皮 | |
| have a nose job | 鼻子整型 | |
| chin | 下巴 | n |
| round | 圓的 | a |
| date | 約會的對象 | n |
| magic | 神奇的 | a |
| solution | 解決問題的方法 | n |

## 單字(十一)

### CH6 THE PIRACY BUSINESS

| 英文 | 中文 | 類型 |
| ----------------- | ---- | ---------- |
| **piracy** | n | 盜版 |
| **pirated** | a | 盜版的 |
| **semester** | n | 學期 |
| **perfume** | n | 香水 |
| **genuine** | a | 真的 |
| **counterfeit** | a | 仿冒的 |
| **counterfeiter** | n | 仿冒者 |
| **struggle** | v | 掙扎 |
| **brake** | n | 剎車 |
| **blame** | v | 責怪 |
| **virus** | n | 病毒 |
| hometown | n | 家鄉 |
| label | n | 標籤 |
| handbag | n | 手提包 |
| bottle | n | 玻璃瓶 |
| French | a | 法國的 |
| simple | a | 簡單的 |
| seller | n | 賣家 |
| sidewalk | n | 人行道 |
| fake | n | 膺品 |
| goods | n | 商品 |
| copy | n | 複製品 |
| firstly | adv | 首先地 |
| developer | n | 發展商 |
| survive | v | 生存 |
| check | v | 確認 |
| safety | n | 安全性 |
| quality | n | 品質 |
| material | n | 材料 |
| sharp | a | 尖銳的 |
| paint | n | 油漆、染料 |
| unsafe | a | 不安全的 |
| designer label | | 名牌 |
| billions of | | 數十億 |
| car part | | 汽車零件 |

# Lesson 01

## Cultural differences

Studying in a **foreign** country can be exciting. It can be difficult too,
在**外國**國家學習可能會令人興奮。也可能很困難，
especially if the culture is very different from you own.
特別是如果文化與您自己的文化非常不同。
However, there are often surprises even if the culture is vrey **similar**.
然而，即使文化非常**相似**，也經常會感到驚訝。

### Megan

When Megan, a British student, first **arrived** here in the United States,
當英國學生梅根第一次**到達**美國時，
she knew that Americans ate their food with a **knife** and **fork**.
她知道美國人用**刀**和**叉子**吃飯。
"But they don't use the knife and fork like we do", says Megan.
但他們不像我們那樣使用刀叉，梅根說。
"In Britain",we eat with the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand,
在英國"，我們吃飯時左手拿叉，右手拿刀，
whereas Amercian often just use a fork in the right hand.
而美國人通常只在右手使用叉子。

Megan is also surprised that Americans **tip** a lot more than the British do.
梅根也很驚訝美國人**小費**比英國人多得多。
"We never tip a waiter just for a cup of coffee, but Americans tip 15%.
我們從不只為一杯咖啡給服務員小費，但美國人小費 15%。
The **accents** can be so different too! I'm slowly **getting used to** everything."
**口音**也可以如此不同！我正在慢慢地**習慣**一切。

### Kit-ken

For Students who come here from more different **backgrounds**,
對於來自更多不同**背景**的學生，
**settling in** can take longer,
**安頓下來**可能需要更長的時間，
Kit-ken,a student who came from Taiwan only a few months ago,
幾個月前剛從台灣來的學生 Kit-ken，
told us, "When I first arrived, everything was new and exciting.
告訴我們，當我第一次來的時候，一切都是新的和令人興奮的。
I really liked the differences between here and home.
我真的很喜歡這里和家之間的差異。
I was happy to be in a new country.
我很高興來到一個新的國家。
Now though(儘管),I miss my family and friends,and feel a little lonely,
現在雖然（儘管），我想念我的家人和朋友，感到有點寂寞，
Sometimes, I'm **confused** about what to do.
有時，我對要做什麼感到**困惑**。
There are still lots of things that I like,
還是有很多喜歡的
but now there are more things I **dislike**.
但現在有更多我**不喜歡**的東西。
I feel really **homesick**!"
我真的很**想家**！

### Seydou

For **advice**, we turned to some students who now have few problems about being a student here.
對於**建議**，我們求助於一些現在在成為這裡的學生方面幾乎沒有問題的學生。
Seydou arrived from Senegal two years ago.
Seydou 兩年前從塞內加爾抵達。
He tolds us,"Kit-ten shouldn't worry.
他告訴我們，Kit-ten 不應該擔心。
This is **perfectly** normal.
這是**完全**正常
I felt exactly the same as she did."
我和她的感覺完全一樣
I didn't understand the culture and my English wasn't **improving** either.
我不了解這種文化，我的英語也沒有**提高**。
Seydou realized this was beacause all his friends were from his own country.
Seydou 意識到這是因為他所有的朋友都來自他自己的國家。
"So I decided to get to know some North Amercian students and other **international** students.
所以我決定結識一些北美學生和其他**國際**學生
I went to the **student union** where there are a lot of diffetent **clubs**.
我去了**學生活動中心**，那裡有很多不同的**社團**。
There are sports clubs, dance clubs,
clubs for people who have the same religion,
擁有相同信仰的人的社團
clubs for people who want to find out more about something - there are loads!
社團可以找到許多相關的資訊 - 有很多！
I saw there was a club for students **interested in** music and so I joined that.
我看到有一個對音樂感興趣的學生俱樂部，所以我加入了。
It made all the difference!
它使一切變得不同！
I made friends quite quickly,and I was able to understand the culture a bit better.
我很快就交到了朋友，而且我能夠更好地了解這裡的文化。
The students in the club were interested in me too.
俱樂部的學生也對我感興趣。
We talked about the differences, and I began to feel a lot happier.
我們討論了不同之處，我開始感到更快樂。
We now **get along** well and often **hang out** together."
我們現在**相處得很好**，經常一起**出去玩**。

### Miguel

Miguel from Mexico added.
來自墨西哥的米格爾補充。
"My main problem was the food.
我的主要問題是食物
I really missed eating my favorite **dishes**!
我真的很想念我最喜歡的**菜**！
Cooking for myself was also **strange** and I ate too much fast food,which was **unhealthy** for me.
為自己做飯也**奇怪**，我吃了太多速食，這對我來說是**不健康的**。
Then I found a Mexican restaurant nearby and I go there quite a lot,
然後我在附近找到了一家墨西哥餐廳，我經常去那裡，
taking other students with me for them to try.
帶其他學生和我一起嘗試
Also my mom sends me **care packages** with Mexican food in and that really helps too.
我媽媽也給我寄來了墨西哥食物的**愛心包裹**，這也很有幫助。
Understanding a new culture is important, but it's good to have things from home too."
了解一種新文化很重要，但在家中擁有東西也很好。

Seydou **sums up** the advice for us,"..."
Seydou **總結**給我們的建議

## Doing things differently

(A)
I was a student in Taiwan.
我是台灣的學生。
One day,I was walking in a park with a local friend when it started to rain.
一天，我和一位當地朋友在公園裡散步時開始下雨。
My home was nearer,so I said,"Here,take my umbrella and give it back tomorrow."
我的家在附近，所以我說："這裡，拿著我的傘，明天再還給我。"
She looked at me in a very strange way.
她用一種非常奇怪的方式看著我。
"Oh,no",she cried,"I can't do that!"
"哦，不"，她叫道，"我不能那樣做！"
and then she ran away into the rain.
然後她跑進了雨中。
I have no idea why!
我不知道為什麼！

(B)
Well,I was a student in America and one day.I crossed the road.
好的，我是美國的一名學生，有一天我穿過了馬路。
Just that!Sunddenly,I heard a whistle blowing and a police officer came running after me.
就這樣！突然，我聽到哨聲響起，一名警察追著我跑了過來。
He said,"You must wait at a crosswalk and only cross if the 'walk' light is on.
他說："你必須在人行橫道處等候，只有在'人行道'燈亮的情況下才能過馬路。
"He was very angry with me and I burst into tears!"
"他很生我的氣，我的淚奪眶而出！"

(C)
I really like buying presents for my friends.
我真的很喜歡給我的朋友買禮物。
However,when I was a student in Japan,this was a problem.
然而，當我還是日本的學生時，這是一個問題。
When I gave the presents,I said,"Here,I got you a present I just know you'll love."
當我送禮物時，我說："來，我給你送了一份禮物，我知道你會喜歡的。"
But they were really shocked and thought I was rude.
但他們真的很震驚，認為我很粗魯。
That upset me.
這讓我很沮喪。

(D)
One sunny day,when I was a student in UK,I went to a pub with two local friends.
一個陽光明媚的日子，當我還是英國的學生時，我和兩個當地朋友去了一家酒吧。
We all had a drink but,because I was so thirsty,I drank mine very quickly.
我們都喝了一杯，但是因為我太渴了，所以我很快就喝完了。
My friends still had half full glasses so I bought another,just for myself.
我的朋友還有半杯，所以我買了另一個，只是為了自己。
My friends said,"Hey,you can't do that!" and then I felt cheap.
我的朋友說："嘿，你不能那樣做！"然後我覺得便宜。

(E)
I really love children and the children in Thailand are really cute!
我真的很喜歡孩子，泰國的孩子真的很可愛！
One day,I was invited to a local student's house.
有一天，我被邀請到當地一位學生的家裡。
It was great and I was really pleased because he had a lovely little sister.
這很棒，我真的很高興，因為他有一個可愛的小妹妹。
However,when I touched his sister's head,my friend cried,
然而，當我撫摸他姐姐的頭時，我的朋友大叫，
"Don't do that!"I was really embarrassed.
"不要那樣做！"我真的很尷尬。

(F)
I love making my own birthday cards.
我喜歡製作自己的生日賀卡。
One day,when I was a student in Korea.
有一天，我在韓國上學的時候。
I decided to make a card for a local friend.
我決定為當地朋友製作一張卡片。
It was all different colors and I thought it looked lovely,
都是不同的顏色，我覺得它看起來很可愛，
but when I gave it to her she cried,
但當我把它給她時，她叫說，
"Oh no!My name is written in red ink!"
"哦不！我的名字是用紅墨水寫的！"
When she explained why,I felt terrible.
當她解釋原因時，我感覺很糟糕。

# Lesson 02

## What's in a cup?

Without doubt, coffee is a very popular drink.
毫無疑問，咖啡是一種非常受歡迎的飲品。
It is **estimated** that people in the UK drink around 70 million cups of it every day, which is a lot!
據估計，英國人每天喝大約 7000 萬杯它，這是很多！
The key question is: is coffee **healthy** or **unhealthy**?
關鍵問題是：咖啡健康還是不健康？

The answer to this question might not be **black and white**.
這個問題的答案可能不是非黑即白。
There are hundreds of studies on the **effects** of drinking coffee, but the results are often **contradictory**.
有數百項關於喝咖啡的影響的研究，但結果往往是矛盾的。
Some studies **claim** that **consumption** of coffee may **lead to** a higher **risk** of **bladder** and **lung cancers**.
一些研究聲稱**，喝咖啡可能會導致患膀胱癌和肺癌的風險。
There are also reports which show that drinking a few cups of coffee a day may **prevent** **heart attacks** as it help **avoid clogged arteries**.
還有報導顯示，每天喝幾杯咖啡可以預防心髒病發作，因為它有助於避免動脈阻塞。

It's important to remember that there may well be other **factors involved**.
重要的是要記住，可能還涉及其他因素。
**After all**,people who drink coffee may had habits like smoking and **drinking alcohol**.
畢竟，喝咖啡的人可能有吸煙和飲酒等習慣。
Trying to **determine** if someone is unhealthy **simply** from the amount of coffee they drink is not always going to be **conclusive**.
試圖僅從他們喝的咖啡量來確定某人是否不健康並不總是有定論。

One of the main **chemicals** in coffee is **caffeine**.
咖啡中的主要化學物質之一是咖啡因。
In **moderate doses**, caffeine can **actually** be good for us.
在適當的劑量下，咖啡因實際上對我們有好處。
Caffeine **stimulates** our **nervous system** and keeps us **alert** and **foused**.
咖啡因刺激我們的神經系統，讓我們保持警覺和專注。
However, it can also cause high **blood pressure** and an **irregular heartbeat** - neither of which are good for us.
然而，它也可能導致高血壓和心律不齊——這對我們都沒有好處。
High levels of caffeine **are** also **likely to** **keep** many people **awake** at night
as they block the body's **natural signals** which tell the brain our body needs to sleep.
高水平的咖啡因也可能使許多人夜不能寐，因為它們阻止了身體的自然信號，這些信號告訴大腦我們的身體需要睡覺。

Another factor we need to **bear in mind** is that not everyone **reacts** to coffee **in the same way**.
我們需要記住的另一個因素是，並非每個人對咖啡的反應都相同。
A recent study in the US **revealed** that how much coffee a person drinks may be **related to** their **genes**.
美國最近的一項研究顯露，一個人喝多少咖啡可能與他們的基因有關。
The study **analyzed** the coffee drinking habits of 120000 people and then tested their DNA.
該研究分析了 12 萬人的咖啡飲用習慣，然後測試了他們的 DNA。
So, what did the amount of coffee we drink, **as well as** effect on us.
那麼，我們喝了多少咖啡，以及對我們有什麼影響。
The might **explain** why a late night cup of coffee may keep some people awake while other are totally **unaffected**.
這或許可以解釋為什麼深夜一杯咖啡可以讓一些人保持清醒，而另一些人則完全不受影響。

**When it comes to** the question of how healthy coffee is,
當談到咖啡有多健康的問題時，
it might be worth **comparing** it **to** **consumption** of other drinks, such as **smoothies**.
將其與其他飲料（如冰沙）的消費進行比較可能是值得的。
Let's start with a simple question:
讓我們從一個簡單的問題開始：
Are smoothies good for you? No, most of them aren't.
冰沙對你有好處嗎？不，他們中的大多數都不是。
This might surprise many people. After all, these drinks are made from fruit,
which is an important part of a healthy **diet**.
這可能會讓很多人感到驚訝。畢竟，這些飲料都是用水果做的，這是健康飲食的重要組成部分。
However,studies in recent years have shown that such drinks are far less healthy than most of us believe as they **contain** lots of sugar.
然而，近年來的研究表明，這類飲料遠不如我們大多數人認為的健康，因為它們含有大量糖分。
**In fact**, some of them have more sugar than a glass of coke!
事實上，他們中的一些人比一杯可樂含有更多的糖！
They are also high in calories and the **acidic content** can be bad for our teeth.
它們的卡路里含量也很高，酸性物質可能對我們的牙齒有害。

So, **whether** coffee is good or bad for you is not an easy question to answer.
所以，無論咖啡對你是好是壞並不是一個容易回答的問題。
Of course, the **likelihood** is that if you drink a lot of coffee,it is not good for you.
當然，如果你喝了很多咖啡，這**可能**對你不利。
But we know that doing anything **in excess** is bad for us,**so no surprise there**.
但我們知道做任何事情過度對我們有害，所以也就不足為奇了。

## The Fair cost of a cup of coffee

How much would you pay for a cup of coffee?
你願意花多少錢買一杯咖啡？
I'm sitting in a coffee shop in Taipei,
我坐在台北的一家咖啡店裡，
talking to two people about how much they pay for their coffee.
和兩個人談論他們為咖啡付了多少錢。
The question is, do they think it is worth paying more for a cup of coffee
問題是，他們認為花更多錢買一杯咖啡值得嗎？
if they know that it is making a difference to the life of someone in another country?
如果他們知道這對另一個國家的人的生活產生了影響？

"I'm happy to pay a higher price for my coffee,
"我很高興為我的咖啡支付更高的價格，
knowing the money is going to the people growing it and not into the pockets of a big international company."
知道錢會流向種植它的人，而不是進入大型國際公司的口袋。"
This is the view of Emily Wu, who works in a nearby bookstore.
這是在附近書店工作的 Emily Wu 的看法。
"I first heard about **fair trade** products when I was studying in the US," she says.
"我在美國學習時第一次聽說公平貿易產品，"她說。
"One of the things I like about this cafe is that I choose how much I pay for the cup of coffee I drink."
"我喜歡這家咖啡館的一件事是，我可以選擇為我喝的那杯咖啡支付多少費用。"

This **novel** idea is the **brainwave** of the two owners,Hsu Wenyen and Karen Yu.
這個新穎的想法是兩位老闆許文妍和余文蔚的靈感。
To them, **fair trade** is a way of life.
對他們來說，公平貿易法是一種生活方式。
It supports people around the world who **deserve** to be paid a fair price for the things they produce.
它支持世界各地的人們，他們應該為他們生產的東西**獲得**公平的價格。
Customers decide on how much they pay.
客戶決定他們支付多少。
Surprisingly, some customers pay as much as $45, while some pay $0.60.
令人驚訝的是，有些客戶支付高達 45 美元，而有些則支付 0.60 美元。

The cafe is just one of the many **opening up** across Asia that serve fair trade products.
這家咖啡館只是亞洲眾多提供公平貿易產品的開放場所之一。
**At the moment**, Asian markets **account for** only a small amount of the global fair trade market,
在目前，亞洲市場僅佔全球公平貿易市場的一小部分，
but as the **popularity** of the idea increases, so do the sales.
但隨著這個想法越來越受歡迎，銷售量也在增加。

"I'd imagine that fair trade means farmers will get a fair price for the coffee beans they grow.
"我想公平貿易意味著農民可以從他們種植的咖啡豆中獲得公平的價格。
That will **help** them **out** of **poverty** and protect them to make a quick **profit**," says Wu Lin, another customer sitting in the cafe.
這將幫助他們擺脫**貧困**，保護他們快速獲利，"坐在咖啡館裡的另一位顧客吳林說。

"I tell all my friends about fair trade and I'm always surprised by how few of them have heard of it."
"我告訴我所有的朋友公平貿易，我總是驚訝於他們中很少有人聽說過它。"
I ask him how much he paid for the cup of coffee he's drinking.
我問他為他喝的那杯咖啡付了多少錢。
"Today, I paid NT$350 (about $11) for this cup. Sometimes, I pay more. It **depends on** how much money I have with me."
"今天，我花了350新台幣（約合11美元）買了這個杯子。有時候，我會花更多的錢，這取決於我身上有多少錢。"
"Some of my friends think I'm crazy paying so much for a cup of coffee," Emily Wu added,
"我的一些朋友認為我為一杯咖啡花這麼多錢瘋了，" Emily Wu 補充道，
"but I like to know that I'm helping someone out there.
"但我想知道我在幫助外面的人。
After all,it's better that my money goes to them than to a businessperson who doesn't need it."
畢竟，我的錢給他們比給不需要的商人更好。"

# Lesson 03

## Today's Technology

Hilary is sitting **upstairs** in her bedroom **surround by** books and **papers** for **university courses**.
希拉里坐在樓上的臥室裡，周圍是大學課程的書籍和論文。
Her farther knows that Hilary has exams soon and hopes that is daughter is studying hard.
她的父親知道希拉里很快就要考試了，希望女兒正在努力學習。
But when he goes into her bedroom. what is Hailary doing ? Studying ?
但是當他走進她的臥室時，海拉里在做什麼？學習？
No - she's listening to music on her **tablet**!
不——她正在平板電腦上聽音樂！
Hailary's farther is **not at all** happy until Hilary takes out the **earphones** and makes her father listen.
海拉里的父親一點都不高興，直到海拉里拿出耳機讓父親聽著，
What can he hear? Music ? No - there's a man talking about Pythagoras's theorem
他能聽到什麼？音樂 ？不——有人在談論畢達哥拉斯定理
and her father doesn't understand a word of it!
而她父親一個字都不懂！

"You see, Dad," Hailary says,"I wasn't listening to music - I was studying!"
"你看，爸爸，"海拉里說，"我不是在聽音樂——我是在學習！"
She shows her father the university website,
她向父親展示大學網站，
which now **includes** podcasts that students can listen to or watch.
現在包括學生可以收聽或觀看的播客。
She explains that universities in the UK are beginning to see how **digital** **technology** can help their students to learn.
她解釋說，英國的大學開始看到數位技術如何幫助學生學習。
The days of the **lecture** and library are not gone,
講課和圖書館的日子還沒有消失，
but it's now possible to get information in other ways too.
但現在也可以通過其他方式獲取信息。
Her father begins to smile.
她的父親開始微笑。

Podcasting started in 2004,and many websites now have **audio** or **video** podcasts.
播客始於 2004 年，現在許多網站都有音頻或視頻播客。
You can, of course keep them on your computer.
當然，您可以將它們保存在您的計算機上。
However, it's also possible to download them onto tablets or smartphones,like Hilary.
但是，也可以將它們下載到平板電腦或智能手機上，比如希拉里。
Then you can listen to or watch them where or when you want.
然後，您可以隨時隨地收聽或觀看它們。
That's why they're so popular.
這就是為什麼它們如此受歡迎。

Now university websites also have podcasts(or should we say profcasts!).
現在大學網站也有播客（或者我們應該說 profcasts！）。
Some **professors** **record** their lectures as podcasts for the university website.
一些教授將他們的講座錄製為大學網站的播客。
Students can then download the lectures onto their **devices**.
然後學生可以將講座下載到他們的設備上。

How do the students feel about this?
學生們對此有何感想？
Sandra, 19, says,"Well,in a lecture,I listen and **take a lot of notes**.
19 歲的 Sandra 說，"嗯，在一次講課中，我聆聽與寫了很多筆記。
I can't always follow what the lecture is saying.
我不能總是聽懂講座的內容。
But with the podcast,I can listen to the lecture many times.Then it's easier for me to understand."
但是有了播客，我可以聽講課很多遍，這樣我就更容易理解了。"
Mark is an **engineering** student:"I usually **concentrate** more when I'm in a lecture,but it helps me review."
馬克是一名工科學生："我通常在上課時更專注，但它可以幫助我複習。"

Not all students are happy,however,David is at Leicester University:
並非所有學生都開心，然而，大衛在萊斯特大學：
"I don't have **my own laptop** and my phone doesn't have enough space for all the podcasts.
"我沒有自己的筆記本電腦，而且我的手機也沒有足夠的空間來播放所有的播客。
I use the university computer.Sometimes, there are up to 50 other students in the same room,so it can be difficult to concentrate."
我用的是大學電腦。有時，同一個房間裡有多達 50 名其他學生，所以很難集中註意力。"

What do the professors think? Dr Carol Hughes says,
教授們怎麼看？卡羅爾休斯博士說，
"It's important for universities to use digital technology.
"大學使用數位技術很重要。
Students like using computers and smartphones. Now they can study using both."
學生們使用電腦和智能手機學習。現在他們可以同時使用這兩種方式學習。"
Professor Jane Webster says,"The podcasts do not replace normal lectures: they add to them.
簡·韋伯斯特教授說，"播客不會取代普通的講座：它們是對它們的補充。
They give students extra support.
他們給學生額外的支持。

Now it's easier for students to work from home or **on the move**.
現在，學生在家或在移動中工作變得更加容易。
Finally, James Ross adds,
最後，詹姆斯羅斯補充說，
This is a wonderful thing to have on our website.
這在我們的網站上是一件很棒的事情。
Students already use technology to get news and other infomation,
學生已經使用技術來獲取新聞和其他信息，
so **it seems** **logical** to use it for their studies too."
所以將它用於他們的學習似乎也是合乎邏輯的。

Hilary thinks her university's podcast are great,
希拉里認為她大學的播客很棒，
but her father is **of two minds**.
但她的父親猶豫不決。
He's glad that Hailary can use her tablet and smartphone for **educational** **purposes** too,
他很高興希拉里也可以將她的平板電腦和智慧型手機用於教育目的，
but he never knows when she's really studying or listening to music!
但他永遠不知道她什麼時候真正在學習或聽音樂！

## musicnews & views - CD vs Vinyl

In today's world of music, things are **constanly** changing -
there are products, new ways of listening to music, new types of music.
在當今的音樂世界中，事物經常地變化——
有產品，新的聽音樂方式，新的音樂類型。

Last month on music news & views, we looked at **cassettes**.
This month, we look at **vinyl records**, which were **invented** more than 100 years ago.
In this digital age, some people think vinyl still has a cool image.
上個月關於音樂新聞和觀點，我們看了磁帶。
這個月，我們來看看 100 多年前發明的黑膠唱片。
在這個數字時代，有些人認為黑膠唱片仍然具有很酷的形象。

Do you agree? Is vinyl dead? Which do you **prefer** - CDs or vinyl?
Let us know what you think!
你同意嗎？黑膠死了嗎？你更喜歡哪一個——CD 還是黑膠唱片？
讓我們知道您的想法！

### ms_kitty

What's vinyl record? I think it's something from the past. Is it true you play both sides?!
什麼是黑膠唱片？我認為這是過去的事情。你玩兩邊是真的嗎？！

### niceguy

Of course young people know what vinyl looks likes!
I'm 22 and I buy vinyl records.**The main reson is that** they sound soooo much better.
The DJ's in the clubs I go to all play vinyl records. It's not dead!
年輕人當然知道黑膠的樣子！
我 22 歲，我買黑膠唱片。主要的原因是它們聽起來好多了。
我去的俱樂部裡的 DJ 都播放黑膠唱片。它沒有死！

### Pocahontas

Yes,but the best thing about digital music is that you can listen to it anywhere -
outside the house,in the street,on the train. It's just so much more **practical**.
You can only listen to vinyl records on record player with speakers.
You can't beat a smartphone and earphones!
是的，但數位音樂最好的一點是你可以在任何地方收聽——
在房子外面，在街上，在火車上。這更實用。
您只能在帶揚聲器的電唱機上收聽黑膠唱片。
你無法擊敗智能手機和耳機！

### cool36

It's true!There usually only about 6 tracks on each side!
CDs have more stuff on them, and I can listen to the music on my smartphone for hours!
I also rip CDs onto my computer,so I can listen to them all **in one go** if I want.
這是真的！通常每邊只有大約 6 條軌道！
CD 上有更多的東西，我可以在智能手機上聽幾個小時的音樂！
我還把 CD 翻錄到我的電腦上，所以如果我願意，我可以一口氣聽完。

### niceguy

That's why I buy both CDs and vinyl.
Digital music I listen to when I'm **on the move**,the vinyl records I listen to at home.
And there are some great at home.And there are some great designs on the **covers** too.
這就是我購買 CD 和黑膠唱片的原因。
我在旅途中聽的數位音樂，我在家裡聽的黑膠唱片。
家裡也有一些很棒的。封面上也有一些很棒的設計。

### cool36

Digital music sounds better!
Nobody I know buys records - we usually download music from the net onto our computers,
Then we put our favorite tracks onto our smartphones.Easy!
數位音樂聽起來更好！
我認識的沒有人買唱片——我們通常從網上下載音樂到我們的電腦上，
然後我們把我們最喜歡的曲目放到我們的智能手機上。簡單！

### Pocahontas

That's great,isn't it?
I have a long trip to school so listening to my favorite bands really **helps to pass the time**!
那太好了，不是嗎？
我要去學校很長一段路，所以聽我最喜歡的樂隊真的有助於打發時間！

# Lesson 04

## URBAN LIFE

Because their fathers are brothers, American teenagers Ronald and Jessica are **cousins**.
由於父親是兄弟，美國少年羅納德和傑西卡是堂兄弟。
A **generation** ago, one brother decided to stay in the **country** while the other chose to move to the city.
一世代以前，一個兄弟決定留在鄉下，而另一個選擇搬到城市。
Both **cousins** go to school, and this **September**, both will go to **college**,
表兄弟倆都在上學，今年九月，他們都將上大學，
but for the moment, their day-to-day lives are **worlds apart**.
但就目前而言，他們的日常生活截然不同。

Ronald lives with his family in a house in the country in **California**, and here he **describes** a **typical** weekend.
羅納德和他的家人住在加利福尼亞鄉下的一所房子裡，他在這裡描述了一個典型的周末。

Saturday morning is the same as any morning. I always get up early and **feed** the animals.
星期六早上和任何一個早上一樣。我總是早起餵動物。
I also **drop by(順便)(!)** the farm next door to get some fresh milk.
我還順路去農網門口買點鮮奶。
Our family always has a big breakfast together that my mom cooks,
我們一家總是一起吃一頓豐盛的早餐，是我媽媽做的，
usually with our own eggs and **homemade** bread.
通常用我們自己的雞蛋和自製麵包。

Then, **without fail**, we all **go off(出發)(!)** to the market where we **swap** our vegetables for other things we need.
然後，我們一定會去市場，用我們的蔬菜換取我們需要的其他東西。
The market is a **weekly** meeting for all the local families, and in the evening, there's often a **barbecue** somewhere.
市場是所有當地家庭的每週聚會，晚上，經常會有燒烤的地方。

What we do on Sundays **depends on** the time of year.
我們星期天做什麼取決於一年中的時間。
After breakfast, dad and I often spend the morning **cutting wood(都有 ing)** or **picking fruit(都有 ing)**.
早餐後，爸爸和我經常在早上砍柴或摘水果。
We might plant some vegetables or fix some **machinery**, and I sometimes drive the **tractor**.
我們可能會種一些蔬菜或修理一些機器，我有時會開拖拉機。
Then after lunch, which is nearly(幾乎) always **sandwiches** and fruit that we have outside,
然後午餐後，幾乎總是我們在外面吃的三明治和水果，
the afternoon is free and I can do what I want.
下午是自由的，我可以做我想做的事。
If I have any school **exams** or **homework**, I study in the treehouse.
如果我有任何學校考試或家庭作業，我都會在樹屋裡學習。
I always go there when I want to be alone; I often listen to music or **chat on** the phone.
當我想一個人的時候，我總是去那裡；我經常聽音樂或打電話聊天。
Sometimes, some of the other local boys and I take a **hike** through the woods.
有時，我和其他一些當地男孩會在樹林裡徒步旅行。
If it's really hot, we swim in the river - but the water's always **freezing**!
如果真的很熱，我們就去河裡游泳——但水總是結冰的！
In the evening, we might **play pool** at the local club, or watch a video at someone's home.
晚上，我們可能會在當地俱樂部打台球，或者在別人家裡看視頻。
I'm usually in bed by 10 p.m. since I'm up early again before going to school.
我通常在晚上 10 點之前上床睡覺。因為我在上學前又起得很早。

Jessica, on the other hand, lives with her family in an **apartment** on a busy **Los Angeles** city street.
另一方面，傑西卡和她的家人住在洛杉磯繁忙街道上的一套公寓裡。
This is her **typical** weekend.
這是她典型的周末。

Saturdays are my favorite day of the week because I always **meet up** with friends and go shopping.
星期六是我一周中最喜歡的一天，因為我總是和朋友見面並去購物。
I usually **skip** breakfast; I just get up and go **straight out**.
我通常略過早餐；我就起身直接出去。
We meet at the bus stop and it's a 30 minute ride downtown if there's not too much traffic.
我們在公共汽車站見面，如果交通不擁擠，到市中心只需 30 分鐘車程。
Then we go and have coffee and **doughnuts** in a **shopping mall**.
然後我們去購物中心喝咖啡和吃甜甜圈。
Most of the day is just **wandering(徘徊)(!)** around and buying clothes and music.
一天中的大部分時間只是四處閒逛，買衣服和聽音樂。

Lunch is usually in a **fast food restaurant**, **burgers** and **milkshakes** or pizza and coke.
午餐通常在快餐店，漢堡加奶昔或披薩加可樂。
Saturday evenings are **either** spent at a disco, **or** in a movie **theater**, or **going bowling(!)** - something like that. I never stay in.
週六晚上要么去迪斯科舞廳，要么去電影院，要么去打保齡球——類似的東西。我從不入住。

Sundays can be kind of boring. I get up very late, sometimes in the afternoon, and make myself a sandwich.
星期天可能有點無聊。我起床很晚，有時是下午，然後給自己做一個三明治。
I usually stay in my room most of the day studying and listening to music or **chatting on** the phone to my firends.
我通常大部分時間都待在房間裡學習、聽音樂或通過電話與朋友聊天。
We often **meet up** again in the evening in a cafe.
我們經常在晚上在咖啡館再次見面。
I usually get home quite late, so it's possible that I never see my parents all weekend!
我通常很晚才回家，所以可能整個週末都見不到父母！

## Living in the city

Jessica's father moved to the city because he wanted a better job.
傑西卡的父親搬到城裡是因為他想要一份更好的工作

I know I did the right thing, he says.
我知道我做對了，他說。
I have a good job and earn a lot of money.
我有一份好工作，賺了很多錢。
I also know that the **education** Jessica has here is better than in the **country**.
我也知道傑西卡在這裡的教育比鄉下好。
She's going to **college** this **fall**. The **healthcare(健康) facilities(設施)(!)** are also good -
她今年秋天要去上大學。健康設施也不錯——
the **main** hospital is just a few **blocks(棋盤式街道)** away if there's an **emergency**.
如果有緊急情況，主要醫院就在幾個街區之外。
The sports facilities are **excellent** too.
運動設施也很棒。
I usually play **squash** and swim twice a week.
我通常每週打兩次迴力球和游泳。
My wife and I sometimes go to the **theater** in evening or see an **exhibition**.
我和我的妻子有時會在晚上去劇院或看展覽。

On the other hand, it's also an expensive place to live.
另一方面，它也是一個昂貴的居住地。
We can't live in a large house like Ronald's family. Jessica has a lot of fun though.
我們不能住在像羅納德家那樣的大房子裡。傑西卡雖然有很多樂趣。
Often, we don't see her on the weekend, but I'm happy because there's lots for her to do.
通常，我們週末看不到她，但我很高興，因為她有很多事情要做。
She has many choices - where to shop, what to eat, who her friends are -
她有很多選擇——去哪裡購物、吃什麼、她的朋友是誰——
that are not **available(可獲得的)(!)** in **rural(鄉村的)(!)** areas. I think Ronald's life is more boring.
這些在農村地區是買不到的。我認為羅納德的生活更無聊。

Jessica's father is not along in coming to the city for work.
傑西卡的父親不適合來城里工作。
Many people come looking for a job; other come to study and then stay.
許多人來找工作；其他人來學習然後留下來。
In 2006, **according to** the **United Nations**, about the same number of people lived in the country and in the city.
根據聯合國的數據，2006 年，居住在鄉村和城市的人口數量大致相同。
In 2014, 54% of the world's **population(人口總數)(!)** lived in the city. It is **estimated(估計)** that by 2050.
2014 年，全球 54% 的人口居住在城市。據估計，到 2050 年。
urban population will increase to 66%.
城市人口將增加到 66%。

Almost 90% of **urban** growth is **expected(預期)** to happen in Asia and Africa, with lagest growth in India, China, and **Nigeria**.
預計近 90% 的城市增長將發生在亞洲和非洲，其中印度、中國和尼日利亞的增長最快。
These three countries, the UN says, will **account for(佔據)(!)** 37% of the **projected(估計)(!)** world's urban population growth between 2014 and 2050,
聯合國表示，這三個國家將佔 2014 年至 2050 年間預計世界城市人口增長的 37%，
adding 404 million, 292 million, and 212 million to the population in urban areas **respectively(分別地)(!)**.
城鎮人口分別增加 4.04 億、2.92 億和 2.12 億。
In 1990, there were ten **mega-cities** - cities with ten million of more **inhabitants(居民)(!)**.
1990 年，有 10 個特大城市——居民超過 1000 萬的城市。
In 2014, there were 28, of which 16 were in Asia.
2014 年有 28 個，其中 16 個在亞洲。

What is the result of the urban growth? It's **overcrowded(過度擁擠的)(!)** cities with little fresh air,
城市發展的結果是什麼？這是過度擁擠的城市，新鮮空氣很少，
lots of noise, and more **pollution(汙染)(!)**. On the other hand, there is greater choice, higher **salaries(薪水)**,
and more **cultural(文化的)(!)** **activities(活動)(!)**.
很多噪音，更多的污染。另一方面，有更多的選擇、更高的薪水和更多的文化活動。

Jessica and her family prefer the city - do you too?

# Lesson 05

## Under the knife

Dr Jong-su Choi is a busy man. he has a **clinic** full of **patients** and they keep coming.
他的診所裡滿是病人，而且他們不斷地來。
**Fortunately**, none of them are **ill**, but they would all like to feel better - about their **image** that is.
幸運的是，他們都沒有生病，但他們都希望感覺好些——關於他們的形象。
All his patients want **plastic surgery**. and Dr Choi is one of the best doctors in the **field(在這個領域)**.
他所有的病人都想做整形手術。崔醫生是該領域最好的醫生之一。
Dr Choi **explains** why plastic surgery is so popular.
崔醫生解釋了為什麼整形手術如此受歡迎。

Plastic surgery is **booming** **throughout(各地、各處)** Asia.
整容手術在亞洲各地繁榮發展。
The **operations** are getting cheaper and the people are getting **wealthier**.
手術越來越便宜，人們越來越富有。
Here in South Korea, I believe we have the highest number of **plastic surgeons(整型外科)** **per capita** in the world,
在韓國，我相信我們擁有世界上每個人整形外科人數最多的國家，
and we perform(進行) **at least** a million operations a year.
我們每年至少進行一百萬次手術。
The is **similar** in Taiwan, where the number of operations grew so quickly that the government
has banned plastic surgery for people under 18 since 2014.
台灣的情況類似，手術數量增長如此之快，以至於政府自 2014 年起禁止 18 歲以下人群進行整形手術。
The Japanese may have the saying, It's not the face, it's the heart,
日本人可能有句俗話，重要的不是臉，而是心，
but in Japan,top clinics earn $100 million a year.
但在日本，頂級診所每年賺取 1 億美元。
In China, it's a $2 billion business.
在中國，這是一項價值 20 億美元的業務。

People **simply** want to look younger and appear more beautiful.
人們只是想看起來更年輕，看起來更漂亮。
All of Asia is **ruled** by a **youth culture**.
整個亞洲都被青年文化所統治。
Of course, we **respect** the old, but it's the youth of today who are more important.
當然，我們尊重老人，但更重要的是現在的年輕人。
This is the same in business too. Many **middle-aged** men come in wanting to look younger.
這在商業上也一樣。許多中年男人進來想看起來更年輕。
They tell me that the South Korean **job market** is very **competitive**,
他們告訴我韓國的就業市場競爭非常激烈，
and if you look **mature**, this no longer helps.
如果您看起來成熟，這將不再有幫助。
**Appearance** is very important in South Korea and about 15% to 20% of my patients are men.
在韓國，外表非常重要，我的患者中大約有 15% 到 20% 是男性。

As Dr Choi also explains, it's not just about looking younger.
正如崔博士還解釋的那樣，這不僅僅是看起來更年輕。
In fact, most of my patients are in their **teens** or **twenties**.
事實上，我的大多數患者都在十幾歲或二十多歲。
It's often their parents who make the kids come.
通常是他們的父母讓孩子來。
They realize that looks are important for their success.
他們意識到外表對他們的成功很重要。

So if the children are already young - what do they want?
所以，如果孩子們已經很年輕了——他們想要什麼？
Well, our **traditional** idea of beauty is now less popular.
好吧，我們傳統的審美觀念現在不那麼流行了。
For a long time, **Western** films, magazines, and **advertisements** have **influenced** our idea of beauty,
長期以來，西方的電影、雜誌和廣告影響著我們對美的觀念，
and for many young people, West is best.
對於很多年輕人來說，西方是最好的。
As in the rest of Asia, every girls dream in South Korea is having bigger eyes.
與亞洲其他地區一樣，韓國的每個女孩都夢想擁有更大的眼睛。
Their dream is now **possible** because the operation is simple and no longer expensive.
他們的夢想現在可以實現了，因為操作簡單而且不再昂貴。
In fact, it's often a favorite high school **graduation gift** from proud parents.
事實上，它通常是驕傲的父母最喜歡的高中畢業禮物。
As well as bigger eyes, they want to have longer noses and **paler** faces - this is not a **typical(典型的)** Asian look.
除了更大的眼睛，他們還想要更長的鼻子和更白的臉——這不是典型的亞洲人長相。

However, Dr Choi has some warnings. Although it's now easier to do, and costs less, **cosmetic surgery** is still **tricky(複雜的、難處理的)**.
然而，崔博士有一些警告。雖然現在做起來更容易，成本也更低，但整容手術仍然很複雜的。
An **Asian** face is **vertical** and **smooth**, whereas a Western face has more **shape**. If the **surgeon's** not careful, the result can be a **disaster**.
亞洲人的臉是垂直和光滑的，而西方人的臉更有形狀。如果外科醫生不小心，結果可能是一場災難。
**Unfortunately**, there are many people who are not **properly** **qualified(適當的資格)**;
不幸的是，有很多人沒有適當的資格；
they have **neither** the skills **nor** **equipment** to do a good job.
他們既沒有技能也沒有設備去做這個工作。
Because they **charge** only $100, people are interested.
因為他們只收費 100 美元，所以人們很感興趣。
In China, over the past ten years, more than 200,000 patients have **complained** about their new faces - they now look worse than they did before!
在中國，在過去的十年裡，超過 20 萬的患者抱怨他們的新面孔——他們現在看起來比以前更糟了！

## Beautiful People Have Better Lives

Mi-sun was one of Dr Choi's patients. She's 25 now, but she decided to have plastic surgery when she was only 17.
美善是崔醫生的病人之一。她現在 25 歲，但她在 17 歲時就決定進行整形手術。

1. Why did you have plastic surgery? Were you ugly?
你為什麼要做整容手術？你醜嗎？

No, not at all. There was noting wrong with me. I was of **average height**; I wasn't too thin or too fat;
I wasn't plain or pretty; I was just normal.
一點都不。我沒有任何問題。我中等身高；我既不太瘦也不太胖；我不平凡也不漂亮；我很正常。

2. So, what was the problem?
那麼，問題是什麼？

Nobody **noticed** me. I wasn't in with the **popular crowd** at school;
沒有人注意到我。我不在學校受歡迎的人群之中；
I didn't have a boyfriend. I didn't have any **confidence** in mylife;
我沒有男朋友。我對自己的生活沒有任何自信；
I felt sad. I saw that it was the pretty girls who had all the **attention**.
我感到悲傷。我看到吸引所有注意力的是那些漂亮的女孩。
I thought that if I was nice and friendly that was enough, but it wasn't.
我以為如果我是好的與友善就足夠了，但事實並非如此。

3. What made you try plastic surgery?
是什麼讓你嘗試整形手術？

I tried an **experiment**. When I went out at night,
我嘗試了一個實驗。晚上出門的時候
I put some **glue** on my eyelids and my eyes became wider and bigger.
我在眼皮上塗了一些膠水，我的眼睛變得寬且大。
And then boys started to notice me. So I decided to have an operation to have **double eyelids**.
然後男孩們開始注意到我。所以我決定動手術做雙眼皮。
That was a great success, and I was happy.
那是一個巨大的成功，我很高興。

4. So, did you have more operations?
所以，你有更多的手術嗎？

Oh yes, I spent a lot of time looking at models in **magazines** and the **actresses** on TV.
哦，是的，我花了很多時間看雜誌上的模特和電視上的女演員。
They really were very beautiful and, after a while, I wanted to look more **attractive**.
他們真的很漂亮，過了一段時間，我想看起來更有吸引力。
So a year later, I decided to **have a nose job**, and to have my **chin** changed too.
所以一年後，我決定做鼻子整形，同時改變我的下巴。

5. Do you **recommed** plastic surgery to others?
你向別人推薦整容手術嗎？

Of course. I had a **colleague** at work who was **uphappy** with her job and her boss.
當然。我有一個同事對她的工作和她的老闆不滿意。
I told her to have her nose **raised** a little to make her face look less round.
我告訴她把鼻子提高一點，讓她的臉看起來不那麼圓。
It changed her life: suddenly, her boss **prasied** her work and she had better luck on **dates**.
這改變了她的生活：突然間，她的老闆讚美了她的工作，她的約會運氣也更好了。
She also feels more **positive** about life.
她也對生活感到更加積極。

6. Do you think plastic surgery is the answer?
你認為整容手術是答案嗎？

No, not at all. I realize that plastic surgery is not one **magic solution** that makes eyerything better.
一點都不。我意識到整形手術並不是讓眼睛變得更好的神奇解決方案。
And I know there are some **awful** stories about operations that go wrong.
我知道有一些關於手術出錯的可怕故事。
But in today's world, it's always the pretty girls who win the good things in life.
但在當今世界，生活中的美好事物總是由漂亮的女孩贏得。
That may be sad, but it's a fact.
這可能令人難過，但這是事實。

# Lesson 06

## THE **PIRACY** BUSINESS

Diane is a student at a university far away from her **hometown**.
黛安是遠離家鄉的一所大學的學生。
Now it's the end of the **semester** and she's buying presents to take home for her family.
現在是學期末，她正在買禮物帶回家送給家人。
For her mom, she buys a chanel **handbag** and a **bottle** of **French perfume**.
她為媽媽買了一個香奈兒手提包和一瓶法國香水。
For her brother, she buys an Adidas sports shirt and some music CDs.
她為弟弟買了一件阿迪達斯運動衫和一些音樂 p
For her sister, she buys a Gucci bag and some DVDs.
她為姐姐買了一個 Gucci 包和一些 DVD。
She hasn't made up her mind what to buy for her dad yet. She might buy a Rolex watch.
她還沒想好給爸爸買什麼。她可能會買一塊勞力士手錶。

Is she rich? No, not at all, So how can Diane buy all these things for her family?
她有錢嗎？不，一點也不，那麼黛安怎麼能為她的家人買這麼多東西呢？
The answer is **simple** - none of the things are **genuine**.
答案很簡單——沒有一件是真的。
She doesn't buy any of these things from a shop.
她不從商店買任何這些東西。
Some things come from the market and some things from **sellers** on the **sidewalk**.
有些東西來自市場，有些東西來自人行道上的賣家。
They are all **fakes(膺品)**. They are all **counterfeit goods(仿冒的商品)**.
它們都是膺品。它們都是仿冒的商品。

Perhaps this may seem normal to you. Perhaps you too buy counterfeit goods.
也許這對您來說似乎很正常。也許您也購買假冒商品。
It's one way of buying "**designer label(名牌)**" clothes.
這是購買"名牌"服裝的一種方式。
It's also a way of buying music and films without spending a lot of money.
這也是一種無需花費大量金錢即可購買音樂和電影的方式。
Sometimes, it's very **difficuly** to sell the **difference** between the real thing and a **copy**.
有時，銷售真品和仿品之間的差異非常困難。
If you can buy cunterfiet goods cheaply, that's not a bad thing, is it? Does it matter?
如果你能買到便宜的仿製品，那不是壞事，不是嗎？有關係嗎？

Many companies are very worried for two reasons.
許多公司非常擔心，原因有二。
**Firstly**, the companies lose money. **Billions of** dollars are lost every year from people buying counterfeit goods
首先，公司虧損。人們每年因購買假冒商品而損失數十億美元
and downloading **pirated** games and software from the Internet.
從互聯網上下載盜版遊戲和軟件。
This means less money to develop new goods and **prevent** **viruses**.
這意味著開發新產品和預防病毒的資金更少。
Asian software **developers** working for small businesses **struggle** to **survive**.
為小企業工作的亞洲軟件開發人員為生存而掙扎。

Secondly, **fake goods** are not as safe as **genuine goods**.
其次，假貨不如正品安全。
One reason why fake goods are much cheaper is that no money is spent on **checking safety**.
假貨便宜得多的原因之一是沒有錢用於檢查安全性。
Another reason is that the goods are often made with poor **quality materials**.
另一個原因是商品通常是用劣質材料製成的。
Toys are a good example. Children like to put their toys in their mouth.
玩具就是一個很好的例子。孩子們喜歡把玩具放在嘴裡。
If the toys have **sharp** parts, or are covered in a **paint** that is not safe, this can be a serious problem.
如果玩具有鋒利的部件，或者塗有不安全的油漆，這可能是一個嚴重的問題。
Another example is **car parts**. If the **brakes** are not genuine, the car may not stop in an **emergency**.
另一個例子是汽車零件。如果剎車不是正品，緊急情況下汽車可能無法停車。
Mothers who buy counterfeit toys cannot be sure that the toys are safe for their children.
購買假冒玩具的媽媽們無法確定這些玩具對孩子來說是否安全。
Drivers who buy fake car parts cannot be sure that their car is safe to drive.
購買假冒汽車零件的司機無法確定他們的汽車是否可以安全駕駛。
If there's a problem, there's no **customer surport** - and you **certainly** won't get your money back.
如果有問題，就沒有客戶支持——而且您肯定不會拿回您的錢。

Buying counterfeit goods means two things.
購買假冒商品意味著兩件事。
You take money away from companies that make safe goods and you give money to **counterfeiter** who don't care about **safety**.
你從生產安全商品的公司那裡拿錢，然後把錢給不關心安全的造假者。
Next time you buy a cheap designer label or download pirated software,
下次你買便宜的設計師品牌或下載盜版軟件時，
think about where your money goes. If the product breaks, has a **virus**, or is **unsafe**,
想想你的錢花在哪裡。如果產品損壞、感染病毒或不安全，
the only person you can **blame** is yourself.
你唯一可以責怪的人就是你自己。