TA 會分享簡報 # Linux --- ## Agenda - Intro：什麼是 Linux？ - Linux 的由來 - 填坑時間1 Unix 之前 - 填坑時間2 Unix - 填坑時間3 Minix 和 GNU - Linux distribution - 是什麼使得 Linux 這麼棒 --- ## 什麼是 Linux？ --- - kernel - 作業系統 ---  --- - 符合 POSIX 標準（Unix 的可移植作業系統介面） - GNU 計畫（free software） --- - Linux kernel - GNU/Linux 作業系統 --- ## Linux 的由來 ---  Linus torva --- ``` Hello everybody out there using minix - I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready.  I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want.  Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)                 Linus torva PS.  Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(. ``` --- - 符合 POSIX 標準 - 加好加滿加到爆 --- ### 為什麼 Linux 採用 Unix 的 POSIX 標準？ --- 或者說，為什麼我們會說 Linux 是一個 Unix-like 的作業系統？ --- ## Multics 的失敗和影響 --- - 提供兩個以上的使用者使用同一台主機作業系統 - 進度太慢所以被裁撤 --- 兩個重要的發展 - file system - 高階語言 --- ### File system --- 具體來說， file system 將數據分成多個部分，並給每個部分視為一個檔案（file），為各個檔案命名，以此分隔和識別數據。 ---- 使用者從關心「哪個位址」-> 關心「檔案的所屬目錄和檔名」 ---- 兩個重要的核心價值： 1. 所有的程式或系統裝置都是檔案 2. 不管建構編輯器還是附屬檔案，所有程式都只有一個目的，且要有效的完成目標。 --- ### 高階語言 --- - 目標：降低軟體和硬體之間的耦合度。 --- ## Unix 到底是什麼 ---- Unix 就是把上述的東西集大成，最終可以讓兩個人同時透過終端機操作電腦的系統 --- 一點都不 Multi 根本 Unit Multics -> Unics -> Unix --- ## Minix 和 GNU --- ### Minix --- - 概念上和 Unix 相同 - 基本上和 Unix 相容 - 附上了原始碼供人學習 --- ### GNU --- - 建立一個自由、開放的 Unix 作業系統(Free Unix) --- - Emacs - GCC --- ### Linux 和 Minix、GNU的關係 --- - 參考了 Minix 的原始碼 - 用了很多 GNU 的自由軟體 --- ``` Hello everybody out there using minix - I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) Linus torva PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(. ``` --- ## Linux distribution --- - modular：可以自由地加入或移除模組 - 有自己的 Logo 和維護者 --- ### 商用 distribution 和個人用 distribution --- - 商用 distribution: Red Hat - 個人用 distribution: CnetOS ---  --- # 總結：是什麼使得 Linux 這麼棒 --- Linux 超棒的證據： - 2017年11月，世界前500台最強的超級電腦全部使用 Linux。 --- 超棒的理由：Open source、CLI、modular --- - Open source 使得 Linux 可以更快的取得 improvement、也更快可以有技術革新。 - CLI 介面讓 Linux 可以更容易的進行自動化、部署、開通服務，並且使得本機端及遠端的操作都可以簡化。 - modular（模組化），這代表 Linux 的元件（components） 可以容易的被取代或移除。這些元件可以視需求被升級或者是更新。 --- # fin ---