# Collaborative Game Studio Practice (1J6Z1017_2324_1F)
## Jannah Tasnim Rahman 21343319

## Introduction

In this unit, I am told to form a group with 5 people. In this group is me, Chris, Lucy, Mia and Gabriel. Our group was given themes to choose from that we would base our project on. We decided to choose the theme 'A pregnant detective on a Lovecraftian Train' as that intrigued us the most because of how unusual and creepy it sounds. I decided I wanted to be assigned as the Prop Artist. It was dicussed that the art style of the game should be comic book themed.

## Game Pitch

We as a group decided our game will be a visual novel based in the 1800s. It is about a pregnant detective named Elizabeth O'Connel. She is on an investigation in a mysterious luxury train named Graev'ex as many people were going missing mysteriously. In this game, Elizabeth will explore the train and find many clues to find answers about what is going on and why people are disappearing.

I will research and reference the comic artstyle and create different assets for this game.

## Inspiration

### The Walking Dead (Video Game Series)

The Walking Dead game is based on the comic series of The Walking Dead and made into a video game published by Telltale games. (Telltale Games, 2012) This video game series is about a zombie apocalypse taking place in Virginia, USA. (Linnea Aasland. 2022) This game is a episodic adventure game meaning there are episodes in this game and players make decisions for the story. This leads to different endings of the game. This is called the butterfly effect.

The games art style is heavily based on the comic book artstyle from The Walking Dead comic book series.

(Jesse Maccabe, 2019)

Here is a piece of artwork created by Art Director Jesse Maccabe who made a weapon concept art for the game. (Jesse Maccabe, 2019). Here it shows the hard use of line art on the weapon concept the lines are rough and thick in some areas. There are even dotted lines drawn over the coloured areas. It is clear that the artist based the artstyle on comic books.

(Jesse Maccabe, 2019)

Here is another piece of artwork created by the same artist. (Jesse Maccabe, 2019). Here it shows a rifle for one of the characters. The artist uses the same consistency of rough thick lines to replicate comic book art. The textures of the colours and shading are simple but detailed. It seems to me that the artist may have used cell shading as well as airbrushing in different areas of the gun.

I am heavily inspired by this style of art and fits how our group decided for the art style to be for our game. This art style used on a game shows that it can definitely work because it feels like it came out of a comic book directly.

### Steampunk Theme

Steampunk is a fictional theme based in the 1800s timeline and is a combination of Victorian and technology. (Kaitlin Herbert, 2017). This is a contrasting mix as both of these elements are very far apart from each other because they come from different timelines. It is a innovative way to assume how advanced technology must have worked and looked back in the 1800s.

Typical elements used in Steampunk designs are:

- Copper and wood
- Clocks
- Cogwheels
- Metals
- Neutral colours
- Machine-based technology

(Martine Lillycrop, 2014) (Foyr, no date)

(Eugene Fil, 2023)

(Eugene Fil, 2023)

Here is a pistol heavily based on Steampunk. (Eugene Fil, 2023). This is a 3D Art work and is created by Eugene fil who is a hard-surface artist. In both images shows a 3D pistol design with steampunk elements. The colours are neutral as the materials used are metals and wood. I assume the metals are copper from the brown colours used. There are also some vintage designs on the cylinder, handle and below the gun. This clearly represents the 1800s aesthetics as it contains Baroque patterns.

This piece of work give me a clear idea on how I would like to design my own weapon assets. Steampunk would be a great way to add in my designs as it fits the narrative of the 1800s timeline. I will heavily reference this theme along with the comic book art style as it will be a great combonation.

### Revolver

The Revolver is a widely recognised pistol known for its rotating cylinder holding bullets. This type of pistol has heavy recoil due to its large caliber and heaviness of the gun. (onlinetexasltc, 2022). The first practical revolver named Colt Paterson was invented in 1831 by Samuel Colt. (The Bryan Museum, no date). Knowing it was a practical pistol, it definitely had some downfall. It is said that the fire power was not strong enough to wound somebody harshly during the times used in war. (Smithsonian, no date). Because of this, Samuel upgraded the revolver which became the 'Colt Walker' revolver. It became this name because Samuel Colt partnered with Captain Samuel H Walker. This upgrade has more power than the practial revolver Colt Paterson.

*Figure 1:* Revolver (Source: The Bryan Museum, no date:online)

Here is the Colt Walker shown in *Figure 1:* Revolver (Source: The Bryan Museum, no date:online). This pistol has a long barrel and a cylinder to hold bullets. Six bullets are contained in this cylinder and spins when fired so the next bullet is ready for the next shot. The design of this gun is quite simple. The grip is made from wood attached with metal as the rest of the body.

I am intrigued by the design of the revolver. It is iconic and a powerful weapon which is a good firearm for protection. The use of metal and wood fits in with the Steampunk style which makes me believe they go well together.

### Shotgun

The shotgun is a heavily powered firearm first created in the 16th century in England. This gun was mainly used for hunting purposes in the 1800s. (Liberty Safe, no date). It was also used in British miltary to wound enemies. This was effective because of the way this gun shoots. The cartidge in shotguns are called shotgun shells. This type of firearm bullets shoots differently than others. In the shotgun shells are tiny cylinderical balls that explode when being fired. Shotgun shells have different gauges. This means the solid balls inside have a weight that will determine the gauge. (Orvis, no date).

*Figure 2:* Bannerman (Source: C&R Senal, 2020:online)

Here is a shotgun that catched my attention the most shown in *Figure 2:* Bannerman (Source: C&R Senal, 2020:online). This shotgun is called 'Bannerman'. This shotgun is the 1869 model of the Bannerman. This shotgun was created by Francis Bannerman. This shotgun did cause Bannerman lose a lawsuit because of the pump below the barrel. (Othais, 2020). It is recorded that Bannerman had to include the pump as there was competition in the market, so he did not come up with any original mechanical designs.

*Figure 2:* Bannerman (Source: C&R Senal, 2020:online), this shotgun shows it contains a long barrel with a slider which is used to discharge shells after being fired. There is use of metal and wood combined on this shotgun which links to my Steampunk research. I like the simplicity of the design because there is a lot I can change about this shotgun. It will give me a chance for my own originality when coming up for my own concepts.

## Weapon Mood Board

Here is a mood board I created to begin with my weapon designs. I gathered many fictional weapons as well as real weapons to give me an intial idea. The fictional weapons contain steampunk elements.

In this part of the mood board are weapons with lots of steampunk elements. I like the use of brown metals and wood. There is also cogwheels used which adds a nice look because it looks mechanical while aesthetically pleasing.

I made another mood board contain baroque patterns. These vintage patterns will definitely fit the weapon design as this element can be found in Steampunk and 1800s timeline.

### Revolver

To begin, I created six silhouettes of the revolver.

Since I am basing some of my designs on Steampunk, I will include the elements of that theme. The cogwheel is heavily used in Steampunk designs so I included it in my revolver silhouettes. For the barrel of the gun, I experimented with shape by adding thick sqaure shapes. I also added some barocco designs on the gun grip to add a vintage look.

I decided I like this silhouette the most. The shape is simple yet different to a regular revolver.



Here are the colour swatches I made using the chosen silhouette. I painted colours that are bronze, black gold and silver. Steampunk designs usually have this sort of brown colour pallet so I did the same to fit the theme.

I chose this to be my favourite colour pallet. It is silver like a regular revolver and has some unique designs that fit the colour scheme.

To begin lineart, I used the silhouette and lowered the opacity. I then added another layer and drew more details over the opaque layer.

I then added flat colours from the chosen colour pallet.

I added dark values to begin making this asset as I want to make it three dimensional.

I added lighter values which made it pop out more. On the golden colours, I made sure to put the 'Add' mode so it can reflect light more brightly.

After rendering the revolver, I added thicker layer of line art to give it a comic style art. I added sketches lines within the revolver itself to make it look like a comic cartoon.

I created a concept sheet displaying the revolver and colour swatch.

### Shotgun

The character will have a two guns, so I am going to make a shotgun.

This is part of the weapon mood board where I gathered shotgun images from Google. Most of these image have the same consistency in its designs which are like Steampunk. I will use this side of the mood board to heavily influence my designs.

For more refernce, I asked my overseas friend who's family owns shotguns. He consented for me to use them as reference and sent some photos via Discord private messages.

Here is a close up view of the stock of the shotgun. The black sqaure is censoring a distressing part of the image that may not be appropriate for my report.

Here is an image of three family shotgun his family owns. I am particularly interested in the shape of the stock. It is curved in a unique rectangular shape. This shape gives me an idea to experiment with the curvature of the stock and will create variations when creating my shotgun silhouette designs.


Here are silhouettes for the shotgun. I designed the silhhouettes the same way I did with the revolver. I experimented with the barrel with different shapes. Some are skinner and some are thicker barrels as I wanted to see which looks better. I did like the skinnier barrels but also felt like there was too much going on in the designs which is not what I wanted. The thicker barrels suit more of what I am aiming for and I like how most of them look.

I am choosing this silhouette as my final design. I like the thick shapes and how I placed them on the barrel. The cogwheel and baroque elements are placed the same way I did with the revolver.


Here are the colour swatches. Again, I am using similar colour swatches like the revolver so they match the Steampunk theme.

I drew the line art over the silhouette in more detail.

I then coloured the shotgun in flat colours.


I added dark and light value to render it. I then made a new layer and added thicker line art to fit the comic style.

I wanted to try out a 3/4 view so I made a quick sketch. It was a little difficult for me to complete so I left this sketch as it is.

I put everything together to make the concept sheet of the shotgun. I included the rendered asset, 3/4 sketch and colour swatch.

### Knife

Here is a moodboard I made which has knives with different designs.

Here are some Medieval daggers which can fit a 1800s narrative because of how vintage it looks. I will be using this to help me design my knife asset.

I also gathered some knife with knuckle dusters because I thought it will look very innovative during the 1800s timeline. I will use this as refernce in my own designs.

Here are 9 silhouettes for the knife. I did try and use unusual shapes for the first row of silhouettes. I wanted something weird and unique so I experimented with the shape of the handle and blade. For some of the knives I added knuckle dusters to make this weapon look more brutal. I do really like this as it goes well together for close range combat.

I chose this silhouette. The blade resembles daggers from the 1800s as it looks vintage with the barocco design on it. I did admire the knuckle dusters on the handle so I will go with this design.

Here are the colour swatches. I experimented with neutral brown and orange swatches. I did add a small Barocco design element on the handle to make it look elegant while deadly. Its a contrasting mix which goes very nicely together.

I picked this colour swatch as it has more silvery colours which will make the knife look more metallic. Too many colours on a knife will not make it look dangerous so I only included about two colours. This adds a small splash of colours while looking neutral.

I drew line art over the silhouette in detail.

I then added flat colours from the colour swatch.


I rendered the knife with dark and light values. I made sure the silver had some rusting textures so it looks somewhat withered.

I added another layer of line art to make give it a comic style.

I put it all together in a concept sheet. I achieved an elegant but deadly weapon design and am happy with the outcome.

## Train Items

The train will have some clues so players can figure out what happened. I will create some items that can tell a story and give hints which can lead players to theorise things about the train and storyline.

### Diary Mood Board

Here are some vintage diaries I gathered in a mood board. They all look like they are from the Victorian time. They have flaps that are either locked with a lock or tied with a string.

### Diary

I created 10 silhouettes to start the diary design. I explored the flap on the diary by using different shapes. I added dotted patterns on some of them and less on others.

This is the silhouette I chose for the diary. The flap is simple but has a unique shape with an attached lock. Rather than choosing a flat spine book from the silhouettes I created, I like the ones with the bumped spine. This creates a distictive look compared to a regular spined book.


I made various colourful swatches since diaries can be made in any colour and will work properly. Some of the swatches are similar to each other but has different flap colours. I experimented with variations by mixing and inverting the colour swatches.


I chose this colour swatch for the diary. I like purple as it represents royalty and richness. It shows maybe a rich person owned this diary.

I drew the line art over the silhouette.

I used a rough textured brush to shade darker values.

I used the same brush to add lighter values.

I rendered the diary with dark and light values. I made sure to add some rough textures on the cover. This gives a leathery texture to the diary. The yellows have a shiny reflection to appear like it is gold.


After rendering the diary, I began to create the opened version. This will allow players read what is in the diary to get more information about the story of our game.

I erased the right side of the diary and drew a page. I kept the flap in the same place otherwise the opened diary would be a long asset that might not fit so well on screen.

I added flat colours to the opened diary.

I textured the pages with stains that are murkish tan colours to show the aging diary.

I then pasted the closed diary's rendered colour by creating a duplicate version and merging it altogether so I can add it to the opened diary. This saved more time to complete this asset.


I added text onto the pages for the story. It says,

*"I hope somebody comes to find this train and expose what’s going on..
Terrible things are happening here and I don’t know if I’ll make it.. it seems to be a cult controlling this train and we do not know where we are going. I think they’re going to kill us. Bonnie, my dear child I love you with all my heart. Please somebody make sure she’s okay."*

It describes the fear of a passanger knowing the horrors of the Graev'ex. The passenger is worried about their child named 'Bonnie' as they believe they will not make it out alive. This will help players understand how bad the situation has become.

### Key

I created 9 silhouettes of the key that will be used in the Graev'ex train. I experimented with the bow of the key which is the top part. I used symmetry and tried out different shapes for the design.

I really liked the way this key looks so I am going to use this for the design. The bow shape is mixed with sharp angle combined with curves.


I created some colour swatches that vary from neutral to colourful. The very colourful one such as the pink and blue keys seems a bit out of place because keys are made out of metal so they cannot really be that colour.


This is the colour swatch I am choosing. It is a dark purple and gold accents in some areas of the key. I chose this swatch because purple will match with the diary.

I drew line art over the silhouette.

I then added flat colours from the colour swatch.


I rendered the key with dark and light values.

Here is the concept sheet for the diary and key. I included all of the assets and the colour swatches for both assets since they are together.

Originally, the key was supposed to be for the diary. In my group, Chris explained how she wanted to use the diary key for the door. I gave her permission to use it that way even though that was not my intention but I am happy with the change.

### Wallet

#### Wallet Mood Board

Here is a small mood board I made containing vintage wallets to fit the 1800s timeline. These wallets have one colour and are mainly dark. Some have pattern made from metal and are attached on the flaps of the wallet. This adds elegance to the wallets and even portray the class of a person. The train in our game can have upper class people who may be carrying a wallet so this style of wallets will fit perfectly when creating my own referencing this mood board.

I created 6 silhouettes for the wallet. This one was a bit more difficult for me because I really did not know how to explore much with the placement of the design.

This is the silhouette I chose to go with. It is the most simplest with small detail on the sides of the flaps. I used Baroque designs for the shape of the patterns.

Here are the colour swatches for the wallet. The colours are less saturated otherwise the colours would be too bright. I used yellow for the patterns on the flap. I did try grey on the brown swatch but I did not like it very much. The patterns are meant to be made from metal so I think gold is the only good option which is why most are yellow.

I drew the line art over the silhouette. I drew the patterns with more lines and detail.

I then added flat colours from the colour swatch.


I added dark and light values to render the wallet.

I then added another layer for a thicker line art to make it comic style.

The wallet is going to have an open version much like the diary asset so I did proceeded to do the same process by placing the wallet line art together and joining it.

I rotated it by 45 degrees and erased the left side and drew pockets.

I then added seams to show it is stitched together.

To save some time, I duplicated the first wallet asset and merged the colours so I can place it on the flap for the opened wallet asset.

I then rendered the wallet the same way I did for the closed wallet.

I want a note to be in the wallet so I drew a basic retangular square and added a fainted off-white colour.

I added some smooth texture by usuing tan shades and painted it around the edges of the note.

I then added a text saying,

*"Please stay safe Ruth. This place you’re going to seem very strange to me. I hope you can tell us all the wonders about your journey when you come back to me. I await your return."*

This shows a little story that this passenger named Ruth has a person who really cares about her and is expecting her to return. Little do they know Ruth may not be coming back. This note was given to Ruth before the train journey and it shows the person who knows Ruth has suspicions of the train she will be boarding on.

Here is the note asset rendered.

I changed the angle of the note using perspective tool and adjusted it. It looks more 3 dimensional rather than flat.

I used the first note asset and placed it on the opened wallet to show it is placed inside. I lowered the opacity on the note so I can see if it fits inside properly.

I then erased parts of where the note will not show when inside the wallet. Players will see this when opening the wallet.

Here is the concept sheet of the wallet, note and colour swatch put together.

### Train Ticket

#### Train Ticket Mood Board
I created a small mood board showing vintage train tickets. Most of the train tickets are an irregular rectangle with inverted curves. They all state the current location and the destination. The texts are mostly shown to be in all capital letters and are in a stylish font.


I created 7 silhouettes for the train ticket. I explored different shapes on the sides of the silhouettes since tickets can have bumped, spiked or curved ends.

I choose this silhouette for the train ticket. Each side had spiked shapes vertically across the ticket. The ticket also has a shape on the middle of the right side which is what I liked so I chose this.

I drew line art over the silhouette in more detail.

I added flat colours. I did not create colour swatch variations because the ticket needed to be a light colour to show blood on it.

I rendered the ticket with patchy shading to give it paper texture that is little worn out.

I then created the concept sheet with the rendered asset, line art, colour swatch and silhouette.

### Dynamite

Chris requested dynamite via Discord on private messages. This will be for the end of the game when the player need to explode the train. I asked if she wanted a specific angle and was fine with any angle. I did censor parts of a message which is not relevant for this report.

Here is a small mood board I made. I got images from Google of vintage dynamite and match boxes. All the match boxes has a cover art which has either text only or with some graphic design. I prefer the ones without the graphic designs because I do not understand the meaning of them. The ones with text only are designed nicely as it has good composition.

The dynamites are in a bundle tied with tape. It can contain three or seven dynamites. I will experiment with the number of dynamites when creating my own.

Here are 6 silhouettes I created. Three of them has three dynamites and the other three has 7 dynamites. I used both string and tape with different amounts of dynamite in the to see which one looks more better.

This is the silhouette I chosen for the dynamite. I like how it contains a lot of dynamite which will be great for a big explosion in the game.

The line art was a slightly different process. I drew a single cylinder by using and regtangle and curving the sides and altering the shape.

I then duplicated the cylinder 6 times and placed them altogether.

I then erased some cylinders in the middle area to create one whole line art itself and merged all cylinders together. I also added some text saying 'DYNAMITE'.

I tried two colour swatches and decided I liked the tanned one.

I added flat colour for the base.

I added dark textures with different pain brushes.

I added some light textures.

I then created another line art over it and made it comic style.

Here is the concept sheet for the dynamite. I included the rendered asset and colour swatches.

### Match box

Here are 3 silhouettes for the match box. There was not much to experiment with the shape since match boxes are mainly rectangle. I experimented with the design at the front of the box.

Here are some colour swatches I experimented with. I strugled slightly because I did not know which colours to use for a match box so I used some neutral colours.

This is the colour swatch I chosen. It is mainly cream coloured with maroon red. I chose this because match boxes have scrapers on the side which are deep red, so that matches the colour swatch I chose.

I drew line art over the silhouette.

I then added text saying 'Safety Matches'.

I added flat colours to the match box.

I added dark values to render it.

I added some lighter values on each side of the match box.


### Magnifying Glass Cursor
I decided that I wanted to create a cursor for the game rather than having a regular one. I thought it would be unique to create a magnifying glass as a cursor as those are used to see things. Finding clues in the game would match well with this idea.

Here are 9 silhouettes I created. I referenced the Steampunk theme I used for the weapons on this so I can have more shapes to explore for the silhouettes. I used cogwheels and placed them in different areas of the magnifying glass. I also used different shapes that are pointy and circular and swapped them around of each silhouette.

I decided this is the silhouette I liked the most. I felt like the other silhouettes had too much detail and may be distracting as a cursor. This one seems minimal and easy to look at.

Here are the colour swatches I made. There are all very similar to each other because they are mainly different shades of yellows, browns and greys.

I chose this colour swatch for the magnifying glass.

I drew line art over the silhouette in more detail.

I then added flat colours from the colour swatch.

I added dark values to the colour. I made sure to use a rougher brush texture to show the rusted metal texture.

I added lighter values and made some layers with the 'Add' mode so some parts can reflect more shinier.

For the glass area, I painted it white with blue hues and turned the opacity down to 24%.

After, I made another line art layer and drew thicker lines to give it a comic style.

I sketched a 3/4 view of the magnifying glass for a better view. I did not develop it any further as it is not really needed. I made it just for curiosity purposed.

I then put the rendered asset, 3/4 sketch and colour swatch in a concept sheet.

## Finalisation

After creating all my assets, I put them all in a shared Google Drive folder. Chris told us that she will be puting the game together in a game engine.


The game engine Chris will be using is called RenPy.

This folder contains the transparent images of each asset. This is acessible for everyone in my group.

Here are the concept sheet files I put in the shared folder. Chris said she could possible make a gallery menu to view unused assets.

Chris explains how she may not be able to create the gallery because she is struggling to code it. I told her it is okay as my work will be in my personal document and group document.

Here is the link to my folder with transparent assets for our game.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1JKXn3OYdgOFil28DAbKv-ZcVXwytnZ4a?usp=drive_link

## Evaluation

This project has been a challenge as I have never really created Steampunk and comic book themed artwork. The colours felt very limited so I had to make good use of a neutral colour pallet for most of my assets. The colours felt very repeated within my work but overall I like the outcome.

However I feel like I could have done better in the quantity of my work. I have not made as much as I wanted to do. I did struggle with some time management. Sometimes I felt like I was mentally struggling with my thoughts and I find it difficult to focus. This has been an ongoing issue for me which I am trying to currently get help with. This has made me slightly fall back with the project so my perfomance was not the best in that area. I believe I made the best I could from what I produced.

The communication in the group was okay but not the best. The most I have communicated to is Chris as she keeps up with all of us. Without it, I would be a little unaware of the progression of the project and what I needed to do. To make the communication better, I should engage with others more even if they do not say much. In future projects, this is something I will keep in mind as I have learned how important communication is.

Overall, I believe the project is decent for what it is as we have made a complete visual novel horror game. It is clear what the message portrays by telling a story through visuals, which is what we all made and put together.

## Link to Mystery of the Grae'vex game

Here is the link to the game:

https://yunokoi.itch.io/mystery-of-graevex
Password is 123

## Bibliography

### The Walking Dead (Video Game Series)

Telltale Games. (2012) *The Walking Dead*. Android, iOS, Kindle Fire HDX, OS X, PC, Nintendo Switch, Playstation, Xbox [Game] Telltale Games

Linnea Aasland. (2022) *Video Game Review | Telltale's The Walking Dead Season 1*. Video Game Review. [Online][Accessed on 21st may 2024] https://www.culturehoney.com/video-game-review-telltales-the-walking-dead-season-1/

Jesse Maccabe. (2019) *The Walking Dead: Michonne Comcept Art.* ArtStation [Online][Accessed on 20th May 2024]
https://www.artstation.com/artwork/nQwnd1

### Steampunk

Kaitlin Herbert. (2017) *steampunk*. WhatIs. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/steampunk#:~:text=Today%2C%20the%20steampunk%20genre%20emphasizes,media%20with%20traditional%20Victorian%20designs.

Martine Lillycrop. (2014) *5 Elements of Steampunk.* writersanontaunton. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://writersanontaunton.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/5-elements-of-steampunk/

Foyr. (no date) *7. Focus on the wall art.* [Online][Accessed on 21st of May 2024]
https://foyr.com/learn/steampunk-interior-design/#:~:text=Steampunk%20art%20is%20a%20smooth,artistry%20of%20the%20Victorian%20era.

Eugene Fil (2023) Steampunk pistol. ArtStation [Online][Accessed on 20th May 2024]
https://www.artstation.com/artwork/b5vJNn

### Revolver

onlinetexasltc. (2022) *Recoil*. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://onlinetexasltc.com/safety-differences-between-revolvers-and-pistols/#:~:text=Recoil%20generally%20depends%20on%20the,can%20produce%20more%20noticeable%20recoil.

The Bryan Museum. (no date) *Colt Paterson Revolver, Called the "Texas Colt"* [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://thebryanmuseum.org/project/colt-paterson-revolver-called-the-texas-colt/#:~:text=The%20Colt%20Paterson%20revolver%20was,market%20for%20Colt's%20revolutionary%20product.

*Figure 1:* Revolver (Source: The Bryan Museum, no date:online)
https://thebryanmuseum.org/project/colt-paterson-revolver-called-the-texas-colt/#:~:text=The%20Colt%20Paterson%20revolver%20was,market%20for%20Colt's%20revolutionary%20product.

Smithsonian. (no date) *Object Details*. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://www.si.edu/object/colt-walker-pistol%3Anmah_1153457

### Shotgun

Liberty Safe. (no date) *Origins of the Shotgun*. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://www.libertysafe.com/blogs/the-vault/origins-of-the-shotgun#:~:text=Today's%20shotguns'%20ancestors%20originated%20in16th,the%20term%20%E2%80%9Cfowling%E2%80%9D).

Liberty Safe. (no date) *How Do Shotgun Shells Work?*. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://www.libertysafe.com/blogs/the-vault/how-do-shotgun-shells-work#:~:text=When%20the%20primer%20of%20a,the%20powder%20charge%2C%20igniting%20it.

Orvis. (no date) *What Is Shotgun Gauge?* [Online][Accessed on 22nd May 2024]
https://www.orvis.com/what-is-shotgun-gauge.html#:~:text=Shotgun%20gauge%20refers%20to%20the,most%20common%20shotgun%20in%20existence.

Othais. (2020) *Bannerman Model 1896*. C&R Senal. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://www.candrsenal.com/bannerman-model-1896/

*Figure 2:* Bannerman (Source: C&R Senal, 2020:online)
https://www.candrsenal.com/bannerman-model-1896/

Seth Newman. (2020) *Bannerman vs. Winchester Lawsuit*. Surplused. [Online][Accessed on 21st May 2024]
https://surplused.com/index.php/2020/05/12/the-history-of-the-spencer-shotgun-part-2-of-3-the-bannerman-years1890-1902-2/