###### tags: `O-RAN` `TEEP` `Internship` RAN and O-RAN Basics === ### 1. Radio Access Network Radio Access Network (RAN) is a network that connects mobile end-user devices. It works by sending information via radio waves from the end device to RAN's transceivers (BTS), and from the transceivers to the core network, which connects to the internet ![](https://i.imgur.com/LPjlmjh.png) ### 2. Open Radio Access Network O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) is a standard for building mobile communication networks that is designed to enable a **more open and interoperable ecosystem for radio access networks (RANs)**. It aims to provide a framework for designing and implementing RANs using open and standardized interfaces, protocols, and hardware, which **can facilitate vendor interoperability**, reduce costs, and promote innovation. O-RAN also promotes the **use of virtualization and cloud technologies** to increase network flexibility and agility. The O-RAN Alliance, a group of over 250 member companies, is responsible for developing and promoting the O-RAN standard. #### Difference Between RAN and O-RAN RAN (Radio Access Network) and O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) are related concepts, but there are some key differences between them: :::success - Openness: O-RAN enable multi-vendor interoperability - Virtualization: O-RAN used cloud techs and virtualization to increase network flexiblity and agility. ::: # Architechtures ### 1. RAN Architechture ![](https://i.imgur.com/Paw9sKM.png) The main architecture components of RAN include: - **Base Station**: This is the main component of the RAN and is responsible for transmitting and **receiving radio signals to and from the mobile devices**. - **Radio Network Controller** **(RNC)** or **Central Unit** **(CU)**: This component **manages and controls the base station**(s) and the radio resources, such as frequency allocation, power control, and handovers. - **User Equipment** **(UE)**: This component **includes the mobile devices**, such as smartphones, tablets, and other connected devices, that communicate with the RAN **to access the mobile network**. - **Radio Frequency** **(RF)** Subsystem: This subsystem includes the antennas, amplifiers, and other hardware **components that transmit and receive the radio signals**. - **Transport Network**: This component **provides the physical connectivity between the base station(s) and the core network**, such as the Internet or other networks. ### 2. Open RAN ![](https://i.imgur.com/CIZ1vpJ.png) The architecture components of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) include: - **O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU)**: Responsible for **transmitting and receiving radio signals** to and from the mobile devices. The O-RU is designed to be modular and can be deployed in different configurations depending on the use case. - **O-RAN Distributed Unit (O-DU)**: This component is responsible for the **signal processing and management of multiple O-RUs**. It provides functions such as baseband processing, scheduling, and resource allocation. - **O-RAN Central Unit (O-CU)**: This component is responsible for the **overall management and control of the O-RAN network**. It provides functions such as radio resource management, user plane function, and control plane function.