# CrewCTF - OhPHP
## Background
* [PHP - substr()](https://www.wibibi.com/info.php?tid=96)
:::spoiler
> `substr( $string , $start , $length )`
> `$strting` 是原始的字串，`$start` 是要開始擷取的位置，`$length` 則為要截取的字串長度，要注要的是 `$start` 與 $length 都必須為數字才有作用，可以是正整數，也可以是負整數，以下提供幾個範例參考。
:::
* [PHP - strstr()](https://www.runoob.com/php/func-string-strstr.html)
:::spoiler
> 查找 "world" 在 "Hello world!" 中是否存在，如果是，返回該字符串及後面剩餘部分
> ```php
> <?php
> echo strstr("Hello world!","world"); // 輸出 world!
> ?>
> ```
:::
* [PHP - strrev()](https://www.runoob.com/php/func-string-strrev.html)
:::spoiler
> 反轉字符串 "Hello World!"：
> ```php
> <?php
> echo strrev("Hello world!"); // 輸出!dlroW olleH
> ?>
> ```
:::
* [PHP strnatcmp()](https://www.w3school.com.cn/php/func_string_strnatcmp.asp)
:::spoiler
> 使用"自然"算法來比較兩個字符串（區分大小寫）：
> ```php
> <?php
> echo strnatcmp("2Hello world!","10Hello world!"); // 輸出-1
> echo "<br>";
> echo strnatcmp("10Hello world!","2Hello world!"); // 輸出+1
> ?>
> ```
> strnatcmp() 函數使用一種"自然"算法來比較兩個字符串。
> 在自然算法中，數字 2 小於數字 10。在計算機排序中，10 小於 2，這是因為 10 中的第一個數字小於 2。
:::
* [PHP - crc32()](https://www.w3schools.com/php/func_string_crc32.asp)
:::spoiler
> ```php
> <?php
> $str = crc32("Hello World!"); // Output: 472456355
> printf("%u\n",$str);
> ?>
> ```
:::
* [PHP - srand()](https://www.w3school.com.cn/php/func_math_srand.asp)
* [PHP - strpos()](https://www.w3school.com.cn/php/func_string_strpos.asp)
:::spoiler
> 查找 "php" 在字符串中第一次出現的位置：
> ```php
> <?php
> echo strpos("You love php, I love php too!","php"); // Output: 9
> ?>
> ```
:::
* [PHP - array_sum()](https://www.wibibi.com/info.php?tid=183)
:::spoiler
> array_sum 這個函式用來統計陣列 Array 中的數值總數，並回傳統計值，如果陣列內的數值為整數，array_sum 傳回統計值將為整數，若陣列內數值為浮點數，則 array_sum 可能會傳回整數或浮點數。
> ```php
> <?php
> $a = array(2, 3, 4);
> $b = array("a" => 1.2, "b" => 2.0, "c" => 3.3);
> echo array_sum($a); // Output: 9
> echo array_sum($b); // Output: 6.5
> ?>
> ```
:::
* [PHP - pack()](https://www.w3school.com.cn/php/func_misc_pack.asp)
:::spoiler
> pack() 函數把數據裝入一個二進制字符串。詳細的格式可以看原網頁
> ```php
> <?php
> echo pack("C3",80,72,80);
> ?>
> ```
:::
* [PHP - Arrays](https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays.asp)
* [PHP使用SHA256、SHA512等演算法的寫法](https://blog.longwin.com.tw/2015/10/php-sha256-sha512-hash-algorithm-2015/)
:::spoiler
> ```php
> <?php
> echo hash('sha256', 'abc');
> echo hash('sha512', 'abc');
> // md5, sha1.. 等等也都可以用此寫法
> echo hash('md5', 'abc');
> echo hash('sha1', 'abc');
> ?>
> ```
:::
* [PHP - base64_decode()](https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.base64-decode.php)
:::spoiler
> ```php
> <?php
> $str = 'VGhpcyBpcyBhbiBlbmNvZGVkIHN0cmluZw==';
> echo base64_decode($str); // Output: This is an encoded string
> ?>
> ```
:::
## Source Code
:::spoiler
```php!
<?php
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```
:::
## Recon
這一題很複雜也需要很多的步驟
## Exploit
1. 先利用別人的腳本把PHP fuck轉換回原本的code
:::spoiler Script
```csharp
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
class Proj
{
// Fixes obfuscation pattern of the form ('['^'(').(')'^']')
public static string RemoveParanthesisPattern(string data)
{
string pattern = @"\(('.'\^)+'.'\)"; // ('['^':')
Regex regex = new Regex(pattern);
MatchCollection matches = regex.Matches(data);
int found = 0;
foreach (Match match in matches)
{
// Console.WriteLine(match);
// Console.WriteLine("----------------------------");
// Removing the first two characters ('
string tmp = match.ToString().Remove(0, 1).Remove(0, 1);
// Removing the last two characters ')
tmp = tmp.Remove(tmp.Length - 2, 1).Remove(tmp.Length - 2, 1);
tmp = tmp.Replace("'^'", "\x01");
int val = 0;
foreach (var x in tmp.Split('\x01', StringSplitOptions.None))
{
val ^= char.Parse(x);
}
data = data.Replace(match.ToString(), ((char)val).ToString());
found += 1;
}
Console.WriteLine($"RemoveParanthesisPattern: Total Matches Found: {found}");
return data;
}
// Fixes names of the form s.t.r.s.t.r --> strstr
public static string FixDottedNames(string data, string pattern = "")
{
// XXX: Use this pattern if something breaks
// string pattern = @"\((([a-z])\.)+[a-z]\)";
pattern = pattern == "" ? @"\((([a-z0-9_])\.)+[a-z]\)" : pattern;
Regex regex = new Regex(pattern);
MatchCollection matches = regex.Matches(data);
int found = 0;
foreach (Match match in matches)
{
string tmp = match.ToString();
if (tmp.StartsWith("("))
{
tmp = tmp.Remove(tmp.Length - 1, 1).Remove(0, 1);
}
tmp = tmp.Replace(".", "");
data = data.Replace(match.ToString(), tmp);
found += 1;
}
Console.WriteLine($"FixDottedNames: Total Matches Found: {found}");
return data;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string filename = "obfuscated.php";
string fileData = File.ReadAllText(filename);
fileData = RemoveParanthesisPattern(fileData);
fileData = FixDottedNames(fileData);
// Step3
fileData = fileData.Replace(@"''.abs(strstr('','.'))", "'0'");
// Step4
fileData = RemoveParanthesisPattern(fileData);
fileData = FixDottedNames(fileData);
fileData = FixDottedNames(fileData, @"(([a-z0-9A-Z_])\.)+[a-z0-9A-Z]");
fileData = fileData.Replace(".'0'.", "0");
File.WriteAllText("deobfuscated.php", "<?php\n" + fileData);
}
}
```
:::
:::spoiler Result
```php
<?php
(in_array(count(get_included_files()),[1])?(strcmp(php_sapi_name(),cli)?printf(Use. .php.-.cli. .to. .run. .the. .challenge.!.
):printf(gzinflate(base64_decode(1dTBDYAgDAXQe6fgaC8O4DDdfwyhVGmhbaKe./.BfQfF8gAQFKz8aRh0JEJY0qIIenINTBEY3qNNVUAfuXzIGitJVqpiBa4yp2U8ZKtKmANzewbaqG2lrAGbNWslOvgD52lULNLfgY9ZiZtdxCsLJ3.+.Q./.2RVuOxji0jyl9aJfrZLJzxhgtS65TWS66wdr7fYzRFtvc./.wU9Wpn6BQGc))).define(F,readline(Flag.':'. )).(strcmp(strlen(constant(F)),41)?printf(Nope.!.
):(in_array(substr(constant(F),'0',5),[crew.{])?(strstr(strrev((crc32)(substr(constant(F),5,4))),7607349263)?(strnatcmp(A../.k,substr(constant(F),5,4)^substr(constant(F),9,4))?printf(Nope. .xor.!.
):srand(31337).define(D,openssl_decrypt(wCX3NcMho0BZO0SxG2kHxA.=.=,aes.-.128.-.cbc,substr(constant(F),'0',16),2,pack(L.*,rand(),rand(),rand(),rand()))).(in_array(array_sum([ctype_print(constant(D)),strpos(substr(constant(F),15,17),constant(D))]),[2])?(strcmp(base64_encode(hash(sha256,substr(constant(F),'0',32))^substr(constant(F),32)),BwdRVwUHBQVF)?printf(Nope.!.
):printf(Congratulations.','. .this. .is. .the. .right. .flag.!.
)):printf(Nope.!.
))):printf(Nope.!.
)):printf(Nope.!.
)))):printf(Nope.!.
));
?>
```
:::
我另外把這坨東西弄的比較好讀一點
:::spoiler Beautiful Result
```php=
<?php
(in_array(count(get_included_files()),[1])?
(
strcmp(php_sapi_name(),cli)?
printf(Use php-cli to run the challenge!):
printf(gzinflate(base64_decode(1dTBDYAgDAXQe6fgaC8O4DDdfwyhVGmhbaKe/BfQfF8gAQFKz8aRh0JEJY0qIIenINTBEY3qNNVUAfuXzIGitJVqpiBa4yp2U8ZKtKmANzewbaqG2lrAGbNWslOvgD52lULNLfgY9ZiZtdxCsLJ3+Q/2RVuOxji0jyl9aJfrZLJzxhgtS65TWS66wdr7fYzRFtvc/wU9Wpn6BQGc)))
define(F,readline(Flag':' ))
(
strcmp(strlen(constant(F)),41)?
printf(Nope!):
(
in_array(substr(constant(F),'0',5),[crew{])?
(
strstr(strrev((crc32)(substr(constant(F),5,4))),7607349263)?
(
strnatcmp(A/k,substr(constant(F),5,4)^substr(constant(F),9,4))?
printf(Nope xor!):
srand(31337)
define(D,openssl_decrypt(wCX3NcMho0BZO0SxG2kHxA==,aes-128-cbc,substr(constant(F),'0',16),2,pack(L*,rand(),rand(),rand(),rand())))
(
in_array(array_sum([ctype_print(constant(D)),strpos(substr(constant(F),15,17),constant(D))]),[2])?
(strcmp(base64_encode(hash(sha256,substr(constant(F),'0',32))^substr(constant(F),32)),BwdRVwUHBQVF)?
printf(Nope!):
printf(Congratulations',' this is the right flag!)):
printf(Nope!)
)
):
printf(Nope!)
):
printf(Nope!)
)
)
):
printf(Nope!)
);
?>
```
:::
2. 依照上面的background reference慢慢分析
* 首先第五行的printf不是很重要，他只是印出題目logo
:::spoiler
:::
* 第12行開始就是flag的驗證，前五個字元是==crew{==
* 第14行就是把我們輸入的flag從第五個字元開始算四個字元，先進行crc32的運算，然後在反轉string，然後看是不是等於`7607349263`，所以先reverse回去成正常的字串，然後用github上人家寫的crc32 unhash腳本[^crc32_tool]轉換有可能的字串，可以看到結果有幾種，不過因為這邊只有取4 bytes代表答案是==php_==
```bash!
$ ./psysh
> strrev(7607349263)
= "3629437067"
$ python crc32.py reverse 3629437067
4 bytes: php_ {0x70, 0x68, 0x70, 0x5f}
verification checksum: 0xd854d08b (OK)
6 bytes: Jhj4VW (OK)
6 bytes: KtdYLZ (OK)
6 bytes: Lmcgfq (OK)
6 bytes: Nlw5W4 (OK)
6 bytes: OpyXM9 (OK)
6 bytes: PNLKv5 (OK)
6 bytes: TJQJwV (OK)
6 bytes: WjZ94F (OK)
6 bytes: ZENzKX (OK)
6 bytes: apUQJ2 (OK)
6 bytes: bmOnaz (OK)
6 bytes: etHPKQ (OK)
6 bytes: tEbsLS (OK)
6 bytes: v4JPxF (OK)
6 bytes: yjv03M (OK)
6 bytes: yv9l2Y (OK)
```
* 第17行他先把剛剛得到的`php_`和後面的四個字元做xor，並比對`A/k`，所以我們就把這幾個東西轉換成hex，再xor就好了
```python
>>> bytes.fromhex('{:x}'.format(0x411b2F6B ^ 0x7068705F)).decode('utf-8')
'1s_4'
```
* 第20行比較複雜，他先固定rand的seed，然後用openssl_decrypt解密一串密文，並和我們輸入的flag前16個字元做比較，但剛剛我們得到的flag只有到`crew{php_1s_4`共13個字元，代表我們要爆破剩下三個字元，所以我寫了一個php script和python script去擷取可能的結果
:::spoiler php script
```php!
<?php
$encryption = "wCX3NcMho0BZO0SxG2kHxA==";
$ciphering = "AES-128-CBC";
$decryption_key_ord = "crew{php_1s_4";
$options = 2;
$str=array('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z','_');
for ($x = 0; $x <= 36; $x++)
{
for ($y = 0; $y <= 36; $y++)
{
for ($z = 0; $z <= 36; $z++)
{
srand(31337);
$decryption_key = $decryption_key_ord.$str[$x].$str[$y].$str[$z];
// echo $decryption_key;
$decryption_iv = pack("L*",rand(),rand(),rand(),rand());
$decryption=openssl_decrypt ($encryption, $ciphering, $decryption_key, $options, $decryption_iv);
echo $str[$x].$str[$y].$str[$z]. " is " . $decryption. "\n";
}
}
}
?>
```
:::
:::spoiler python script
```python
import string
candidate = string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits + "_ "
def check_characters(string):
for char in string:
if char not in candidate:
return False
return True
f = open("./result.txt", "rb").read().splitlines()#D:/Download/Trash
for i in range(len(f)):
try:
tmp = f[i].decode()
if check_characters(tmp):
print(f[i].decode())
except:
pass
```
:::
```bash
$ php exp.php > result.txt
$ python exp.py
...
_l4 is ngu4ge_0f_m4g1c_
```
在print出來的東西當中有一個特別長，那就是我們要找的三個字元和解密出來的東西，所以目前為止的flag是==crew{php_1s_4_l4ngu4ge_0f_m4g1c_==
* 最後就是第22行的部分，他就是把`crew{php_1s_4_l4ngu4ge_0f_m4g1c_`進行SHA256和最後剩下的部分做XOR，再把結果進行base64，和`BwdRVwUHBQVF`比較(不知道為甚麼一樣的操作用python會失敗，我想應該是因為php有特別的操作?!)
```bash
$ ./psysh
> echo hash('sha256',"crew{php_1s_4_l4ngu4ge_0f_m4g1c_") ^ base64_decode("BwdRVwUHBQVF")
5b0e7b6a}
```
Flag: `crew{php_1s_4_l4ngu4ge_0f_m4g1c_5b0e7b6a}`
## Reference
[^crc32_tool]:[crc32 Tool](https://github.com/theonlypwner/crc32)
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