# Writing process

## Pre-writing
### DECISION:
- Define the topic/thesis/goal
- Choose the reader group
- What they know
- What do not they not know

### WORKFLOW:
- Use [sprints/kanban](https://www.atlassian.com/agile/kanban/kanban-vs-scrum)
- Sprint model
1. Roles:
1. Product owner: Reader/Editor
2. Dev team: Writer
3. Scrum master: Writer
2. Artifacts
1. Sprint Backlog: (Sub)sections/paragraphs
2. project board
- Columns:
- Todo: sprint planned
- In progress: writing
- In review: Editing/Proofreading
3. Sprint cycle:
1. Sprint planning:
1. One day of the week
2. Ca 1 hour
3. Select sections to work on
2. Daily standup:
1. go over the progress (or lack of progress) that you made on your writing project for the previous day
2. (ca. 15-30 min)
3. Sprint (every week)
1. Work on one thing at a time
2. Every time you write. begin by reading through what you did last time.
4. Sprint retrospective
1. Before review
2. ca. 1 hour
3. Document and discusses what worked and what didn't work in a sprint
5. Sprint review
1. Before next sprint
2. Include Reader/Editor
3. Demonstrate increment

## Writing
Repeat until: `eveything that needs to be said is included` and `final draft is ready`

### 1. Collect

#### *WHAT:*
- A well defined answers to an exaustive list of well defined questions

#### *WHERE:*
- File (online)
1. questions
2. answers
- Folder (google drive)
1. bookmarks/links
2. PDFs

#### *HOW:*
1. Create an exhaustive list of questions
- *HOW:*
- Use all interrogation words
- [ ] what
- [ ] who
- [ ] where
- [ ] when
- [ ] why
- [ ] which
- [ ] how
- Divide and conquer
- [ ] define atoms (fundemental units)
- [ ] define forces (how they interact)
- Use the [question format](https://hackmd.io/ChcaWHyKQB6v-x2T2CdtAw?view#A-QUESTION-FORMAT)
- *WHERE:*
- file 1
2. Effective search
- Search wide
- different [search engines](https://hackmd.io/ChcaWHyKQB6v-x2T2CdtAw?view#SEARCH-ENGINES)
- follow where the search leads, explore unfamiliar leads
- Search precise
- Use the hotkeys for
- [Advanced google search](https://www.google.com/advanced_search)
- [Advanced google queries](https://seo-hacker.com/link-search/)
- Use the question format
- search what: the keywords/terms
- search where: at the fields/sources + sources of those sources
- Search fast
- Set a limited time
- Search responces
- skim through
- the text below the search result
- the text
- look at
- the domain
- the author details
- the date
- the outside sources that reference this site
3. Collect effectively
- Bookmark all relevant links
- *where:* folder 1
- PDFs
- *where:* folder 2
- Books
- *where:*
- links: online folder 1
- physical: online folder 2
4. Filter effectively
- Review source
- Papers (takes 1-2 days)
1. abstract
2. conclusions
3. images & captions
4. intro
5. result
6. full paper
7. abstract
- Books
- etc.
- Sort sources/bookmarks by
- [ ] relevance
- [ ] credibility
- [ ] author (provided/qualified/credible)
- [ ] motive (valid/propoganda/affiation)
- [ ] objectivity (fact/opinion)
- [ ] supported (reviewed/refereed)
- [ ] accuracy (verifiable/bias/grammar/spelling)
- [ ] curreny/up-to-date (references/reviews)
4. Create an exhaustive list of answers
- *HOW:*
- go through the sorted bookmarks, books, pdfs
- convert them into [answers](https://hackmd.io/ChcaWHyKQB6v-x2T2CdtAw?view#AN-ANSWER-FORMAT) to your [questions](https://hackmd.io/ChcaWHyKQB6v-x2T2CdtAw?view#A-QUESTION-FORMAT)
- *WHERE:*
- file 2

### 2. Structure
#### *WHERE:*
- Files
3. Outline version *x*

#### *HOW:*
- Organize the list of answers
- create a story line
- create an new outline, mindmap, bullet points or numbering.
- structure into paragraphs
- fill in with content
- Structure and connect ideas and fill in what you would like to include.
> something about A.
> Something about A1 and A2.
> Something about B.
> Something about B1 and B2 and B3.
- (Re)arrange paragraphs, sentences and words.

### 3. Draft
#### *WHERE*
- Files
4. New draft
5. List of new ideas
6. Removed writing

#### *HOW:*
- Write
- until you have said everything you want to say about the topic!
- beginning with the main body of the text
- non-linearly
- big changes first
- new ideas that come to you, in file 5.*x*
- OBS!
- Don’t focus on
- too much on details.
- perfection
- spelling
- Focus on
- quantity above quality
- Keep writing
- keep moving

#### *WHAT:*
- Add
- Write
- in file 4.*x*
- 10-15 complete sentences per paragraph
- complete paragraphs
- from memory
- explaination of the ideas
- Put information into your own words (paraphrase and summary)
- (Re)formulate arguments
- support for your ideas
- with references
- Cut and paste only necessary material from the previous draft/ the collection
- Mark ideas that need support for research!
- Connect ideas
- with transition words if necessary
- Remove and collect in a file 6.*x*
- overused transition words within paragraphs if there are too many
- words that aren’t used in normal conversation
### 4. Check

#### *WHAT:*
- [ ] All ideas are
- [ ] fully supported (no missing or illogical arguments)
- [ ] fully explained (no missing explanations)
- [ ] written clearly (no missing information)
- [ ] explicitly and clearly connected
- [ ] have explicit linear narative with
- linear writing structure
- or non-linear writing structure
- [ ] Each paragraph
- [ ] has a clear central focus
- [ ] is relevant to the overall argument
- [ ] shows connection with an appropriate transition word or phrase
- [ ] flows rythmically/smoothly when read outloud
- [ ] has a clear structure
- [ ] Introduce topic
- [ ] Evidence
- [ ] Explaination & interpretation
- [ ] Conclusion
- [ ] Each sentence
- [ ] flows logically from the previous sentence
- [ ] is precise (no unnecessary words)
- [ ] is fact checked
- [ ] Each word
- [ ] is understandable to the reader (is explained or is not necessary to explain to this reader)
- [ ] is not overused (transition words)
- [ ] says what you mean (words are misused. E.g. conquer vs concure)
- [ ] is relevant
- [ ] No irrelevent
- [ ] ideas
- [ ] arguments to the overall thesis
- [ ] paragraphs
- [ ] explanations
- [ ] sentences
- [ ] words

#### *HOW:*
- Choose a particular reader and keep them in mind.
- Read out loud to check if it flows smoothly
- Use another display that where you wrote (dark mode vs light mode, paper vs computer, editing mode vs reading mode etc.)
- Put brackets around unnecessary words. Read the sentence without the bracketed material and see if it works.
- If something does not pass the check list
- make a list of the parts that do not pass the checklist

### 5. Said everything and final draft is ready?

- ***NO:*** go back to [collecting](https://hackmd.io/ChcaWHyKQB6v-x2T2CdtAw?both#1-Collect)
- ***YES:*** continue to [editing](https://hackmd.io/ChcaWHyKQB6v-x2T2CdtAw?both#EditingProofreading)

## Editing/Proofreading
#### *WHEN:*
- on the each draft = Edit
- on the final draft = Proofread

#### *WHAT:*
- Check that here are no
- [ ] Sentences
- [ ] Run-on sentences^[[1](https://www.scribbr.com/language-rules/sentence-structure/)]
- [ ] Sentence fragments
- [ ] incomplete sentences
- [ ] formatting errors/ wrong sentence structures
- [ ] Words
- [ ] typos/misspelled words/Spelling errors
- [ ] grammar mistakes --
- [ ] Missing words
- [ ] redundant words
- [ ] overused words
- [ ] unclear phrasing/words
- [ ] inconsistent definitions
- [ ] Non-alphabeticals
- [ ] capitalisation mistakes
- [ ] punctuation mistakes
- [ ] Comma mistakes/ Comma splice /Missing comma with a coordinating conjunction
- [ ] Missing/redundent spaces
- [ ] Stylistic inconsistency
- [ ] serial commas
- [ ] American or British spellings and punctuation
- [ ] numerals vs. words for numbers
- [ ] titles and headings capitalization

#### *HOW:*
- until `you cannot edit so that it improves`
- Read through your text line by line
- If there are any checks that fail
- add/delete/replace
- Have someone else check the text
- Use tools
- grammarly browser extension
- wordtune.com
- ludwig.guru
- ProWritingAid
- Sapling.
- WhiteSmoke.
- Ginger.
- PaperRater.
- Reverso.
- SentenceCheckup.
- Hemingway App.

## APPENDIX
### A QUESTION FORMAT
- Question:
- Search keywords/phrases:
- Meta data:
- type:
- label: `missing info`, `missing argument (pro/con)`
- reasons for asking:
- List of expected places to find:
- fields: `medical science`, `machine learning`
- sources: `paper`,`article` [see search source](https://hackmd.io/ChcaWHyKQB6v-x2T2CdtAw?view#SEARCH-SOURCES)
- List of expected answers:
- what:
- why:
- label: `expected`,`hoped`
- consequence:
- Checklist:
- [ ] focused on the research topic
- [ ] concise
- [ ] complex
- [ ] interesting to the reader

### AN ANSWER FORMAT
- Answer:
- question id: e.g.`#21`
- sources:
- URL:
- author:
- title:
- type: e.g. `journal`, `book`
- summary:
- list of annotation:
- labels: `thoughts`, `useful quotes`
- comment section:
- type: e.g. `comment`, `question`, `reaction`, `cross reference`
- what:

### SEARCH ENGINES
- General Search engines
- Google - advanced search
- Yahoo
- Bing
- Spesialized search engines
- DuckDuckGo
- Jooble
- Congress.gov
- Google Scholar
- Google Books

### SEARCH SOURCES
- invisible web: some websites prevent Google from indexing their pages for different reasons
- Encyclopaedia
- Bibliographies
- Databases
- Wikipedia to find credible sources
- For General Research Articles
- InfoMine
- IPL
- Library of Congress and LexisNexis
- Project Gutenberg
- DeepDyve
- Student’s Online Research Guide via AllConnect
- Yale University Research Guides by Subject
- Academic Journals
- JSTOR
- AcademicJournals.org
- For Specialized Research
- Medical:
- BioMed Central
- The Lancet
- New England Journal of Medicine
- NCBI (Nat’l Center for Biotechnology News)
- Legal:
- American Law Reports