# Introduction of Computer Science<br>Ch1 & Ch2
NTNU 計算機概論

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###### tags: `NTNU` `CSIE` `必修` `Introduction of Computer Sciencce`

# Ch1.Introduction
## History of computing
**John Napier's Bones** find **logarithm**[^logarithm].
**William Oughtred** devise **slide rule**[^slide_rule].
**Blaise Pascal** devise **Pascaline**(mechanical calculator) which can do **addition** and **subtraction**.
**Gottfried Leibniz** devise **Leibniz's Wheel**(Stepped Drums) which can do **multiplication** and **division** as well as **addition** and **subtraction**.
**Joseph-Marie Jacquard** devise **The Jacquard loom** which using **punched card**[^punched_card] to control sewing machine,and first machine using **storage** and **Programming concept**.
| machine | deviser | addition | subtraction | multiplication | division | feature |
|:-------------------------------:|:-----------------:|:--------:|:-----------:|:--------------:|:--------:|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| slide rule | William Oughtred | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | it can also calculate index[^index] and trigonometric functions[^trigonometric_functions] |
| pascaline | Blaise Pascal | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| Leibniz's Wheel (Stepped Drums) | Gottfried Leibniz | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |

[^logarithm]: logarithm：對數
[^slide_rule]: slide_rule：計算尺
[^punched_card]: punched_card：打孔卡
[^index]: index：指數
[^trigonometric_functions]: trigonometric_functions：三角函數
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### Turing Model
#### The universal Turing machine
A machine that can do any computation if the appropriate program is provided.
Was the first description of a morden computer.
#### [Alan Mathison Turing's wiki page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing)

### Programmable data processor model
+ A program is a set of instructions that tell the computer what to do with data.
+ A program is a set of instructions written in a computer language.
+ The ouput data depend on the combination of **the input data and the program**

### ABC(Atanasoff Berry Computer)
+ 1939 design by **John V. Atansoff** and **Clifford Berry**
+ use vacuum tube[^vacuum_tube],binary and drum memory[^drum_memory]
+ Its specifically designed to solve a system of linear equations[^linear_equation].
+ 1973 The U.S. District Court's judgement said that **ABC was the first digital computer**

[^vacuum_tube]:vacuum_tube：真空管
[^drum_memory]:drum_memory：旋轉記憶鼓
[^linear_equation]:linear_equation：線性方程式

### ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
+ 1946 built by **Eckert** and **Mauchly**
+ 史上第一部大型電子計算機 用以計算彈道表格 程式為外接式 每秒可執行5000次加法
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## von Neumann MODEL
#### Four main parts：**memory**, **arithmetic logic unit(ALU)**, **control unit(CU)** and **I/O(input/output)**


+ memory：the data and program are stored as binary patterns in memory
+ arithmetic logic unit(ALU)：calculation and logical operations take place
+ control unit(CU)：CU controls the operations of the memory, ALU, and the I/O subsystem[^subsystem]
[^subsystem]:subsystem：子系統

### stored program concept
+ the von neumann model states that the program must be stored in **memory**
+ the memory of morden computers hosts both a program and its corresponding data.They are stored as **binary** patterns (a sequence of 0s and 1s) in memory

### EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Varible Automatic Computer)
+ 1950 built in University of Pennsylvania
+ the first computer based on von Neumann's idea

### the first generation computer to the fourth

| generation | era | electronic component | the size of the electronic component | the speed |
|:----------:|:---------:|:--------------------------------------:|:------------------------------------:|:-------------------------------:|
| First | 1950~1959 | vacuum tube | a thumb | millisecond<br>(10^-3^second) |
| Second | 1959~1965 | transitor | an eraser on the pencil | microsecond<br>(10^-6^second) |
| Third | 1965~1975 | intefrated circuit<br>(IC) | 0.5mm pencil lead | 10 nanosecond<br>(10^-8^second) |
| Fourth | 1975~1985 | very-large-scale integration<br>(VLSI) | smaller than a needle | nanosecond<br>(10^-9^second) |
Fifth Generation(1985~present):multimedia, vitural reality(VR)

## computer components

### 4.CPU(central processing unit)

#### Moore's Law
Moore's Law refers to a co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and CEO of Intel --Moore's perception that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every 18 months.

#### Gilder's Law
Gilder's Law provides that the "total bandwidth of communications systems triples every 12 months.

#### Murphy's Law
Anything that can go wrong will go wrong

### 5.Motherboard(Mainboard)

1. BIOS and CMOS
2. Input/Output Ports
3. IDE and SATA connector (Storage Device Connectors)
4. ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) connector
5. Cabinet Connections
6. CPU Socket
7. Expansion Card Slots(PCIe slot and AGP slot)
8. RAM (Memory) Slots
#### [more about mother board](https://reurl.cc/0zjk9x)

### 6.Port

### 7.Storing Data

## Key Terms
[algorithm](https://reurl.cc/zyeOq6)
[arithmetic logic unit(ALU)](https://reurl.cc/yyEWRO)
[Black box](https://reurl.cc/XXWxA7)
[Computer language](https://reurl.cc/GkmgNZ)

# Ch2 Number Systems
### 2-1 introduction
In digital numeral systems,
the radix or base is the number of unique digits,
including the digit zero,
used to represent numbers in a positional numeral system.
### 2-2 Positional number systems
[number system converter](https://reurl.cc/Gkd2pW)
#### The binary system
#### The octal system
#### The decimal system
#### The hexadecimal system

{%hackmd @sophie8909/csabb %}