Chemistry Chapter 01

--- title: Chemistry Chapter 01 image: robots: noindex, nofollow lang: zh --- # Chemistry Chapter 01 ==**[Index]**== [TOC] ## # Base Knowledge(Matter, Mass, Weight, etc.) ### What is =="Matter"==? Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space by having volume. (佔有空間，具有質量，就是物質) ### What is =="Mass"==? The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it. It's also a property of a physical object. Any substance that has mass determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other objects. ### What is =="Weight"==? > *"Weight refers to the [force](#What-is-“Force”) that gravity exerts on an object."* That means the weight is a measure of the [force](#What-is-“Force”) of gravity on the object. ### What is =="Force"==? Force is any interaction that changes physical motion or causes the deformation of objects. ### TL;DR * **Matter** Any substance has mass and volume is matter. * **Mass** A measure of the amount of matter in the object. * **Weight** A measure of an object that force acting on. * **Force** It is an interaction changes the states(e.g. motion, shape) of the object. ### **Mass vs. Weight** | | Mass | Weight | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | Quantity | Scalars | Vectors | | Does it remain constant?| Yes |No, weight varies depending on the difference of force of gravity.| | Does it exist without gravity?| Yes|No| ## # Classifying Matter ### Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous ![](https://i.imgur.com/MBZhbul.png) ### Classifying chart ```flow st=>start: Matter op=>operation: Does it has constant properties and Composition? cond=>condition: yes or no? op2=>operation: Is it uniform throughout? cond2=>condition: yes or no? e1=>end: Homogeneous Matter e2=>end: Heterogeneous Matter op3=>operation: Can it be Simplified Chemically? cond3=>condition: yes or no? e3=>end: Element e4=>end: Compound st->op->cond cond(yes)->op2->cond2 cond2(yes)->e1 cond2(no)->e2 cond(no)->op3->cond3 cond3(no)->e3 cond3(yes)->e4 ``` ## # Phases ### What are =="Phases"==? The phases are the physical state of matter in different conditions(temperature, pressure), including four fundamental states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. *Further information: [list of phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter)* ### The four fundamental phases * **Solid** In this state, particles(atoms, molecules, etc.) are tightly packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles can only vibrate. As a result, the volume of solid can not be compressed and definites shape. * **Liquid** A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. * **Gas** A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container. * **Plasma** Like a gas but it is electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces. ### TL;DR |(generally)| Solid | Liquid | Gas | Plasma | | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | | Forces between particles | Strongest | Strong | Weak | Weak | | Definites shape | Yes | No | No | No | | Definites Volume | Yes | Yes | No | No | | Distance between particles | Very Close | Close | Distant | Distant | | Kinetic energy | Lowest | low | High | High | | Temperature | Lowest | low | High | High | ## # Physical and Chemical Properties ### ==Physical Property== A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. ### ==Physical Change== A physical change is a change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying change in the chemical identities of the substances contained in the matter. ### ==Chemical Property== The change of one type of matter into another type (or the inability to change) is a chemical property. ### ==Chemical Change== A chemical change always produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before the change. ### TL;DR ==Physical Change== **will not change** the type of matter. ==Chemical Change== **will change** the type of matter. ## # SI Units & Prefixes | Property Measured | Name of Unit | Symbol of Unit | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | length | meter | m | | mass |kilogram | kg | | time |second | s | |temperature| kelvin |K | |electric current| ampere| A | |amount of substance| mole | mol | |luminous intensity | candela | cd | | Prefix | Symbol| Factor | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | femto | $f$ | $10^{-15}$ | | pico | $p$ | $10^{-12}$ | | nano | $n$ | $10^{-9}$ | | micro | $μ$ | $10^{-6}$ | | milli | $m$ | $10^{-3}$ | | centi | $c$ | $10^{-2}$ | | deci | $d$ | $10^{-1}$ | | kilo | $k$ | $10^{3}$ | ###### tags: `Chemistry` `Book`