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# System prepended metadata

title: World History (1918 ~ 1937)
tags: [Tag(Social Studies)]

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# World History (1918 ~ 1937)
###### tags: `Tag(Social Studies)`
### After World War I
**Russia**
* Lenin Restores Order
    * War, revolution destroyed the economy
    * A small scale version of capitalism - New Economic policy
    * Peasants could sell the surplus crop, small businesses under private ownership
    * Nationalism is a threat - renames Russia to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    * Communist Party formed, hold power 

* A Government of Total Control
    * Totalitarianism - total, centralized, state control over public/private life
    * Needs a dynamic leader, get support
    * Secret police, sense of fear among the people
    * Control - terror, propaganda, censorship, persecution
    * Control of education - glorify the leader, start with children
    * Propaganda/Censorship - false information that appears true; don’t question it (punishment)
    * Religious or Ethnic Persecution - “enemies of the state” to blame for bad things


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**The Imperalism of China**
* Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty
    * Kuomintang - Push for modernization, nationalization, led by Sun Yixian
    * Overthrew the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty
    * 3 Principles of the people
    * Nationalism, end to foreign control
    * People’s right - democracy
    * People’s livelihood - economic security
    * “Four hundred million people gathered in one China, but in reality, they are just a heap of loose”
    * Sun couldn’t unite the people
    * The presidency was given to general - Yuan Shika
    * Went against democratic ideals → death led to civil war → power to provincial warlords
    * WW1 - China enters hoping to get territories back, but they are given to Japan
    * May 4, 1919 - 3000 students march in Beijing
    * Sun Yixian’s idea of democracy vs. the new ideal of
    * Lenin’s Soviet communism

* Communist Party in China
    * Mao Zedong - peasants could be the true revolutionaries
    * Jiang Jieshi ( Chiang Kai-shek ) - new leader of Kuomintang
    * Promised democracy and rights, but the government became more corrupt
    * Peasants lost faith and supported communists


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### Years of Crisis
**Postwar Uncertainty**
Main Idea - The Postwar period was one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention

* A New revolution in Science
    * Albert Einstein - new ideas on space, time, energy
    * Theory of relativity - space/time change even if speed of light is constant
    * Sigmund Freud - our unconscious drives us, we are unaware of it

* Society Challenges Convention
    * WW1 disrupted traditional social patterns
    * New ideas, ways of life → new indv. Freedom
    * War allowed women to take on new roles
    * Led to them winning the right to vote
    * Restrictive clothing, hairstyles, abandoned
    * Makeup, drove cars, drank, smoked in public

* Postwar Europe
    * After WW1, almost every major European country is bankrupt
    * Many countries had no experience with representative governments
    * Frequent changes in government made it hard to develop strong leadership and long-term goals
    * Some sacrificed democratic governments for strong, authoritarian leadership

* Financial Collapse
    * Weaknesses in the US economy…
        * Uneven distribution of wealth
        * Overproduction (business, agriculture)
        * Americans buying less
    * 1929 - Americans factories making 50% of food , surplus worldwide, led to lower prices and smaller profit
    * Farmers can’t pay banks → weakened banks, closed

* Stock Market Crashes
    * Wall Street - NYC -  Financial Capital of world
    * Many people bought stocks but didn't have money to pay off the loans if stocks fell
    * September 1929 - Some start selling stocks, believing prices are unnaturally high
    * October 29 - panic, everyone sold, prices at a new low
    * 16 million stocks sold → led to collapse


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**Facism Rises in Europe**
* Facism’s Rise in Italy
    * Loyalty to the state, obedience to the leader
    * Extreme nationalism
    * Peaceful states doomed to be conquered
    * Colored uniforms, salutes, mass rallies
    * One-party rule only
    * Denied individual rightsEach class served a purpose
    * Failed to get large pieces of land at Paris Peace Conference - disappointment
    * Social unrest - unemployment, inflation
    * Benito Mussolini - promised to “rescue” Italy by reviving the economy, rebuild army, strong leadership
    * 30,000 fascists march on Rome, demand Mussolini to be put in charge
    * “IL Duce” - no democracy, secret police, censored news


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**Aggressors Invade Nations**
* Japan Seeks an Empire
    * Military leaders reported only to emperor (eventually won control)
    * Government blamed for the Great Depression
    * Solve economic problems through foreign expansion
    * Wanted China for raw materials, markets, and room for its rising population

* Invasions
    * NE China - Manchuria - Iron and coal
    * League of Nations protested, Japan ignored them and leaves in 1933
    * Invade N China - able to win because of better training and equipment
    * Jinang Jieshi forced to retreat, move capital to Chongqing
    * Nanjing Massacre

* Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
    * Britain/France - made concessions, wanted to avoid war, economic problems already
    * United States of America - isolationism, passes the Neutrality Acts (banning $, weapon sales to nations at war)


[Continue to World War II History Notes](https://hackmd.io/TeH2jE6nRkOrOBmX97eyXQ)

