# Topic B: Telemedicine
## 1 Introduction
>With information and technology expanding at a massive rate, our swift advancements never slow down in our globalizing world. Access, equity, quality, and cost-effectiveness are key issues facing health care in both developed and less economically developed countries. Modern information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as computers, the Internet, and cell phones, are revolutionizing how individuals communicate with each other, seek and exchange information, and enriching their lives. These technologies have great potential to help address contemporary global health problems. World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe) to review the benefits that ICTs can bring to health care and patients’ wellbeing. Telemedicine is the very epitome of technology-driven healthcare and serves as a literal lifeline for thousands if not millions of people who live in rural areas who do not have access to proper medical facilities. A recent trend suggests that remote patients won’t be the only ones who benefit from telemedicine. An increasing number of patients who live in urban areas have also begun to take notice of this rapidly growing industry. This is because many people are interested in the convenience that telemedicine provides. However there are several challenging problem that telemedicine should face, such as cost, legal, culture, infrastructure, policy ect..
### 1.1 Def
>Telemedicine, a term coined in the 1970s, which literally means “healing at a distance” , signifies the use of ICT to improve patient outcomes by increasing access to care and medical information. Recognizing that there is no one definitive definition of telemedicine – a 2007 study found 104 peer-reviewed definitions of the word – the World Health Organization has adopted the following broad description.
>
>> “The delivery of health care services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health care professionals using information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information: for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of health care providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and their communities”
>Four elements are germane to telemedicine:
>1. Its purpose is to provide clinical support.
>2. It is intended to overcome geographical barriers, connecting users who are not in the same physical location.
>3. It involves the use of various types of ICT.
>4. Its goal is to improve health outcomes.
>
### 1.2 Problem
#### Barriers to telemedicine development
The most prevalent barrier to the implementation of telemedicine programmes globally is the perception that **costs** of telemedicine are too high. Developing countries are more likely to consider resource issues such as **high costs**, **underdeveloped infrastructure**, and **lack of technical expertise** to be barriers to telemedicine. Developed countries are more likely to consider **legal issues** surrounding patient privacy and confidentiality, competing health system **priorities**, and a perceived **lack of demand** to be barriers to telemedicine implementation.
#### Features of Telemedicine
##### Benefits for remote or rural areas
Telemedicine holds great potential for reducing the variability of diagnoses as well as improving clinical management and delivery of health care services worldwide by enhancing access, quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, telemedicine can aid communities traditionally underserved – those in remote or rural areas with few health services and staff – because it overcomes distance and time barriers between health-care providers and patients.
##### Benefits for clients and provider
Telemedicine allows greater access to medical specialists. This eliminates the back and forth of traveling between hospitals and remote out of the way specialist offices. With that being said, another advantage of telemedicine is that **all travel expenses are eliminated**. That saves the patient money in terms of fuel for their vehicle.
Yet another benefit of telemedicine is **less interference with childcare**. Patients don’t have to worry about finding a babysitter to watch their kids due to a doctor’s appointment. This also applies to in-home care for the elderly. As a final bonus, medical costs are much lower overall.
Telemedicine allows providers to **treat more patients simultaneously**. Essentially, the “line” has been eliminated which enables providers to address as many patients as they can handle. This also leads to fewer cancellations and missed appointments. Providers also make more money working with individual patients.
## 2 Challenges Telemedicine May Face
>In both industrialized and developing countries, telemedicine has yet to be consistently employed in the health care system to deliver routine services, and few pilot projects have been able to sustain themselves once initial [seed funding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_money) has ended.
>
### Complex of human and cultural factors
>Some patients and health careworkers resist adopting service models that differ from traditional approaches or indigenous practices, while others lack ICT [literacy](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zht/%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E-%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E-%E7%B9%81%E9%AB%94/literacy) to use telemedicine approaches effectively. Most challenging of all are linguistic and cultural differences between patients (particularly those underserved) and service providers.
### A shortage of studies documenting economic benefits and cost-effectiveness of telemedicine applications
>Demonstrating solid business cases to convince policy-makers to embrace and invest in telemedicine has contributed to shortcomings in infrastructure and underfunding of programmes.
>
### Legal considerations are a major obstacle to telemedicine uptake
>* an absence of an international legal framework to allow health professionals to deliver services in different jurisdictions and countries.
>
>* a lack of policies that govern patient privacy and confidentiality visà-vis data transfer, storage, and sharing between health professionals and jurisdictions.
>
>* health professional authentication, in particular in e-mail applications.
>
>* the risk of medical liability for the health professionals offering telemedicine services.
>
### Technological challenges
>The systems being used are complex, and there is the potential for malfunction, which could trigger software or hardware failure.
This could increase the morbidity or mortality of patients and the liability of health-care providers as well.
Telemedicine must be regulated by definitive and comprehensive guidelines, which are applied widely, ideally worldwide.
Concurrently, legislation governing confidentiality, privacy, access, and liability needs to be instituted. As public and private sectors engage in closer collaboration and become increasingly interdependent in eHealth applications, care must be taken to ensure that telemedicine will be deployed intelligently to maximize health services and optimal quality and guarantee that for-profit endeavours do not deprive citizens access to fundamental public health services.
In all countries, issues pertaining to confidentiality, dignity, and privacy are of ethical concern with respect to the use of ICTs in telemedicine. It is imperative that telemedicine be implemented equitably and to the highest ethical standards, to maintain the dignity of all individuals and ensure that differences in education, language, geographic location, physical and mental ability, age, and sex will not lead to marginalization of care.
以上資料的參考來源:[Reprot on the second global survey for eHealth](https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_telemedicine_2010.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1qpg8JBjlbprpxA8_2j7BCxt1evx1eNYq7HANeYexvBawHkaewjJaC4hk)
## 3 Trend in Telemedicine
https://www.medicalalertadvice.com/resources/telemedicine-trends/?fbclid=IwAR3fbhCIgj-ys6Ch8kFs1UyvP-W0W4LMotrMhx3HOX4TjxlYvJDwdL-edq0
>**更好的技術和醫療保健應用**
遠程醫療在你穿著睡衣時,可能會讓你可以方便地與受過訓練的醫學專家交談,但始終可以改善患者的參與度,尤其是在醫療保健領域。隨著我們社會中如此流行的應用程序文化,期望看到改進的遠程醫療應用程序能夠大大改善患者與提供者之間的**溝通**。你還可以期望找到可以個性化你資訊的應用程序,您可以用手指滑動來讓資訊顯示在螢幕上。
>**分散醫療保健的興起**
越來越多的醫護人員正在從大型綜合醫院遷移而來,並開闢了基於社區的小型診所。這種趨勢的特點是大型醫院在分散的地點提供更專業的服務。
>
>隨著世界的不斷發展,據預測,更喜歡遠程醫療所提供的靈活性的年輕醫療專業人員將通過大量開放自己的遠程醫療實踐之門,繼續推動**去中心化**。
>**更嚴格的網絡安全措施**
隨著遠程醫療100%依賴技術,網絡安全已成為必需。醫療保健行業對網絡攻擊並不陌生,但是隨著遠程醫療變得越來越流行,信息保護已成為重中之重。2019年及以後,有望見證遠程醫療行業保護機密信息的方式發生巨大變化。
>
>不幸的是,專門研究數據漏洞和其他駭入形式的駭客將始終具有優勢,因為他們總是從攻擊的角度出發,不斷地探索他們想破壞的系統之防禦力。 因此,系統管理員只能做出反應並嘗試利用定期更新來修補漏洞。
>
>由於擔心與數據洩露相關的巨額成本,加上擔心網絡攻擊的防禦性,遠程醫療行業將繼續採取行動以增強其安全性。
>**CONSOLIDATION**
在我們這個瞬息萬變的世界中,許多較小的實踐都在竭盡全力。隨著業務成本的上升,嚴格的法規,無法適當擴展的因素以及其他因素,這些小型企業已開始尋求其他遠程醫療公司尋求解決方案。
>
>如果這些小型企業中的許多都與擁有足夠資金維持生計和蓬勃發展的大型遠程醫療企業合作,這也就不足為奇了。這些“聯盟”將使更大的遠程醫療部門能夠提供專業服務,這些服務將在他們吸收失敗的做法時獲得。對每個人來說都是雙贏。
>**專有的硬體/軟體已成為過去**
在大多數情況下,醫院和遠程醫療行業已經利用專有的軟體和硬體為患者提供服務。但是,隨著易於使用和廣泛分發的安全軟件的出現,這可能很快就會改變。這些解決方案不僅用戶友好,而且比實施專有系統要便宜得多。安全的第三方平台將很快成為遠程醫療行業的規範。
>**前往急診室的人次減少**
如果腳踝扭傷,你什麼都不能做。那真的非常需要去急診室一趟。但是,遠程醫療的便捷性可以使你在病情發展到需要前往急診室之前,能夠更輕鬆地檢查和診斷可治療的疾病。
## 4 Further Research
### >技術應用層面相關文獻
### 遠程醫療在控制急性和慢性心髒病患者中的應用
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/tmj.2018.0199?mi=9mjfuu&af=R&SeriesKey=tmj&sortBy=Earliest&target=default&utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound
簡介:遠程醫療(TM)已經改變了急診心血管疾病學領域,尤其是急性心肌梗塞(AMI)的治療。能夠在院前早期記錄心電圖(EKG)的能力,從而避免了直接轉移到導管室進行初次血管成形術診斷心肌梗塞的任何延遲,已被證明可以顯著減少治療時間和降低死亡率。
材料和方法:我們根據TM在心血管疾病學方面的支持,分析了可用的證據和組織模型,包括基於文獻綜述的TM在心血管疾病中的應用。
結果: TM在心血管疾病領域的最重要應用領域如下:
1. 早期院前診斷為EKG傳播的AMI。
1. 通過可穿戴設備和設備進行患者遠程控制;
1. 監測慢性心力衰竭患者;
1. 患者心律不齊的監測;
1. 將回波圖像傳輸到III級中心以獲得“第二意見”。
結論:因此,TM服務應被視為心血管急症的真正診斷/治療方面。有必要對醫務人員進行教育,並為軟件工程師提供誘人的環境。必須投資基礎設施和設備,並為其實施提供積極的氣氛。
### 使用霍夫曼編碼和CBC-AES遠程監視ECG數據的無損壓縮和加密機制
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X19313950?dgcid=rss_sd_all&utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound
生物醫學信號處理提供了一個跨學科的國際論壇,通過該論壇可以共享對信號和圖像測量的研究以及臨床醫學和生物科學的分析。當用於生物醫學應用時,無線人體局域網中的廣播傳輸提出了嚴重的安全挑戰。
心電圖(ECG)信號通常用於診斷心血管疾病。但是,由於連續的心率日誌和重要參數存儲,ECG數據需要大容量的存儲設備。因此,在將壓縮方案發送到遠程醫療中心進行監視和分析之前,將壓縮方案應用於ECG數據。
因此,由於其緊湊的尺寸,適當的壓縮機制不僅可以提高存儲效率,而且還有助於從一個設備到另一個設備的快速數據傳輸。我們提出了一種使用緩衝區塊,峰值檢測,壓縮和加密機制的方案,以實現從傳感器到監視器的無縫安全的ECG信號傳輸。
研究將證明,使用離散小波變換,霍夫曼編碼和密碼塊鏈接-高級加密標準算法的方法所提出的方案所獲得的重構信號的質量要優於使用未加密的壓縮所獲得的重構信號的質量。
此外,儘管該數據已經被加密,但是所提出的系統可以提供質量控制的壓縮數據。
實驗結果表明,該系統為保證ECG數據存儲和傳輸的數據安全性和壓縮性能提供了有效的手段。該方案的安全性可抵禦已知的隱私攻擊
### 遠程醫療應用程序:來自智能手機上無線人體傳感器的ECG數據
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5967061
信息技術和電信的發展已達到可以將其用於滿足遠程醫療和遠程醫療保健需求的水平。利用ICT的優勢,我們提出了一種為遠程監控心臟活動提供舒適選擇的應用程序。我們使用無線雙極人體電極以無線方式記錄心電圖,並結合現有便攜式智能設備的優勢來顯示電極的實時數據。此外,可以從三個無線雙極人體電極重建和顯示標準的12導聯心電圖,並將其存儲以進行進一步分析。

在正常的日常活動中對心血管疾病患者的日常生活進行監測,以更好地評估治療的正確性。其次,應減少住院,以降低醫療費用。影響醫療保健成本最明顯的地方是提供家庭護理服務。
對家庭護理服務的需求以及智能手機的可用性不斷提高。通過將實時遠程醫療系統集成到家庭醫療保健策略中,可以改善醫療保健管理。此外,可以節省大量金錢,並且可以有效地利用資源。
我們提出了一種用於監測心臟活動的無線ECG系統的設計和實現。考慮到其無線功能,該系統在實現遠程醫療和家庭護理的目標方面可以發揮重要作用。市場上智能手機的可用性及其不斷提高的性能和功能極大地支持了其應用。

多年來,具有12導聯心電圖的診斷基礎已成為大多數心髒病專家認可的黃金標準。但是,我們的無線ECG系統最多可產生三個測量值,即導線。通過正確定位三個WBBE並優化計算線性變換,這三個測量值可用於正確重建12導聯心電圖。將來,可以輕鬆升級系統的圖形界面,以顯示從三個WBBE重建的標準ECG的所有12個通道。因此,可以在智能手機上實時執行一些分析,最好是對人的重要功能進行評估的分析。最重要的結果和警報可以通過Internet直接傳輸給醫務人員,以警告他們潛在的威脅生命的事件。對於某些特定的心臟診斷,例如心律失常監測,在急性期,對12導聯心電圖的分析非常重要。此外,對12導聯心電圖進行較長時間和正常日常活動的分析可能非常有用。為此,可以將12導聯心電圖存儲在智能手機上,以便以後通過某些可用的智能手機界面發送給醫生,以進行進一步分析。
### Swinfen慈善信託遠程醫療網絡
https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_telemedicine_2010.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2A7Vi-4bhBFd_5HMzxtawwMpjOImdMuPDDrSaAtdV4urhll3o35qR3eU0 (P.62)
Swinfen慈善信託遠程醫療網絡使用低成本的存儲轉髮型遠程醫療系統,將發展中國家的衛生保健工作者與國際諮詢專家庫聯繫起來。起初,該網路基於轉診保健專業人員和諮詢醫生之間的一個簡單的電子郵件系統。通信方法已增強為基於 Web 的郵件系統,只需互聯網連接,無需特殊軟體。所有相關方都能夠登錄到一個私有和安全的集中系統。臨床病例的詳細資訊,包括臨床照片或X光片等圖像,張貼在留言板上,要求來自一個或多個專業領域的專家提供建議。
將推薦內容提交到留言板會提示向 SCT 發送電子郵件,通知收件者已發佈新的推薦信。SCT 系統操作員審核推薦後,會向相應的志願者專家發送電子郵件。一旦通過電子郵件通知轉診,指定的專家將登錄留言板,查看臨床資訊,並回復轉診。除了訪問臨床病例的詳細資訊外,專家還可以查看有關生成轉診的醫院或診所的資訊,以確定可用的診斷測試和服務的範圍。
這項服務對在偏遠地區工作的醫生特別有益,他們獲得診斷測試的機會有限,因為如果沒有這項服務,他們就無法從具有此類臨床領域專門知識的專家那裡獲得第二份意見和建議。該網路也使患者及其家屬受益,特別是那些無法長途跋涉以獲得專科保健服務的患者及其家屬。
網絡服務的各個方面均已記錄在案,包括用戶滿意度,對轉診的響應速度,臨床圖像的質量以及醫學生在促進與網絡相連的醫院工作的醫生使用服務方面的作用。總的來說,轉診醫師認為專家的建議是有幫助的,特別是在診斷和為醫療保健團隊,患者以及患者家人提供保證方面。可以從該基金會的網站獲得SCT:www.swinfencharitabletrust.org。 為了改進現有的服務提供方法,SCT希望進一步將通過移動電話與高分辨率相機進行的信息交換集成在一起。使用手持設備可以通過增加提交推薦人的可訪問性來加快諮詢過程。SCT還希望以多種語言響應不斷增長的服務請求。目前,SCT正在與無國界醫生一起使用英語和法語進行系統試用的階段。 SCT還與希臘醫療慈善機構合作,以希臘語建立系統,以支持為坦桑尼亞聯合共和國的希臘社區服務的醫院,並且計劃在西班牙語中為玻利維亞的醫生建立一個系統。
應國提交的評估和審查的內容在內容和方法上有所不同;在這些評估中,只有不到一半是對遠程醫療進行了方法論上的特定評估,而大多數評估是關於在國內使用遠程醫療或其他eHealth舉措的更一般的概述文件。似乎只有極少數國家/地區正在對遠程醫療進行詳細,高質量的評估,其中包括諸如患者結果或成本效益分析之類的詳細結果。
高收入組和低收入組在最近發布了遠程醫療評估或審查的國家中所佔比例相似。由於高收入國家的學術機構和捐助者經常將低收入國家作為遠程醫療計劃的對象,因此這種趨勢並不罕見。這些程序通常會被評估為學術出版物,或者由捐贈組織內部評估。對遠程醫療評估過程的影響需要對遠程醫療計劃進行嚴格的評估,以生成可靠的數據,供決策者使用,以製定和製定國家遠程醫療政策和戰略。 開發遠程醫療解決方案的機構應記錄和發布最佳實踐,經驗教訓以及經濟和健康成果; 這可以提供有助於簡化實施流程,通知現有項目的修改以提高成本效益和可擴展性以及評估計劃在不同地區和醫療專業之間的可轉移性的模型。 儘管仔細規劃和評估遠程醫療計劃始終很重要,但是這些過程成為幫助確保以最佳方式利用有限資源的關鍵組成部分。