World History (1918 ~ 1937)

# World History (1918 ~ 1937) ###### tags: `Tag(Social Studies)` ### After World War I **Russia** * Lenin Restores Order * War, revolution destroyed the economy * A small scale version of capitalism - New Economic policy * Peasants could sell the surplus crop, small businesses under private ownership * Nationalism is a threat - renames Russia to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics * Communist Party formed, hold power * A Government of Total Control * Totalitarianism - total, centralized, state control over public/private life * Needs a dynamic leader, get support * Secret police, sense of fear among the people * Control - terror, propaganda, censorship, persecution * Control of education - glorify the leader, start with children * Propaganda/Censorship - false information that appears true; don’t question it (punishment) * Religious or Ethnic Persecution - “enemies of the state” to blame for bad things --- **The Imperalism of China** * Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty * Kuomintang - Push for modernization, nationalization, led by Sun Yixian * Overthrew the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty * 3 Principles of the people * Nationalism, end to foreign control * People’s right - democracy * People’s livelihood - economic security * “Four hundred million people gathered in one China, but in reality, they are just a heap of loose” * Sun couldn’t unite the people * The presidency was given to general - Yuan Shika * Went against democratic ideals → death led to civil war → power to provincial warlords * WW1 - China enters hoping to get territories back, but they are given to Japan * May 4, 1919 - 3000 students march in Beijing * Sun Yixian’s idea of democracy vs. the new ideal of * Lenin’s Soviet communism * Communist Party in China * Mao Zedong - peasants could be the true revolutionaries * Jiang Jieshi ( Chiang Kai-shek ) - new leader of Kuomintang * Promised democracy and rights, but the government became more corrupt * Peasants lost faith and supported communists --- ### Years of Crisis **Postwar Uncertainty** Main Idea - The Postwar period was one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention * A New revolution in Science * Albert Einstein - new ideas on space, time, energy * Theory of relativity - space/time change even if speed of light is constant * Sigmund Freud - our unconscious drives us, we are unaware of it * Society Challenges Convention * WW1 disrupted traditional social patterns * New ideas, ways of life → new indv. Freedom * War allowed women to take on new roles * Led to them winning the right to vote * Restrictive clothing, hairstyles, abandoned * Makeup, drove cars, drank, smoked in public * Postwar Europe * After WW1, almost every major European country is bankrupt * Many countries had no experience with representative governments * Frequent changes in government made it hard to develop strong leadership and long-term goals * Some sacrificed democratic governments for strong, authoritarian leadership * Financial Collapse * Weaknesses in the US economy… * Uneven distribution of wealth * Overproduction (business, agriculture) * Americans buying less * 1929 - Americans factories making 50% of food , surplus worldwide, led to lower prices and smaller profit * Farmers can’t pay banks → weakened banks, closed * Stock Market Crashes * Wall Street - NYC - Financial Capital of world * Many people bought stocks but didn't have money to pay off the loans if stocks fell * September 1929 - Some start selling stocks, believing prices are unnaturally high * October 29 - panic, everyone sold, prices at a new low * 16 million stocks sold → led to collapse --- **Facism Rises in Europe** * Facism’s Rise in Italy * Loyalty to the state, obedience to the leader * Extreme nationalism * Peaceful states doomed to be conquered * Colored uniforms, salutes, mass rallies * One-party rule only * Denied individual rightsEach class served a purpose * Failed to get large pieces of land at Paris Peace Conference - disappointment * Social unrest - unemployment, inflation * Benito Mussolini - promised to “rescue” Italy by reviving the economy, rebuild army, strong leadership * 30,000 fascists march on Rome, demand Mussolini to be put in charge * “IL Duce” - no democracy, secret police, censored news --- **Aggressors Invade Nations** * Japan Seeks an Empire * Military leaders reported only to emperor (eventually won control) * Government blamed for the Great Depression * Solve economic problems through foreign expansion * Wanted China for raw materials, markets, and room for its rising population * Invasions * NE China - Manchuria - Iron and coal * League of Nations protested, Japan ignored them and leaves in 1933 * Invade N China - able to win because of better training and equipment * Jinang Jieshi forced to retreat, move capital to Chongqing * Nanjing Massacre * Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace * Britain/France - made concessions, wanted to avoid war, economic problems already * United States of America - isolationism, passes the Neutrality Acts (banning $, weapon sales to nations at war) [Continue to World War II History Notes](https://hackmd.io/TeH2jE6nRkOrOBmX97eyXQ)