# Herbal Penting
(03 september 2021)

1. Kelor
2. Daun Afrika
3. Daun Mahkota Dewa
4. Daun Sirsak
5. Kunyit putih
6. Daun Bihahong
7. Sambiloto
8. Daun Samber Nyowo (update 07-070-22
9. [Casia Alata ( upate 25-04-24)](https:/https://www.wildturmeric.net/cassia-alata-medicinal-uses-health-benefits-side-effects//)

## Kelor

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelor
Kelor atau merunggai (Moringa oleifera) adalah sejenis tumbuhan dari suku Moringaceae. Tumbuhan ini dikenal dengan nama lain seperti: limaran, moringa,[1] ben-oil[1] (dari minyak yang bisa diekstrak dari bijinya), drumstick[1] (dari bentuk rumah benihnya yang panjang dan ramping), horseradish tree[1] (dari bentuk akarnya yang mirip tanaman horseradish), dan malunggay[2] di Filipina.

Kelor adalah tanaman yang bisa tumbuh dengan cepat,[3] berumur panjang,[3] berbunga sepanjang tahun,[4] dan tahan kondisi panas ekstrim. Tanaman ini berasal dari daerah tropis dan subtropis di Asia Selatan.[3] Tanaman ini umum digunakan untuk menjadi pangan dan obat di Indonesia.[5] Biji kelor juga digunakan sebagai penjernih air skala kecil.[6][5]

## Daun Afrika

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun_afrika
Daun afrika (Vernonia amygdalina) adalah tumbuhan semak yang berasal dari benua Afrika dan bagian lain dari Afrika, khususnya Nigeria, Kamerun dan Zimbabwe dan negara yang beriklim tropis salah satunya adalah Indonesia. Tumbuhan ini dapat ditemukan di halaman rumah, sepanjang sungai dan danau, ditepi hutan, dan di padang rumput [1]

Daun Afrika dapat tumbuh pada tempat yang mempunyai sinar matahari yang penuh dan memiliki lingkungan yang lembap. Tanaman Daun afrika tumbuh pada semua jenis tanah, tetapi Daun Afrika lebih tumbuh subur dan berkembang pada tanah yang kaya humus [1]

Daun Afrika mempunyai batang tegak, tinggi 1–3 m, bulat, berkayu, berwarna coklat; daun majemuk, anak daun berhadapan, panjang 15–25 cm, lebar 5–8 cm, berbentuk seperti ujung tombak, tepi bergerigi, ujung runcing, pangkal membulat, pertulangan menyirip, berwarna hijau tua; akartunggang, berwarna coklat kotor

Kandungan senyawa kimia

Hasil penelitian [3] menunjukkan bahwa tanaman daun Afrika banyak mengandung nutrisi dan senyawa kimia, antara lain sebagai berikut: protein 19,2%, serat 19,2%, karbohidrat 68,4%, lemak 4,7%;, asam askorbat 166,5 mg/100 g, karotenoid 30 mg/100 g, kalsium 0,97 g/ 100 g, besi 7,5 mg/100 g, fosfor, kalium, sulfur, natrium, mangan, tembaga, zink, magnesium dan selenium

Senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam daun Afrika antara lain: saponin (vernoniosida dan steroid saponin), seskuiterpen lakton (vernolida, vernoladol, vernolepin, vernodalin dan vernomygdin), flavonoid, koumarin, asam fenolat, lignan, xanton, terpen, peptida dan luteolin. Hasil penelitian [4] menunjukkan bahwa daun Afrika mengandung flavonoid, glikosida, saponin, tannin, dan triterpenoid/steroid.


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3138040/
Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, is a shrub that grows up to 3 meters high in the African tropics and other parts of Africa, particularly, Nigeria, Cameroon and Zimbabawe. It is reputed to have several health benefits. The organic fraction extracts of the plant was shown to possess cytotoxic effects towards human carcinoma cells of the nasopharynx [4]. It is effective against amoebic dysentery [5], gastrointestinal disorders [6], and has antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities [7,8]. Figure 1 depicts the various traditional uses of Vernonia amygdalina. The biologically-active compounds of Vernonia amygdalina are saponins and alkaloids [9], terpenes, steroids, coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, xanthones and anthraquinone [10], edotides [11] and sesquiterpenes [4].


The young leaves are used in folk medicine as antihelmintic, antimalarial, laxative/purgative, enema, expectorant, worm expeller and fertility inducer in subfertile women. Some wild chimpanzees in Tanzania had been observed to use this plant for the treatment of parasite related diseases [21,36]. Many herbalists and naturopathic doctors have recommended the aqueous extracts for their patients as treatment for emesis, nausea, diabetes, loss of appetite-induced abrosia, dysentery and other gastrointestinal tract problems.

http://manfaat.org/manfaat-daun-afrika-efek-samping-dan-cara-membuat-ramuan

http://manfaat.org/search/efek-samping-daun-afrika-selatan/

In vitro Anticancer Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract and Green-Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8164701/

## Vernonia amygdalina
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/vernonia-amygdalina

### The bitter Asteraceae: An interesting approach to delay the metabolic syndrome progression
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352364619300355


2.2. Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina or Gymnanthemum amygdalinum Delile)

Vernonia amygdalina Delile (VA) grows throughout Africa predominantly in tropical areas, up to a height of about 1–5 m. It is popularly called “bitter leaf” because of its bitter taste. Phytochemical studies of VA revealed the presence of saponine, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, steroids, coumarins, phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones [40]. Antioxidant [41] and anti-inflammatory effects have been described [41,42]. Moreover, several reports demonstrated in vivo [43] and in vitro [42] antihyperglycemic effects. A study from Ong et al. (2011) revealed that a VA ethanolic extract containing 1–5 dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, chlorogenic acid and luteolin 7-O-glucoside exhibit antidiabetic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [44].

Phytochemical studies of VA revealed the presence of
saponine,
flavonoids,
alkaloids,
terpenes,
steroids,
coumarins,
phenolic acids
and
sesquiterpene lactones
Antioxidant
anti-inflammatory effects
antihyperglycemic effects

## Daun Mahkota Dewa
https://bidadari.my/khasiat-mahkota-dewa/
Daun mahkota dewa berasal dari tanaman mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) yang tumbuh di daerah Papua New Guinea. Buah mahkota dewa berbentuk bulat dengan diameter 4cm dan berwarna hijau jika mentah dan berwarna merah jika masak.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaleria_macrocarpa

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3731883/

###### Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. extracts

BIOACTIVITY
**Anticancer activity**

Leaves and fruits of P. macrocarpa are being used since years in treatment of different types of cancer[9] especially against breast cancer[5,19] and brain tumor.[20] P. macrocarpa supplementation with adriamycin cyclophosphamide (AC) is reported for its synergistic effect in reducing tumor growth in breast cells by inducing apoptosis, but also for its protective effect on liver and kidney damage caused by AC.[21] Two of its constituents, phalerin and gallic acid, are proven to pay a major contribution to its cytotoxic properties.[1,22]

**Antihyperglycemic activity**
Hyperglycemia is a condition in which excessive amounts of glucose circulates in blood plasma. The extracts of P. macrocarpa fruits have been found to lower the post-prandial hyperglycemia.[31,32] Highest activity is being shown by n-butanol extract of young and ripened fruits followed by ethyl acetate extract and then methanol extract

**Antihyperlipidemic activity**
The increased body mass index causes increased level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) while reduces the levels of high-density lipoproteins. Increased cholesterol level in the body is termed as hypercholesterolemia. Imbalance in cholesterol hemostasis can create certain health problems as arteriosclerosis and heart diseases. The fruit of P. macrocarpa contains many active compounds as alkaloids, saponins and polyphenols, one of them is gallic acid that is found to regulate cholesterol hemostasis. Gallic acid decreases the cholesterol level in the body by up-regulating LDL-R (low-density lipoprotein receptors) and pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) via sterol regulatory element binding protein transcription factor (SREBP-2-TF) up-regulation.[8] High-levels of cholesterol in cells inhibit transcription of LDL-R and PCSK-9, which decreases intake of plasma cholesterol into cells. Gallic acid present in fruit of P. macrocarpa increases the number of LDL-R, which enhances binding of LDL particles in the blood to LDL-R. This further triggers LDL-R mediated endocytosis causing internalization into the peripheral cells decreasing circulating LDL-level, thus, reducing cholesterol level in cells. Gallic acid also up-regulates PCSK-9-mRNA expression. PCSK-9 binds to EGF-A (epidermal growth factor like repeat A) domain of cell surface LDL-R. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is initiated.

**Antibacterial and anti-fungal activity**
Leaves and seeds of P. macrocarpa are found to have profound antibacterial activity.[39] Flavanoids, saponins, polyphenols and tannins present in the fruit highly inhibit gram positive bacteria as compared to gram-negative bacteria[40] due to the outer permeability barrier in gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Eschericia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. It exhibits its antimicrobial activity by different mechanisms as inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, energy metabolism or cytoplasmic membrane function.

**Anti-inflammatory activity**
P. macrocarpa is found to have potent anti-inflammatory activity[2] due to its contents, including terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavanoids and phenols such as rutin and cathecol. During the process of inflammation, lipopolysaccharides of invading bacteria (for instance) bind to the tool like receptors (TLRs) on the dendritic cells, macrophages or antigen presenting cells (APCs). The cytoplasmic domains of TLRs on surface of APCs change and they cause activation of inactive protein kinase in the cytoplasm as PI3-kinase or Akt. This activation brings about cascade of changes that involve gene transcription factors including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB). Tail of NF-kB have nuclear localization signals (NLS) that remains inactive as long as it remains attached with inhibitory kappa-B (IkB). Cascade of changes causes phosphorylation of IkB, which gets separated from NLS resulting into its activation

**Antioxidant activity**
Free radicals or reactive oxygen species have deleterious effects on human body, foodstuffs and fats, which developed an urge to find antioxidant substances from natural sources, which either delay or inhibit oxidation.[45] The antioxidant activity of an extract is associated with its free radical scavenging activity. Different types of assays are developed to determine the antioxidant properties of plant extracts as ferric thiocyanate assay, thiobarbituric acid assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydroxyl) assay.[9,41] DPPH, discovered 50 years ago, is a violet colored free radical used to determine antioxidant properties of plant extracts and is a strong indicator for measuring antioxidant capacity in human plasma too.[46] Reactive oxygen creates oxidative stress in the body and along with other damages can also mediate alloxan-induced liver damage.[47]

Fruit and leaves of P. macrocarpa are found to possess flavanoids and phenolics[41] which make it a potent antioxidant. The constituents present in mesocarp, pericarp and seed extract of P. macrocarpa are responsible for antioxidant activity such as gallic acid[24] and 6-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-o-β-D-glucoside which shows activity on DPPH.[48] Fruit extracts of P. macrocarpa has been found to increase the level of SOD (superoxide dismutase),[47,48] which are enzymes of three types, SOD1, 2 and 3, that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide thus acting as an antioxidant. Pericarp extract has found to possess highest activity as an antioxidant while seed extract the lowest.[9]

**Vasorelaxant activity**

For centuries, the leaves and fruit of P. macrocarpa have been used to counter a number of diseases, including vascular problems and high blood pressure.[1,8] Dried flesh fruit powder[19] and egg shells of seeds[5] have been empirically considered potent cure of hypertension and heart diseases.[2] Epidemiological studies have shown that its two major constituents have effect on cardiovascular system, the kaempferol, a flavanoid that reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases[49] and icariside, that is a moderate vasorelaxant reducing hypertension.[11] Icariside which is being isolated from chloroform extracts of P. macrocarpa fruit enhances vasorelaxant responses of isoproterenol and inhibits noradrenaline induced contractions contributing to the increase of second messengers as cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine mono phosphate, phosphodiesterase inhibition and adenylatecyclase activation.[11]

**TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES**

In spite of a number of medicinal properties claimed in traditional medicine for the extracts of P. macrocarpa, there are equally known poisonous tendencies of the extracts as well. However, we have not found a considerable supporting literature to evaluate the nature of the possible side effects. Even scientifically, there is a lack of credible and detailed report about the toxicity of P. macrocarpa extracts. The only available literature consists of some preliminary toxicity reports. In tradition medicine, eating of unprocessed ripened fruits of P. macrocarpa is believed to cause oral ulcers,[3] however, neither the possible mechanism of this toxicity has been evaluated scientifically, nor the responsible constituents of P. macrocarpa fruits that are responsible for this effect are identified and quantified so far. Consumption of P. macrocarpa at a dose higher that 27 mg/kg is reported to show embryo-fetotoxicity in female mice.[50] Butanol extracts of ripened fruits, when given to mice at doses of 0, 42.5, 85 and 170 mg/kg intraperitoneally, is reported to cause mild necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules in mice kidney at a dose higher than 85 mg/kg.[51] Ethanol extracts of P. macrocarpa, when given to Javanese Quail in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for two months are reported to cause mild hepatic hypertrophy and an increase in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity at a dose of 100 mg/kg.[52] Like fruits, seeds of P. macrocarpa are also reported for their toxicity. Des-acetylfevicordin-A and its derivatives isolated from seeds of P. macrocarpa are reported to exert toxicity in brine shrimp (Artemiasalina) with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 3 ppm for des-acetylfevicordin-A and from 5 ppm to 12 ppm for its derivatives.[15] The available literature until today is, however, not enough to evaluate the toxic profile of different extracts of this invaluable medicinal plant. This lack of toxicity data creates doubt about the success of employing P. macrocarpa extracts in treating different ailments.

**CONCLUSION**
The scientific research has suggested a significant biological potential of P. macrocarpa extracts. The phytoconstituents and the bioactivities associated with these constituents as presented in this short but concise review [Figure 4] is strongly believed to be helpful for those researchers who are already working, or planning to start evaluating a particular biological aspect of this precious herb. There is an utmost need to evaluate toxicity of its fruit, seeds and other extracts with a special focus on the estimation of LD50 of the extracts and the identification of the responsible constituents. Anti-cancer effect of fruit extracts is already well-established, but the activity report is based only on the in-vitro assay. There is still no report of the evaluation of this otherwise tremendous in vitro cytotoxic effect of P. macrocarpa extracts in an in-vivo tumor model, insisting further clinical trials first in animals and then in human. Biologically active extracts of the plant can be further exploited in the future for the pharmaceutical and neutraceutical industry as well.


## Daun Sirsak

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soursop

Annona muricata is a species of the genus Annona of the custard apple tree family, Annonaceae, which has edible fruit.[4][5] The fruit is usually called soursop due to its slightly acidic taste when ripe. Annona muricata is native to the Caribbean and Central America but is now widely cultivated – and in some areas, becoming invasive – in tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world, such as India.[4][5]

Soursop is also a common ingredient for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by street food vendors. In Indonesia, the fruit is commonly called sirsak and sometimes made into dodol sirsak, a sweet which is made by boiling the soursop pulp in water and adding sugar until the mixture caramelizes and hardens. In the Philippines, it is called guyabano, derived from the Spanish guanábana, and is eaten ripe, or used to make juices, smoothies, or ice cream.

Soursop leaves are sold and consumed in Indonesia as herbal medicine. The leaves are usually boiled to make tea.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4519917/

**Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Isolated Acetogenins and Biological Activities**

Numerous investigations have substantiated these activities, including anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-arthritic, antiparasitic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activities. Phytochemical studies reveal that annonaceous acetogenins are the major constituents of A. muricata. More than 100 annonaceous acetogenins have been isolated from leaves, barks, seeds, roots and fruits of A. muricata. In view of the immense studies on A. muricata, this review strives to unite available information regarding its phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities.

**Biological Activities**
A. muricata is among the ethnomedicines employed to treat arthritic pain. An in vivo study on different doses (3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract from A. muricata leaves has investigated the anti-arthritic activity in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats.

**Anticancer Activity**
Plenty of studies report the significant antiproliferative effects of different extracts of the plant and isolated AGEs towards various cancer cell lines [26,79,80,81,82]; however, few of these studies have illustrated the underlying mechanism of action (Table 2). Recent in vitro studies were performed by our research group to determine the mechanism of action of ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves against colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT-116) and lung cancer cells (A549). The leaf extract was able to induce apoptosis in colon and lung cancer cells through the mitochondrial-mediated pathway.

**Anticonvulsant Activity**

In African countries, the decoction of the A. muricata leaves is traditionally used to control fever and convulsive seizures [93]. To substantiate the anticonvulsant activity of the leaves in ethnomedicine, Gouemo and colleagues [93] investigated the effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves against pentylenetetrazol-induced tonic-clonic seizures in mice. The result showed that the plant extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg doses significantly decreased the incidence and the mortality rate of tonic seizures. Administration of the extract to mice also lengthened the onset of clonic seizures. This study showed that a subsequent bioassay-guided investigation may lead to the isolation of a bioactive compound that can be used as an anticonvulsant drug.

**Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Activity**

The chronic disease of diabetes mellitus afflicts a large proportion of people all around the world. Therefore, an effective natural adjuvant therapy would be blindingly beneficial to diminish diabetic complications and augment the quality of life for diabetic patients. Due to the traditional application of A. muricata against diabetes, several studies have investigated this potential in vivo. Adeyemi and colleagues [94] reported that daily intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats with the methanol extract of A. muricata leaves (100 mg/kg) for two weeks significantly reduced their blood glucose concentration from 21.64 to 4.22 mmol/L [94]. In addition, the extract at the same dose significantly decreased the serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [95].

. **Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nociceptive Activities**

Oral treatment in rats with A. muricata ethanolic leaf extracts (10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced edema in rat paws by 79% in a dose-dependent manner, exhibiting its anti-inflammatory activities [99].

**Antioxidant Activity**
Immoderate generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a precursor of oxidative stress which subsequently catalyzes metabolic deficiency and cellular death through biochemical and physiological lesions [102]. The identification of antioxidants from natural products has become a matter of great interest in recent studies for their noteworthy role in nullifying the destructive effects of ROS [103,104]. DRSA, FRAP and HRSA tests on aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of A. muricata revealed the marked antioxidative activities of both extracts accompanied with DNA protective effects against H2O2-induced toxicity [105]. The antioxidant activity of the A. muricata leaves was found to be stronger than A. squamosa and A. reticulata species as shown through different in vitro models, such as ABTS, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals [106]. The seeds and leaves of the plant are reported to possess enzymatic antioxidants, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including vitamin C and E [107]. Padma and colleagues showed that the ethanolic extract of the A. muricata stem bark caused a reduction in lipid peroxidation induced by cold immobilization stress in the brain and liver of rats, indicating the adaptogenic potential of this plant [108,109]. The stem bark extract (200 mg/kg) also showed protective effects against oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats and significantly increased the oxidant levels and serum enzyme activities to near normal. The DPPH test showed the antioxidant activity of the stem bark [110]. These findings strongly suggest the potential use of A. muricata as a natural source of antioxidants.
**Antihypertensive Activity**
To evaluate the antihypertensive properties of A. muricata leaves, aqueous leaf extract (9.17–48.5 mg/kg) was administered to normotensive Sprague–Dawley rats. The results demonstrated that treatments of rats with the leaf extract significantly decreased blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner without affecting heart rates. This effect was suggested to be induced through peripheral mechanisms involving the antagonism of Ca2+ [111].

**Antiparasitic Activity**
Protozoal infections cause debilitating diseases, such as leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, which have both afflicted a noteworthy proportion of the world population. The development of resistance to empirically discovered drugs represents a major hindrance to treatment of protozoal diseases. Moreover, in case of long-term usage, toxicity and several side effects have made the available treatments more unsatisfactory. As a natural agent, A. muricata has been subjected to various pathogenic parasites to determine its cytotoxic effects (Table 3). The ethyl acetate leaf extract of A. muricata was assayed against three Leishmania species (PH8, M2903 and PP75) and Trypanosoma cruzi. Promising activity was reported with IC50 values lower than 25 µg/mL [112].


**Antiplasmodial Activity**
Malaria, one of the most debilitating diseases, afflicts a substantial population in tropical and subtropical zones [116]. The available antimalarial drugs demonstrate varying degrees of failure due to rapid spread of parasite resistance [117]. Therefore, research into new antiplasmodial agents against the pathogenic parasites is definitely warranted. The pentane leaf extract of A. muricata was assayed against two strains of Plasmodium falciparum: the Nigerian chloroquine-sensitive strain and FcM29-Cameroon (chloroquine-resistant strain); a promising antiplasmodial effect was obtained with an IC50 value of 16 and 8 µg/mL after 72 h, respectively [115]. The leaf extract, also at 20 µg/mL, showed a 67% inhibition against an asynchronous F32 strain of P. falciparum [118]. Another study on different extracts of A. muricata leaves and stems also confirmed the reported cytotoxic effects against the chloroquine-sensitive (F32) and -resistant (W2) P. falciparum [112]. These findings substantiated the traditional use of A. muricata as an antimalarial agent.

**Hepatoprotective and Bilirubin-Lowering Activity**

*"Hepatoprotective activity refers to the ability of a substance to protect the liver from damage or injury caused by various factors, such as toxins, drugs, or diseases. Substances with hepatoprotective properties may help maintain the normal function of the liver, promote liver regeneration, and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in hepatic cells."*

*Bilirubin-lowering activity refers to the ability of a substance to reduce the levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells and is normally excreted by the liver. Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions, such as jaundice.*

A. muricata is traditionally employed to treat jaundice in Ghana. A study was conducted to determine the in vivo bilirubin-lowering potential of the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves. This study was performed on phenylhydrazine-induced jaundice in adult rats, and the levels of direct and total bilirubin were measured in rats orally treated with 50 and 400 mg/kg of the extract. The extract at both doses caused a significant reduction to hyperbilirubinemia, which was close to normal levels [119]. In addition, the hepatoprotective effect was also reported for the aqueous extract of the leaves against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Pretreatment with different concentrations of the extract (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for 7 days prior to liver damage restored liver function toward normal hemostasis, which was shown by biochemical and histological analyses [120]. Therefore, these findings substantiated the traditional use of A. muricata against jaundice and showed the potential hepatoprotective activity.

**Insecticidal Activity**

Botanical insecticides can have a pivotal role in different agriculture programs, especially in small farming [121]. Due to the presence of AGEs, plants from the Annonaceae family such as A. mucosa and A. sylvatica have shown to be promising biopesticides among tropical plants [72,122]. An investigation on different Annona species showed the growth inhibition effect of A. muricata seeds and contact toxicity by topical administration to Trichoplusia ni larvae [122]. In another study, different extracts of A. muricata seeds were examined against Sitophilus zeamais, a detrimental pest for stored grains, using ingestion and topical assays. Promising activity was obtained from the ingestion application of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, and this activity was contributed to the presence of AGEs in the less polar fractions [123]. By dipping and surface-protectant methods, the seed extracts revealed weevil mortality of 70% and 100% against S. zeamais at 20% (v/v) and 0.4% (v/w) concentrations, respectively [124].

**Molluscicidal Activity**
To establish plant-derived molluscicides for the vector control of schistosomiasis, different parts of the Annona species were tested against Biomphalaria glabrata, both in egg masses and adult forms. Santos and colleagues, in 2001, demonstrated that the leaves of A. muricata possess significant toxicity against adult worms with an LD90 value of 8.75 ppm. Additional toxicity of the A. muricata leaves against snail egg masses was markedly noted among different Annona species [133]. A bioassay-guided investigation on the cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract of A. muricata leaves against the larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina and the snail B. glabrata showed the potent molluscicidal activity of this plant. This study led to the isolation of three bioactive compounds of annonacin, goniothalamicin and isoannonacin [49].

**Wound Healing Activity**

*Wound healing activity refers to the ability of a substance or treatment to promote the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue, leading to the closure of wounds and restoration of tissue integrity. The process of wound healing involves several overlapping phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Various factors can influence the rate and effectiveness of wound healing, including the type and severity of the wound, the presence of underlying health conditions, and the application of appropriate wound care interventions*

Moghadamtousi and colleagues [134] investigated the wound healing activity of the ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves (5% w/w and 10% w/w) against excisional wound healing in rats. Topical administration of the extract for 15 days demonstrated significant wound healing potential assessed by macroscopic and microscopic analyses. The anti-inflammatory effects of the extract were demonstrated during the healing process as shown by the up-regulation of Hsp70, as assessed by immunohistochemical evaluation. The antioxidant defense also fortified the wound healing activity of A. muricata leaves. The same experiment using the alcoholic extract of the stem bark also showed a significant reduction in the wound area from the 4th day after injury onwards [135]. These studies showed that AGEs from A. muricata may have potential wound healing activity against excisional wounds.

**7. Conclusions**
A. muricata is a coveted tropical tree, and a wealth of phytochemical investigations have been conducted for this fruit plant. In addition to being an important source for the food industry and an indigenous medicinal plant, A. muricata is proven to possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. Among all former studies on this plant, the most promising activities are found to be its anticancer, antiparasitic and insecticidal activity. Because the majority of the previous studies were focused on the biological activities of the plant extract, further investigations on the biochemical and physiological functions of active compounds and the detailed mechanisms underlying these activities are completely pivotal for the development of pharmaceutical and agricultural products. In addition, clinical trials concerning the rich pharmaceutical potential of A. muricata have been markedly neglected in previous studies. Several reports on the neurodegenerative effects of A. muricata and its isolated AGEs are completely perplexing, and further research is crucial to distinguish all the compounds contributing to this effect and determine the threshold of these compounds at which this effect is caused. This review is hoped to be a source of enlightenment and motivation for researchers to further perform in vitro, in vivo and clinical investigations on the biological activities of A. muricata to gain insight into developing new agricultural and pharmaceutical agents.

## Kunyit Putih

https://hellosehat.com/herbal-alternatif/herbal/manfaat-kesehatan-kunyit-putih/

https://www.alodokter.com/fakta-manfaat-kunyit-putih-bagi-kesehatan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria

In traditional medicine

The plant is used traditionally to treat inflammation, pain, and a variety of skin ailments including wounds, as well as menstrual irregularities and ulcers.[6]

https://ntbg.org/database/plants/detail/curcuma-zedoaria

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/curcuma-zedoaria

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824061/

**The Genus Curcuma and Inflammation: Overview of the Pharmacological Perspectives**

he Curcuma genus has been extensively used for therapeutic purposes in traditional or folk medicine worldwide, including for its anti-inflammatory activity. Curcuma spp.’s active constituents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, can act on various targets in the signaling pathway, restrain pro-inflammatory enzymes, lower the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and reduce oxidative stress, which subsequently suppresses inflammatory processes. Preclinical and clinical studies have reported the predominant anti-inflammatory activity of several Curcuma species. This review provides an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts, preparations, and bioactive components in this genus. This analysis may provide a scientific basis for developing new and alternative methods for the isolation of a single entity from this genus to attenuate inflammatory conditions. The Curcuma genus is waiting for researchers interested in developing safe and efficient anti-inflammatory agents for further investigation.

## Daun Binahong
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binahong

Binahong[1] atau piahong (Anredera cordifolia) atau piyahong (Inggris: Heartleaf maderavine madevine) adalah tanaman obat yang tumbuh di dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi dan mempunyai banyak khasiat dalam meyembuhkan berbagai macam penyakit ringan maupun berat.[2] Tumbuhan menjalar, berbatang lunak, berdaun tunggal, berbunga majemuk, berkhasiat untuk melancarkan peredaran darah dan mengembalikan daya tahan tubuh.[1] Tanaman ini sudah lama ada di Indonesia tetapi baru akhir-akhir ini saja menjadi alternatif bagi sebagian orang untuk dijadikan obat alami untuk menyembuhkan atau mengurangi beberapa penyakit ringan maupun berat.

https://plantiago.com/anredera-cordifolia/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8100415/

**Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen.) Leaf Extract Modulates Fatty Acids and Amino Acids to Lower Blood Glucose in High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats**

**Effects of Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis) Extracts on the Levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in Cataract Goat Lenses**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34234627/

Cataracts are one of the most causes of blindness in the world. Oxidative stress can form pathological conditions such as cataracts. This oxidative stress ability can be measured by the malondialdehyde (MDA) biomarker. Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis) are native plants from Indonesia that are used to treat various diseases including cataract treatment. Binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis) has a high amount of flavonoids and is rich in antioxidants that can be used to treat cataracts. Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of binahong leaf extract on the levels of MDA in a goat lens with cataract-induced material. Method. As many as possible, 40 goat eye lenses were divided into several groups, namely, group I normal lenses as controls (glucose 5.5 mM), group II lenses were cataract induced with glucose concentration of 55 mM, group III lenses with glucose 55 mM + binahong leaf extract (100 μg/ml), group IV lens with glucose 55 mM + binahong leaf extract (200 μg/ml), and group V lens with glucose 55 mM + quercetin (positive control). Biochemical parameters measured in the lens homogenate are malondialdehyde lens morphology in all groups' observations and comparisons made. Results. The results of the study found that the lens group with the addition of binahong extract showed more results transparency compared to lens groups induced by glucose concentrations of 55 mM). This shows that the diabetic cataract group experienced high oxidative stress due to the accumulation of sorbitol compounds derived from glucose which caused turbidity in the goat eye lens and increased levels of lens MDA. Binahong levels at concentrations of 100 or 200 can inhibit MDA production. Conclusion. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis) extract has the ability to inhibit the production of MDA levels. In glucose-induced goat lenses, binahong extract and quercetin show antioxidant and anticataract properties.

## Sambiloto

### 24 september 2021
http://manfaatdaunbuah.blogspot.com/2015/08/manfaat-khasiat-daun-turi-bagi.html
Nama ilmiah tumbuhan ini adalah Sesbania grandiflora. Kulit batang turi mengandung tanin, egatin, zantoagetin, basorin, resin, kalsium oksalat, sulfur, peroksida, zat warna. Saponin, tanin, glikosida, peroksida, vitamin A, dan vitamin B terdapat pada daun. Sementara itu, bunganya kaya akan kalsium, zat besi, galu, vitamin A, dan vitamin B. Bungaanggota famili Papiliaonaceae itu berguna sebagai pelembut kulit, pencahar, dan penyejuk.

http://manfaatdaunbuah.blogspot.com/2014/10/manfaat-dan-khasiat-rumput-teki-untuk.html
anyak kaum wanita yang mengalami masalah menstruasi, setiap kali tamu bulanan itu datang mereka mengalami kesakitan seperti pusing, mual dan sakit yang melilit pada perutnya. Menstruasi memang menjadi sesuatu yang sangat menakutkan bagi para beberapa wanita yang mengalami gangguan menstruasi. Sebenarnya gangguan menstruasi bisa diatasi dengan cara yang alami tanpa obat obatan.Rumput Teki (Cyperus Rotundus L) berdasarkan sebuah penelitian, mengandung minyak atsiri, alkaloid,glikosida dan flavonoid. Minyak Atsiri yang terdapat pada umbi (rimpang) rumput teki inilah yang diduga memiliki efek estrogenik yang berperan penting dalam dasar pengobatan untuk mengatasi berbagai gangguan menstruasi.

Kandungan Kimia Yang Dimiliki Rumput Teki

Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa umbi (rimpang) rumput teki ini mengandung alkaloid, glikosida jantung, flavonoid dan minyak menguap sebanyak 0,3-1% yang isinya bervariasi, tergantung daerah asal tumbuhnya. Akar yang berasal dari Jepang berisi cyperol, cyperene I & II, alfa-cyperone, cyperotundone dan cyperolone, sedangkan yang berasal dari China berisi patchoulenone dan cyperene. Minyak essensial yang diperoleh dari umbi rumput teki ini mengandung sedikitnya 27 senyawa yang terdiri dari seskuiterpen, hidrokarbon, epokside, keton-keton, monoterpen dan alifatik alkohol serta beberapa senyawa lain yang belum dapat diidentifikasi

## 19 Oktober 2021

https://b-ok.asia/book/510012/4593b4?dsource=recommend
Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine

Buku-buku rekomendasi

## 29 november 2021
https://wiac.info/docview

Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia Jilid 4

https://dlscrib.com/download/atlas-tumbuhan-obat-indonesia-jilid-1-farmasi_58fc27ffdc0d60b538959ec3_pdf

## 14 januari 2022

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepel

Tumbuhan kepel atau burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol) adalah pohon penghasil buah hidangan meja yang menjadi flora identitas Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.[1][2] Buah kepel digemari puteri kraton-kraton di Jawa karena dipercaya menyebabkan keringat beraroma wangi dan membuat air seni tidak berbau tajam.

https://bungabunga.co.id/daun-kepel/

Manfaat dan Khasiat Daun Kepel.
Anti Oksidan

Manfaat daun Kepel pertama adalah mencegah efek radikal bebas. Daun ini adalah daun antioksidan alami untuk tubuh Anda. Mulai sekarang, gunakan Daun Kepel ini untuk mencegah efek berbahaya dari radikal bebas.
Menurunkan Kadar Kolesterol

Daun kepel juga efektif dalam mengobati kolesterol yang membandel. Ya, ini terjadi karena manfaat daun Kepel dapat menyeimbangkan kadar kolesterol jahat (HDL) dalam darah.

***Anda bisa memasak daun Kepel 7-8 lembar dalam tiga gelas air, didihkan, hingga 1 gelas air tersisa***.

Minumlah secara teratur setiap hari. Jika Anda bisa mentolerir rasanya, Anda juga bisa makan daun Kepel langsung untuk menurunkan kolesterol dalam tubuh.
Mencegah Kanker

Manfaat Daun Kepel, selain mencegah aksi radikal bebas, juga menangkal pencegahan kanker. Penyakit ini biasanya terjadi karena kerusakan sel-sel tubuh dan akhirnya pada pembentukan sel-sel kanker. Itu sebabnya daun ini bagus untuk sel-sel sehat dalam tubuh Anda.
Membantu Program Diet

Manfaat daun Kepel juga dapat membantu program diet Anda. Daun ini memiliki senyawa unik dan alami yang membuat diet Anda lebih sukses. Jangan lupa berlatih olahraga dengan rajin setiap hari.
Mengatasi Rasa Sakit

Manfaat daun Kepel dalam pengobatan nyeri didukung oleh kandungan senyawa dalam daun ini yang efektif untuk faktor pereda nyeri tertentu. Fungsinya hampir sama dengan dalam pengobatan peradangan.
Menjaga Daya Tahan Tubuh

Manfaat lain dari lembar Kepel yang Anda terima adalah menjaga daya tahan. Daun ini menguatkan tubuh Anda dan melindunginya dari penyakit, termasuk penyakit menular.
Dapat Menghilangkan Bau Badan

Daun Kapel sejak dahulu digunakan sebagai pewangi tubuh alami dengan rutin meminum rebusan air daun kapel maka tubuh anda dapat mengeluarkan aroma wangi

Caranya : Anda bisa menghaluskan daun kepel kemudian Anda ambil sari patinya untuk dijadikan racikan bersama dengan bahan lainnya. Gunakanlah madu murni jika Anda ingin meredakan rasa pahit yang berasal dari daun ini agar Dapat menelanya dengan mudah.

### Mengobati Asam Urat

Ya, masalah klasik berikutnya adalah asam urat. Masalah ini mempengaruhi tidak hanya orang tua, tetapi juga orang muda. Nah, bagi Anda yang sering bingung karena masalah asam urat, Anda tidak perlu khawatir lagi. Manfaat daun Kepel sebenarnya bisa menghilangkan asam urat yang Anda derita.

Ambil 7-8 lembar daun Kepel dan cuci sampai bersih. Kemudian Anda bisa merebusnya dengan dua gelas air, setara dengan 400 ml. Biarkan mendidih dan volume air menyusut hingga sekitar satu gelas (150 ml). Anda dapat mengkonsumsi ramuan tradisional ini selagi hangat. Konsumsi rutin 2-3 kali sehari harus menghilangkan masalah asam urat yang Anda derita.

## Membantu Kesehatan Tulang

Anda dapat memanfaatkan daun kepel untuk membantu kesehatan tulang, misal nya ketika tulang anda terkilir atau kecetit, daun kepel dipercaya dapat membantu proses penyembuhannya

Berikut Caranya

Ambil 10 lembar daun Kepel muda.
Rebus 3 gelas air hingga airnya meninggalkan 1 gelas.
Minumlah air rebusan daun kepel saat hangat.
Lakukan ini setiap pagi dan sore.

## Mengatasi Diare

Atasi penyakit diare lebih aman dengan manfaat Daun kepel. Daun ini efektif untuk mengobati diare yang disebabkan oleh bakteri. Bakteri ini mudah dihilangkan dengan daun kepel ini.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/all/?term=Stelechocarpus%20burahol


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289540386_Potensi_kadar_bioaktif_yang_terdapat_pada_daun_kepel_Stelechocarpus_burahol

## Daun Samber Nyowo
Gynura procumbens: An Overview of the Biological Activities
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27014066/

## Tanaman Obat
https://mamikos.com/info/jenis-tanaman-herbal-obat-alami-keluarga/

60 Jenis Tanaman Obat Keluarga Herbal Alami (Toga) – Jenis tanaman obat keluarga atau yang juga dikenal dengan TOGA ialah tanaman budidaya rumahan yang berkhasiat sebagai obat. Hingga saat ini, rupanya masih banyak orang yang menggunakan obat tradisional untuk menyembuhkan beberapa penyakit yang dirasakan.

## Steroid Saponin
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steroid-saponin

# Casia Alata
https://www.wildturmeric.net/cassia-alata-medicinal-uses-health-benefits-side-effects/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054808/

Ethnobotanical Description and Biological Activities of Senna alata

Senna alata is a medicinal herb of Leguminosae family. It is distributed in the tropical and humid regions. The plant is traditionally used in the treatment of typhoid, diabetes, malaria, asthma, ringworms, tinea infections, scabies, blotch, herpes, and eczema. The review is aimed at unveiling the ethnobotanical description and pharmacological activities of S. alata. Different parts of the plant are reported in folk medicine as therapeutic substances for remediation of diverse diseases and infections. The extracts and isolated compounds displayed pronounced pharmacological activities. Display of antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, dermatophytic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antilipogenic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimalarial, anthelmintic, and antiviral activities could be due to the array of secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinone, saponins, phenolics, cannabinoid alkaloids, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene, limonene, α-selinene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, cinnamic acid, pyrazol-5-ol, methaqualone, isoquinoline, quinones, reducing sugars, steroids, and volatile oils present in different parts of the plant. The review divulges the ethnobotanical and pharmacological activities of the plant and also justifies the ethnomedical claims. The significant medicinal value of this plant necessitates a scientific adventure into the bioactive metabolites which constitute various extracts.