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# System prepended metadata

title: Chemistry Chapter 01
tags: [Book, Chemistry]

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title: Chemistry Chapter 01
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lang: zh
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# Chemistry Chapter 01
==**[Index]**==
[TOC]  


## <i class="fa fa-book fa-fw"></i># Base Knowledge(Matter, Mass, Weight, etc.)
### What is =="Matter"==?
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space by having volume.  
(佔有空間，具有質量，就是物質) 

### What is  =="Mass"==?
The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it. It's also a property of a physical object. Any substance that has mass determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other objects.  

### What is =="Weight"==?
> *"Weight refers to the [force](#What-is-“Force”) that gravity exerts on an object."* 
 
That means the weight is a measure of the [force](#What-is-“Force”) of gravity on the object.
### What is =="Force"==?
Force is any interaction that changes physical motion or causes the deformation of objects.

### TL;DR
* **Matter**  
Any substance has mass and volume is matter.  
* **Mass**  
A measure of the amount of matter in the object.
* **Weight**
A measure of an object that force acting on.  
* **Force**  
It is an interaction changes the states(e.g. motion, shape) of the object.
### **Mass vs. Weight**


|          |   Mass   |  Weight  |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Quantity | Scalars  | Vectors  |
| Does it remain constant?| Yes |No, weight varies depending on the difference of force of gravity.|
| Does it exist without gravity?| Yes|No|

## <i class="fa fa-book fa-fw"></i># Classifying Matter

### Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous 
![](https://i.imgur.com/MBZhbul.png)
### Classifying chart
```flow
st=>start: Matter
op=>operation: Does it has constant properties and Composition?
cond=>condition: yes or no?
op2=>operation: Is it uniform throughout?
cond2=>condition: yes or no?
e1=>end: Homogeneous Matter
e2=>end: Heterogeneous Matter
op3=>operation: Can it be Simplified Chemically?
cond3=>condition: yes or no?
e3=>end: Element
e4=>end: Compound

st->op->cond
cond(yes)->op2->cond2
cond2(yes)->e1
cond2(no)->e2
cond(no)->op3->cond3
cond3(no)->e3
cond3(yes)->e4
```
## <i class="fa fa-book fa-fw"></i># Phases
### What are =="Phases"==?
The phases are the physical state of matter in different conditions(temperature, pressure), including four fundamental states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.  
*Further information: [list of phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter)*

### The four fundamental phases
* **Solid**  
In this state, particles(atoms, molecules, etc.) are tightly packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles can only vibrate. As a result, the volume of solid can not be compressed and definites shape.
* **Liquid**  
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. 
* **Gas**  
A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container.
* **Plasma**  
Like a gas but it is electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces. 
### TL;DR

 
|(generally)| Solid    | Liquid   |    Gas   |  Plasma  |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Forces between particles |  Strongest    | Strong  | Weak | Weak |
| Definites shape | Yes | No | No | No |
| Definites Volume | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Distance between particles | Very Close | Close | Distant | Distant |
| Kinetic energy | Lowest | low | High | High |
| Temperature | Lowest | low | High | High |

## <i class="fa fa-book fa-fw"></i># Physical and Chemical Properties
### ==Physical Property==
A physical property is a
characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition.
### ==Physical Change==
A physical change is a change in the state or properties of matter without
any accompanying change in the chemical identities of the substances contained in the matter.
### ==Chemical Property==
The change of one type of matter into another type (or the inability to change) is a chemical property.
### ==Chemical Change==
A chemical change always produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before the
change.
### TL;DR
==Physical Change== **will not change** the type of matter.  
==Chemical Change== **will change** the type of matter.
## <i class="fa fa-book fa-fw"></i># SI Units & Prefixes


| Property Measured | Name of Unit | Symbol of Unit |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| length   | meter    | m   |
| mass     |kilogram  | kg  |
| time     |second    | s   |
|temperature| kelvin  |K  |
|electric current| ampere| A |
|amount of substance| mole | mol |
|luminous intensity | candela | cd |



| Prefix | Symbol| Factor |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| femto    | $f$ | $10^{-15}$ |
| pico     | $p$ | $10^{-12}$ |
| nano     | $n$ | $10^{-9}$ |
| micro    | $μ$ | $10^{-6}$ |
| milli    | $m$ | $10^{-3}$ |
| centi    | $c$ | $10^{-2}$ |
| deci     | $d$ | $10^{-1}$ |
| kilo     | $k$ | $10^{3}$ |

###### tags: `Chemistry` `Book`
