World History (1939~1968)

# World History (1939~1968) ###### tags: `Tag(Social Studies)` ### World War II * The United States Aids Its Allies * Most American didn’t want to get involved… why? * Neutrality Acts - illegal to sell weapons or lend money to countries at war * Started to sell to Britain, US Navy would escort ships * Submarines would sink any ship they saw * But Germany didn’t cause the US to enter the war… Japan did * Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto * Japan’s greatest naval strategist * Hawaii is a dagger pointed at Japan’s throat and must be destroyed * Pearl Harbor * A that will live in infamy - December 7, 1941 * US knew an attack was coming (decoding) but unsure when/where * Surprise attack * Sunk ships, killed 2,300 Americans, stunned * Hong Kong, Guam, Thailand under attack * The Holocaust * Jewish were targets for hundreds of years * Started blaming them for the defeat in WWI * Nuremberg Laws * Took away Jewish rights to citizenship; no marriage between Jews/Non-Jews * How to solve the “Jewich” problem? * Hitler first tried to send them out, countries stopped taking refugees * Isolate them into ghettos * Sealed off, hoped to starve them or have them die from disease * The “Final Solution” * Hitler needed to take more direct action * Genocide - kill them off * Could only conquest Europe with a pure race (belief) * Eliminate “subhumans” - gypsies, Poles, Russians, homosexuals, the insane, disabled * The Tide Turns on Two Fronts * British, Americans focus on North Africa, then could focus on Europe * Soviet Union had to hold out alone - Battle for Stalingrad * “Defend the city to the death” * Nazis ruined 90% of the city * Winter comes, counterattack, cut Nazis form supplies, lost ⅔ of their soldier * Soviets lost 1 million soldiers, 99% city gone * Invasion of Italy * Stalin - asked Allies to go for France * Allies take Sicily, Mussolini gets arrested * Italy surrenders * Germans retake the Northern part, put Mussolini back in power * The Allied Home Fronts * Civilians lost lives in Soviet Union and Britain * US didn’t really get bombed * Us civilians made weapons and equipments to win the war * Factories mass converted * Rationing of consumer goods * Speed limit to save gas, rubber * Governments used propaganda to win support * But… propaganda used against Japanese Americans * Americans were afraid * Rounded up citizens to relocation camps * Victory in Europe * D-Day Invasion - planes, ships, tanks, 3 million troops waiting for the order in Britain * French Coast - Normandy * Germans knew attack was coming, not sure where * Largest sea, land attack in history * June 6, 1944 * By September, liberated France * Germany’s Surrender * Berlin surrounded by Allied troops * Hitler commits suicide, body burned * V-E Day - May 9,1945 (6 years of fighting) * Victory in the Pacific * Allies turn attention to the Japanese * Battle of Leyte Gulf - Japanese risk their Navy, lose the gamble * Only have army and kamikazes left * Atomic Bombs * President Truman has a problem : * If the US invade Japan - could lose 500,000 troops * Atomic bomb would end the war, but kill many innocent civilians * Warned Japan, no reply * Hiroshima, then Nagasaki in 3 days --- ### Restructuring The Postwar World **Allies Become Enemies** * US upset about Soviet’s Non Aggression Pact * Soviets blamed Allies for not invading fast enough * Yalta Conference - Allies met to divide Germany into zone * Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe * United Nations created to prevent aggression * Deferring US and Soviet Goals * War affected them differently * US - only 400,000 deaths; cities factories intact * Soviet Union - 50x deaths, many cities destroyed * Eastern Europe’s ==Iron Curtain== * Goal - shield itself from Western invasion * Ignores Yalta agreement, needed a western border * Installed communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, etc * Stalin - communism and capitalism can’t exist in the same world * Germany split into 2 sections * “Iron Curtain” - the division form democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe * US Tries to Contain Soviet * Containment - stop expansion of communism * Form alliances, help weak countries resist * Truman Doctrine - support countries * Should the US interfere * Turkey and Greece receive 400 million * The Marshall Plan * Not many jobs and food * US Secretary of State Marshall - give aid to needy European countries * Congress unsure about the 12.5 billion plan * Communists take power in Czechoslovakia * Leads to the approval * The Berlin Airlift * What to do with Germany after WW2 * Soviets hold West Berlin hostage, cut off highway, water, and rail traffic * Berlin in the Soviet zone but divided in 4 (Britain, America, France, Russia) * Berlin would starve - food/supplies flown in for 11 months * Soviets lift the blockade * The Cold War Divides the World * Leads to the start of the “Cold War” * Spying, propaganda, secret operations * Most countries picked to support one or the other * Creation of North Atlantic Treaty * An attack on one member, attack on all * Soviets Respond - Warsaw Pact, alliance group * 1961-Berlin Wall built * Threat of Nuclear War * Soviets get Atomic bombs - 1949 * President Truman approves the H-Bomb * 1000s of time more powerful * Joining of atoms * 1952 completes - Soviets complete one in 1953 (Arms Race) * Military buildup to deliver bombs - stockpiles of nuclear weapons * Cold War in the Skies * Science, education also affected * 1957 - Soviets build ICBM, launch first satellite to space * Americans fell behind, pour money in to education --- ##### ==Questions== **==Compare and Contrast== What factors help to explain why the United States and the Soviet Union became rivals instead of allies?** Although the US and the Soviet Union were allies in WW2 but at first Soviet Union wasn’t in the Allies. The Soviet Union was with the Germans until the Germans backtracked therefore the allies and the US didn't really trust the Soviet Union. The second reason they became rivals is Communist governments, and the Soviet Union is spreading the idea of Communism. The United States and the allies are Democracy. **==Analyze Motives== What were Stalin’s objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe?** Stalin was supporting the Communist government because Stalin wanted to spread the idea of Communism to the whole world in order to let all communist governments join the Soviets Union side in the cold war. The more country that join the Soviets Union the more threat it is to the United States and its allies. **==Analyze Issues== Why might Berlin have been a likely spot for trouble to develop during the Cold War?** Berlin has been a likely spot for trouble because half of Berlin is democracy and having a really good life. While the side ruled by the Soviets Union are struggling and starving to death. Therefore the Soviets Union government built a Berlin Wall from preventing the citizens in Berlin from escaping to the democracy side. Also the democracy side of Berlin is surrounded by the ruling area of Soviets. --- * Communists vs Nationalists * Civil War stopped to fight Japanese * After WW2, 1946 - 1949 * Us gave aid to Nationalists * BUT - lost popular support, economy collapsing * Thousands of soldiers switched sides * Mao promised to return land to peasants ``` Mao ZeDong - People’s Republic of China Jiang JieShi - Taiwan (Formosa) ``` * 2 Chinas Affect the Cold War * China becomes two nations * US help Jiang set up Nationalist government, Republic of China * Soviets fave financial, military and technical aid to China * Promised to help each other if attacked * Mao’s Brand of Marxist Social * 80% live in rural areas, don’t own land * 1950 - takes buildings from one million landowner * Kill another million who resisted * Divided land amongst the peasants * Forced to join collective farms * No private ownership of companies * Cultural Revolution * Mao needed to revive Communist goal of social equality * “Learn revolution by making revolution” * Millions of students join militia groups - Red Guards * Wanted society of peasants and workers, equality * Colleges, schools shut down * Intellectuals needed to “purify” themselves * Mao turns on them, chaos threats farm production - army ordered to stop them * War in Korea * Soviets back the North, gamble thinking US won’t defend the South * N. Korea - surprise attack, reached deep into the South * President Truman - repeating war actions form 1930s, “containment” tested * UN votes - decide to intervene * September 1950 - only small area around Pusan still controlled by the South * General MacArthus want to drop nuclear bomb on China * President Truman sees this as reckless * Wants to prevent war, removes MacArthur * July 1953 - cease-fire agreement, border set at 38th parallel, almost where it was before the war * 4 million soldiers, civilians dead * Great Leap Forward * Overall, the plan was centered arounf two primary goals, collectivizing agriculture and and widespread industrialization, with two main targets, increasing grain and steal production * The Great Leap Forward was a five-year economic plan executed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party, begun in 1958 and abandoned in 1961 * The Great Leap Forward resulted in 30 - 55 million deaths due to starvation, execution, and forced labor, along with massive economic and environmental destruction * Peasants lost land ownership * Small farms were combined into large communes (人民公社) to increase production * The Communists Transform China * Culture revolution - movement to build society of peasants, workers * Red Guards close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals * In 1968, Chinese army imprisons executes, or exiles most Red Guards * After it goes crazy and Mao is almost out of control * Thousands were executed or imprisoned * Mao lost control of the Red Guards and eventually called on the military to put them down * In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes or extiles most Red Guards * War Breaks Out in Vietnam * US involvement - containment again * French Indochina * Ho Chi Minh leads Indochinese Communist party revolts against the French * Jailed protesters, Ho leaves but returnes (lots of support in the countryside) * Vietminh - hit-and-run tactics * France wondering if colony is worth lives and money * French defeated, US sees rising threat to Asia * Domino Theory * if one SE Asian nation becomes communist, the rest will too * 17 North latitude (top for communists) * Ngo Dinh Diem - rules the South as a dictator * Vietcong - soldiers who hated Diem, assassinate him, communist take over coming * US Gets Involved * President Johnson telles Congress 2 US destroyers (ships) attacked in the Gulf of Tokin * Congress approves troops for battle * US - best equipped, most advanced army in the world... but 2 problems * Guerilla war in unfamiliar jungle terrain * Defending an unpopular S. Vietnamese government * Vietcong support grew - help form Soviets and China * US turns to bombing millions of acres of farmland and forest -destroy enemy hideouts * Made peasants hate S. Vietnamese gov. * War very unpopular in US * Young people protested the loss of life for conflict across the world * President Nixon -Vietnamiztion- allow S. Vietnamese to take more action * US start bombing even more * US leave in 1973 - North overran the South in 1975 * 1.5 million Vietnamese, 58,000 Americans dead * Postwar Southeast Asia * Cambodia - Communist rebels - Khmer Rouge * Pol Pot - slaughtered 2 million people (1/4) * Vietnamese invade, then UN peacekeepers * Vietnam - re-education camps in the South for Communist thoufht * Strictly controlled businesses * Saigon renamed to Ho Chi Minh City * Now welcomes foreign investment * Fighting for the Third World * Latin America, Asia, Africa * Poor, politically unstable * Lack of technology and education * US, Soviets, China * Backed wars of revolution, liberation, counterrevolution * CIA, KGB * secret activities like spying, assassination attempts * Cuban Revolution * 1950s - Fulgencio Bastista, supported by US * Unpopular * Fidel Castro leads revolution * Harsh dictator - suspends elections, jailed opponents, controlled the press * Took over US-owned sugar mills * Trade embargo imposed on Cuba, turn to Soviets for help * US backed Cubans invade, defeated easily * Cuban Missile Crisis * Soviet leader - Nikita Khrushchev - starts building 42 missile sites * President Kennedy demands for their removal * Too close to the US - threat * World feared nuclear war (missiles removed)