# Common TL Phonetic notation system ← <https://hackmd.io/@IID/CTL-CTA-Phonetic-Series> A Commonized Initial–Final–Tone Phonetic notation system for some Chinese languages, using TL as design base.\ 一個通用化的適用於部份漢語語言的 聲–韻–調 音標系統，以 臺羅 為設計原型。 Abbreviated as CTL.\ 簡稱 CTL。 Currently applicable for Táiwānese Hokkièn, Mandarin, and Táiwānese Hakka.\ 目前適用於臺灣閩南語、標準漢語、以及臺灣客家語。 ## Conventions and Terminologies of this article 本文慣例與術語 → <https://hackmd.io/@IID/Common-TL-Phonetic-basics> ## Remarks of grapheme tables 音標字素表格凡例 `⟨⟩` denotes that the phone is _not transcribed_ in CTL.\ `⟨⟩` 表示 CTL 音標 _不標出_ 此音。 Fields with dedicated IPA symbols are filled with their IPA.\ 對有專用的國際音標符號的欄位，標出其國際音標。 Fields filled with a :x: are judged by phonologists to be _impossible_ to pronounce.\ 被填入 :x: 的欄位是語音學家認為 _不可能_ 的發音。 *italic* denotes that the phone is transcribed using **TL** grapheme in CTL but the grapheme is not used to transcribe the phone in conventional usages of TL. The phones transcribed by this grapheme in both CTL and TL still belong to the same phoneme.\ *斜體* 表示該語音在 CTL 中以 **臺羅音標** 中既有的字素標出，但在臺羅音標中該字素慣例上不表示此語音。該字素在 CTL 中所表示的語音與臺羅音標中慣例上所表示的語音仍屬於同一音位。 **Bold** items are graphemes introduced in CTL which are not present in TL.\ **粗體**表示 CTL 引入的不存在於臺羅拼音的字素。 Graphemes grouped by `{}` mean `{CTL-1(condition-1); CTL-2(condition-2)}`: Different transcriptions are used for the phone according to the analyzed belonging phoneme.\ 被 `{}` 分組的字素表示 `{CTL-1(條件-1); CTL-2(條件-2)}`：該語音被分析成屬於不同音位時使用不同標音法。 - The condition `/phonetic/` means "if this phone and the denoted phonetic both belong to the same phoneme (not necessarily written as the denoted phonetic)".\ 條件 `/音標/` 表示「若此語音與所述音標屬於同一音位（未必寫為所述音標）」。 ## Overview 概覽 ### Syllable Structure 音節結構 | Symbol <br> 符號 | Term. in Phonology <br> 音韻學名稱 | Terms. in Chinese Phonology <br> 漢語音韻學名稱 | Components defined in CTL <br> CTL 中定義的成份 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ι (iota) | Initial 首位 | *Shēngmǔ* 聲母 | Non-semivowel consonant phoneme(s) 非半元音輔音音位 φ (phi) | Final 尾位 | *Yùnmǔ* 韻母 | Medial 韻頭, nucleus 韻腹, & coda 韻尾（μ+ν+κ） μ (mu) | Medial 中間位 | *Yùntóu* 韻頭 <br> *Jièmǔ* 介母 | Vowel or non-obstruent non-nasal consonant phoneme(s) 元音或非阻礙音非鼻音輔音音位 ν (nu) | Nucleus 音節核 | *Yùnfù* 韻腹 <br> Main *yùnmǔ* 主要韻母 | A monophthong Vowel or single consonant phoneme 單個單元音或輔音音位 κ (kappa) | Coda 音節尾 | *Yùnwěi* 韻尾 | Vowel or semivowel phoneme(s) 元音或半元音音位 (κ<small>V</small>) <br> or consonant phoneme 或輔音音位 (κ<small>C</small>) τ (tau) | Tone 聲調 | *Shēngdiào* 聲調 | A [toneme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)) 單個[聲調音位](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/聲調) In languages or dialects to which CTL is applicable, the pronunciation of a syllable initial which is empty or consists of only the null phoneme is either the continuation of the previous or the next phone or a glottal stop ([ʔ]).\ 在 CTL 適用的語言與方言中，聲母為空或零音位時，實際發音為其前或後的語音的延續或是聲門塞音 ([ʔ])。 Except for the syllable nucleus, all the other syllable components may be empty.\ 除了韻腹外，其它音節成份皆可為空。 ### Syllable Initials 聲母 Items separated by `/` mean [`voiceless / voiced`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)). 被 `/` 分開的表示 [`清音 / 濁音`](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/清濁音)。 Items not separated by `/` are _voiceless_. 沒有被 `/` 分開的表示 _清音_。 | | [Bilabial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonant) <br> [雙唇音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/双唇音) | [Labiodental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonant) <br> [唇齒音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/唇齒音) | [Dental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant) & [Alveolar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant) <br> [齒音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/齿音)、[齦音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/齿龈音) | [Post-alveolar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant) <br> [齦後音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/齒齦後音) | ([Alveolo&#8288;--](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant))[palatal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant) <br> ([齦&#8288;--](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/龈腭音))[硬齶音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/硬腭音) | [Velar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant) <br> [軟齶音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/软腭音) | [Glottal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_consonant) <br> [聲門音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/聲門音) |:--- |:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---: [Nasal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant) [鼻音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/鼻音_(辅音)) | / m [m] | / [ɱ] | / n&nbsp;[n] | / [ɳ] | / gn&nbsp;[ȵ]\~[ɲ] <br> <sup>Note:⟨gn⟩</sup> | / ng&nbsp;[ŋ] | :x: Un[aspirated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant) [stop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive) 不[送氣](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/送氣)[塞音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/塞音) | p&nbsp;[p] / b&nbsp;[b] | | t&nbsp;[t] / <br> {**dl**<small>(if&nbsp;/l/)</small>; <br> **d**<small>(else)</small>} [d] <br> <sup>Note:⟨dl⟩</sup> | [ʈ] / [ɖ] | {k(i)<small>(if&nbsp;k/\_\_j)</small>} [c] <br> / {g(i)<small>(if&nbsp;g/\_\_j)</small>} [ɟ] | k&nbsp;[k] / g&nbsp;[ɡ] | {⟨⟩&#8288;<small>(if&nbsp;∅/^\_\_Ⓥ)</small>} [ʔ] <br> / :x: Aspirated stop 送氣塞音 | ph&nbsp;[pʰ] | | th&nbsp;[tʰ] | | {kh(i)<small>(if&nbsp;kʰ/\_\_j)</small>} [cʰ] | kh&nbsp;[kʰ] Unaspirated [sibilant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant) [affricate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate) 不送氣[有噝](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/咝音)[塞擦音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/塞擦音) | :x: | :x: | ts&nbsp;[ts] / **dj**&nbsp;[dz] <br> <sup>Note:⟨dj⟩</sup> | **tsr**&nbsp;[tʃ]\~&#8288;[ʈʂ] | {**tsc**<small>(if&nbsp;ts/\_\_j)</small>; <br> **tsr(i)**<small>(if&nbsp;tʃ/\_\_j)</small>} [tɕ] <br> / {**djz**<small>(if&nbsp;dz/\_\_j)</small>; <br> **djr(i)**<small>(if&nbsp;dʒ/\_\_j)</small>} [dʑ] <br> <sup>Note:⟨dj⟩</sup> | :x: | :x: Aspirated sibilant affricate 送氣有噝塞擦音 | :x: | :x: | tsh&nbsp;[tsʰ] | **tsrh**&nbsp;[tʃʰ]\~&#8288;[ʈʂʰ] | {**tsch**<small>(if&nbsp;tsʰ/\_\_j)</small>; <br> **tsrh(i)**<small>(if&nbsp;tʃʰ/\_\_j)</small>} [tɕʰ] | :x: | :x: Sibilant [fricative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative) 有噝[擦音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/擦音) | :x: | :x: | s&nbsp;[s] / <br> j&nbsp;[z] | **sr**&nbsp;[ʃ]\~&#8288;[ʂ] / <br> **jr**&nbsp;[ʒ]\~&#8288;[ʐ] | {**sc**<small>(if&nbsp;s/\_\_j)</small>; <br> **sr(i)**<small>(if&nbsp;ʃ/\_\_j)</small>} [ɕ] <br> / {**jz**<small>(if&nbsp;dz/\_\_j)</small>; <br> **jr(i)**<small>(if&nbsp;ʒ/\_\_j)</small>} [ʑ] | :x: | :x: Non-sibilant fricative 無噝擦音 | [ɸ] / [β] | **f**&nbsp;[f] / **v**&nbsp;[v] | [θ] / [ð] | | {h(i)<small>(if&nbsp;h/\_\_j)</small>; <br> **x(i)**<small>(if&nbsp;x/\_\_j)</small>} [ç] <br> / [ʝ] | <br>{h<small>(if&nbsp;/h/)</small>; <br> **x**<small>(else)</small>} [x] / [ɣ] <br> <sup>Note:x</sup> | h&nbsp;[h] / [ɦ] [Approximant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant) [近音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/近音) | | / {**v**<small>(if&nbsp;/v/)</small>} [ʋ] | / [ɹ] | / {**jr**<small>(if&nbsp;/ʐ/)</small> <br> ⟨⟩&#8288;<small>(if&nbsp;∅/^\_\_j)</small>} [ɹ̠]~[ɻ] <br> <sup>Note:ɹ̠</sup> | / _i_&nbsp;[j] | / [ɰ] | (= Fricative 擦音) [Lateral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant) approximant [邊](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/边音)近音 | (= Approximant 近音) | (= Approximant 近音) | / {**dl**<small>(if&nbsp;/d/)</small>; <br> l<small>(else)</small>} [l] <br> <sup>Note:⟨dl⟩</sup> | / [ɭ] | / [ʎ] | / [ʟ] | :x: [Rounded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization) Approximant [圓唇](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/唇音化)近音 | | | | | / **y**&nbsp;[ɥ] <br> <sup>Note:ɥ</sup> | [ʍ] / _u_&nbsp;[w] (lateral) [Tap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants) （邊）[閃音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/闪音) | | / [ⱱ] | / **dl**&nbsp;([ɺ])\~&#8288;[ɾ] <br> <sup>Note:⟨dl⟩</sup> | / [ɽ] | | :x: <details><summary>Inline notes</summary> *[Note:⟨gn⟩]: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu dialect　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語永靖老漳州腔 *[Note:⟨dj⟩]: (TL: "j") Occurs in Táiwānese Hokkièn Choân-chiu accents　見於臺灣閩南語偏泉腔口音 *[Note:⟨dl⟩]: [ᵈl] The "l" (TL) of Táiwānese Hokkièn　臺灣閩南語的 "l" (臺羅) *[Note:ɹ̠]: Occurs in Táiwānese Hakka Southern Sìxiàn dialect　見於臺灣客家語南四縣腔 *[Note:x]: The pronunciation of Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "H" in Mainland Standard Mandarin　注音聲母「ㄏ」的大陸標準漢語發音 *[Note:ɥ]: Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "Yu" as medial　注音介母「ㄩ」 </details> **Note ⟨gn⟩**: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu dialect　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語永靖老漳州腔 \ **Note ⟨dj⟩**: (TL: "j") Occurs in Táiwānese Hokkièn Choân-chiu accents　見於臺灣閩南語偏泉腔口音 \ **Note ⟨dl⟩**: [ᵈl] The "l" (TL) of Táiwānese Hokkièn　臺灣閩南語的 "l" (臺羅) \ **Note ɹ̠**: Occurs in Táiwānese Hakka Southern Sìxiàn dialect　見於臺灣客家語南四縣腔 \ **Note x**: The pronunciation of Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "ㄏ/H" in Mainland Standard Mandarin　注音符號/漢語拼音聲母「ㄏ/h」的大陸標準漢語發音 \ **Note ɥ**: Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "ㄩ/Yu" as a medial　注音符號/漢語拼音介母「ㄩ/yu」 - The **post-alveolar** series contains **[retroflex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant)**, **[palato--alveolar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant) (_domed (partially palatalized) post-alveolar_)**, and **[alveolo--palatal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant) (_palatalized post-alveolar_)** consonants. In this table, the first two are placed into the same column, while the last one is placed into its own column.\ **齦後音** 系列包含 **[捲舌音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/捲舌音)**、**[齶--齦音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/齦硬腭音)（_拱 (部份齶化) 齦後音_）**、與 **[齦--硬齶音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/龈腭音)（_齶化齦後音_）** 三類輔音。本表將前兩類列進同一列，而最後一類獨立列出。 - Palato–alveolars are not rounded by default, unlike English 齶&ndash;齦音預設不圓脣，與英語不同 - All **alveolo--palatal** are palatalized and thus implicitly contain the medial /j/ (/ɥ/ if rounded). Such palatalization is still transcribed with ⟨i⟩ (⟨y⟩ if rounded) for medial+rime analysis. Examples:\ **齦--硬齶音**皆已齶化而隱含地帶介音 /j/（圓脣時爲 /ɥ/）。此時齶化仍標音為 ⟨i⟩（圓脣時爲 ⟨y⟩）以利韻母分析。例如： - ⟨scia⟩ (not \*⟨sca⟩) /ɕja/: [ɕʲa] ≡ [ɕa] - ⟨jzia⟩ (not \*⟨jza⟩) /ʑja/: [ʑʲa] ≡ [ʑa] ## Syllable Coda 韻尾 ※ Vowel-like codas are listed in the next section.　類元音韻尾在下一節列出。 `⟨-◌⟩` denotes the grapheme `◌` in the coda position.\ `⟨-◌⟩` 表示處於韻尾位置的字素 `◌`。 | | Bilabial <br> 雙唇音 | Alveolar <br> 齦音 | Velar <br> 軟齶音 | Glottal <br> 聲門音 | Vowel <br> 母音 |:--- |:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---: Nasal([ized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_vowel)) 鼻([化](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/鼻化元音))音 | -&#8288;m&nbsp;[m] | -&#8288;n&nbsp;[n] | -&#8288;ng&nbsp;[ŋ] | | -&#8288;nn&nbsp;[◌&#8288;̃] [Rhotacized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowel) [兒化音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/日化元音) | | | | | -&#8288;rr&nbsp;[◌˞&nbsp;] | [Stop with no audible release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_audible_release) [無聲除阻塞音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/無聲除阻) | -&#8288;p&nbsp;[p̚] | -&#8288;t&nbsp;[t̚] | -&#8288;k&nbsp;[k̚] | -&#8288;h&nbsp;[ʔ] | :x: Silence 不發音 | | | | | {-&#8288;h<small>(if&nbsp;/&#8288;ʔ/)</small>; <br> ⟨⟩&#8288;<small>(else)</small>} [] ※ ⟨-nn⟩ may appear before other codas.　⟨-nn⟩ 可出現在其他韻尾前。 - ⟨**-nn**h⟩ (TL "**-nn**h", IPA [◌&#8288;**̃**ʔ]): Occurs in Táiwānese Hokkièn 見於臺灣閩南語 - ⟨**-nn**rr⟩ (Zhuyin **-ㄥ**ㄦ, Pinyin **-ng**r, IPA [◌&#8288;**̃**˞ ]): Nasalization and rhotacization; occurs in Standard Mandarin; rarely occurs in colloquial Táiwānese Mandarin　兒化鼻化音；見於標準漢語；臺灣標準漢語口語罕見 - ⟨**-nn**t⟩ (THRS "-**nn**d", IPA [◌&#8288;**̃**t̚]): Occurs in Táiwānese Hakka 見於臺灣客家語 The release phase of **stop with no audible release** is overlapped with a glottal stop [ʔ] when followed by a stressed syllable with null initial. Examples:\ 當後接重讀的零聲母音節時，**無聲除阻塞音**的除阻階段會帶聲門塞音 [ʔ]。例如： - ⟨-p a⟩ /p̚ a/: [p̚ʔ a]\~[p̚͜ʔ a] - ⟨-t a⟩ /t̚ a/: [t̚ʔ a]\~[t̚͜ʔ a] - ⟨-k a⟩ /k̚ a/: [k̚ʔ a]\~[k̚͜ʔ a] ## Syllable Medial/Nucleus/Coda 韻頭/韻腹/韻尾 ### Vowels and semivowels 元音與半元音 For vowels, CTL has two incompatible transcription variants, "CTL Southern" and "CTL Northern", which are notated as below.\ 對於元音，CTL 的標音方式分爲不相容的「CTL 南版」與「CTL 北版」，本文表示如下。 IPA | Notation <br> 本文表示法 | CTL N. <br> CTL 北版 | CTL S. <br> CTL 南版 --- | --- | --- | --- [ə] | o\(r) | or | o [o] | o(o) | o | oo Items separated by `/` mean [`unrounded / rounded`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundedness).\ 被 `/` 分開的項目表示 [`不圓唇 / 圓唇`](zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/元音圓唇度)。 | | Front Approximant 前近音 | [Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel) [前](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/前元音) | [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowel) [央](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/央元音) | [Back](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowel) [後](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/後元音) | Back Approximant 後近音 | |:---|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---: Close [Semivowel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel) 閉[半元音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/半元音) | [ɹ]\~[ɻ] / | _i_&nbsp;[j]\~&#8288;[i̯] / **y**&nbsp;[ɥ]\~&#8288;[y̯] <br> <sup>Note:ɥ</sup> | | [ɰ] / _u_&nbsp;[w]\~&#8288;[u̯] | [ʁ] / [Close](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel) [閉](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/閉元音) | :x: | i&nbsp;[i] / <br> **y**&nbsp;[y] <br> <sup>Note:y</sup> | ir&nbsp;[ɨ] <br> / [ʉ] <br> <sup>Note:⟨ir⟩</sup> | [ɯ] / u&nbsp;[u] | [ʁ] / [Near-close](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_vowel) [次閉](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/次閉元音) | :x: | [ɪ] / [ʏ] | | / {_o(o)_<small>(if&nbsp;ɔ/\_\_ŋ\$)</small>; <br> u<small>(if&nbsp;/u/)</small>} [ʊ] <br> <sup>Note:ʊ</sup> | [ʁ] / [Close-mid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_vowel) [半閉](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/半閉元音) | :x: | e&nbsp;[e] / [ø] | er&nbsp;[ɘ] <br> / [ɵ] <br> <sup>Note:⟨er⟩</sup> | _o\(r)_&nbsp;[ɤ] <br> / {o<small>(if&nbsp;/ə/)</small>; <br> oo<small>(if&nbsp;/ɔ/)</small>; <br> o(o)<small>(else)</small>} [o] <br> <sup>Note:ɤ</sup> | [ʁ] / [Mid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowel) [中](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/中元音) | :x: | | {o\(r)<small>(if&nbsp;/ə/)</small>; <br> er<small>(if&nbsp;/ɘ/,/ə̯/)</small>} [ə] <br> <sup>Note:⟨er⟩</sup> | | [ʁ]\~[ʕ] / [Open-mid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_vowel) [半開](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/半開元音) | :x: | {e<small>(if&nbsp;/e/)</small>; <br> ee<small>(else)</small>} [ɛ] <br> / [œ] | [ɜ] / [ɞ] | [ʌ] / oo&nbsp;[ɔ] | [ʕ] / [Near-open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_vowel) [次開](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/次開元音) | :x: | [æ] / [ɶ] | a&nbsp;[ɐ] <br> <sup>Note:ɐ</sup> | | [ʕ] / [Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowel) [開](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/開元音) | :x: | {a<small>(if&nbsp;/ɐ/)</small>} [a] <br> / [ɶ] | (≒ /a/) <br> / (≒ /ɶ/) | [ɑ] / [ɒ] | [ʕ] / Nasalized ([◌⁠̃]) syllable finals are transcribed with ⟨-⁠nn⟩ appended after any vowel-like codas (if any) or otherwise after the nucleus.\ 鼻化 ([◌⁠̃]) 韻母以 ⟨-⁠nn⟩ 接在類元音韻尾（若有）或韻腹後標音。 | | Front 前 | Back 後 | |:---|:---:|:---:| Close Semivowel 閉半元音 | _inn_&nbsp;[j⁠̃]\~&#8288;[i̯⁠̃] / | / _unn_&nbsp;[w⁠̃]\~&#8288;[u̯⁠̃] | Close 閉 | inn&nbsp;[ĩ] / | / unn&nbsp;[ũ] Close-mid 半閉 | enn&nbsp;[ẽ] / | Open-mid 半開 | eenn&nbsp;[ɛ̃] / <br> <sup>Note:⟨eenn⟩</sup> | / **oonn**&nbsp;[ɔ̃] Open 開 | {ann<small>(if&nbsp;/ɐ̃/)</small>} [ã] | Rhotacized ([◌˞ ]) syllable finals are transcribed with **⟨-⁠rr⟩** appended after ⟨-⁠nn⟩ (if any) or otherwise in place of ⟨-⁠nn⟩.\ 兒化 ([◌˞ ]) 韻母以 **⟨-⁠rr⟩** 接在 ⟨-⁠nn⟩ 後（若有）或置於 ⟨-⁠nn⟩ 處標音. | | Central 央 | (Nasalized 鼻化) | Back 後 | (Nasalized 鼻化) | |:---|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:| Close Semivowel 閉半元音 | | | / **urr**&nbsp;[ʊ˞̯ ] | Close 閉 | | | / **urr**&nbsp;[u˞ ] | / **unnrr**&nbsp;[u⁠̃˞ ] Mid 中 | **o\(r)rr**&nbsp;[ɚ] | **o\(r)nnrr**&nbsp;[ɚ⁠̃] | **o\(r)rr**&nbsp;[ɤ˞&nbsp;] / **oorr**&nbsp;[o˞ ] | **o\(r)nnrr**&nbsp;[ɤ⁠̃˞&nbsp;] / | <details><summary>Inline notes</summary> *[Note:y]: Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "ㄩ/Yu"　注音符號/漢語拼音「ㄩ/yu」 *[Note:ʊ]: The nucleus of Standard Mandarin syllables "Dōng/Tōng/Nòng" (-"o"ng) in Mainland Standard Mandarin; [o] in Táiwānese Mandarin　標準漢語「東通弄」等字韻腹（-"ㄨ"ㄥ）的大陸標準漢語發音；臺灣標準漢語中為 [o]。The transcription will be changed to ⟨u⟩ for Mainland Standard Mandarin　大陸標準漢語發音將改標為 ⟨u⟩ *[Note:ɤ]: Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "ㄜ/E"　注音符號/漢語拼音「ㄜ/e」 *[Note:ɐ]: The (first) nucleus of Standard Mandarin finals "-ianr" and "-üanr"　標準漢語韻母 "ㄧㄢㄦ" 與 "ㄩㄢㄦ" 之韻腹 *[Note:⟨ir⟩]: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Choân-chiu accents　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語偏泉腔口音 *[Note:⟨er⟩]: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Choân-chiu accents　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語偏泉腔口音 *[Note:⟨eenn⟩]: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu dialect　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語永靖老漳州腔 </details> **Note y**: Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "ㄩ/Yu"　注音符號/漢語拼音「ㄩ/yu」 \ **Note ʊ**: The nucleus of Standard Mandarin syllables *Dōng*/*Tōng*/*Nòng* (-**o**ng) in Mainland Standard Mandarin; [**o**] in Táiwānese Mandarin　標準漢語「東通弄」等字韻腹（-**ㄨ**ㄥ）的大陸標準漢語發音；臺灣標準漢語中為 [**o**] <br> ***The transcription will be changed to ⟨**u**⟩ for Mainland Standard Mandarin　大陸標準漢語發音將改標為 ⟨**u**⟩*** \ **Note ɤ**: Bopomofo/Pīnyīn "ㄜ/E"　注音符號/漢語拼音「ㄜ/e」 \ **Note ɐ**: The (first) nucleus of Standard Mandarin finals "-ianr" and "-üanr"　標準漢語韻母 "ㄧㄢㄦ" 與 "ㄩㄢㄦ" 之韻腹 \ **Note ⟨ir⟩**: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Choân-chiu accents　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語偏泉腔口音 \ **Note ⟨er⟩**: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Choân-chiu accents　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語偏泉腔口音 \ **Note ⟨eenn⟩**: In TL, used in Táiwānese Hokkièn Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu dialect　臺羅中，用於臺灣閩南語永靖老漳州腔 ### [Syllabic consonant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant) [成音節輔音](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/音節輔音) | | Bilabial <br> 雙唇音 | Alveolar <br> 齦音 | Post-alveolar <br> 齦後音 | Velar <br> 軟齶音 |:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---: | Nasal 鼻音 | m [(ə̯)m̩] | n [(ə̯)n̩] <br> <sup>Note:n̩</sup> | | ng [(ə̯)ŋ̍] | Approximant 近音 | | _ir_ [ɹ̩] <br> <sup>Note:ㄭ1</sup> | _ir_ [ɻ̩] <br> <sup>Note:ㄭ2</sup> <details><summary>Inline notes</summary> *[Note:n̩]: Occurs in Táiwānese Hakka　見於臺灣客家語 *[Note:ㄭ1]: The nucleus of Standard Mandarin syllables "Zī/Cī/Sī"　標準漢語「資雌斯」等字的主要韻母 *[Note:ㄭ2]: The nucleus of Standard Mandarin syllables "Zhī/Chī/Shī/Rì"　標準漢語「之吃施日」等字的主要韻母 </details> **Note n̩**: Occurs in Táiwānese Hakka　見於臺灣客家語 \ **Note ㄭ1**: The nucleus of Standard Mandarin syllables *Zī*/*Cī*/*Sī*　標準漢語「資雌斯」等字的主要韻母 \ **Note ㄭ2**: The nucleus of Standard Mandarin syllables *Zhī*/*Chī*/*Shī*/*Rì*　標準漢語「之吃施日」等字的主要韻母 ## Syllable Tones 音節聲調 Tones are transcribed with a language prefix digit and a tone category number.\ 聲調以單數碼語言前綴加上聲調調類數字表示。 A tone underwent tone modifications is transcribed as `<original-tone>→<pronounced-tone>` or simply as `→<pronounced-tone>`. This is a temporary convention of this article.\ 經過泛變調的聲調以 `<原調>→<實際發音聲調>` 或單以 `→<實際發音聲調>` 表示。此為本文暫定慣例。 The language prefix digit can be omitted for one-digit tone number in Táiwānese Hokkièn.\ 臺灣閩南語的單數碼聲調數字的語言前綴數碼可省略。 For solely describing the tone, the language prefix of one-digit tone number is omitted of simplicity.\ 僅單獨描述聲調時，省略單數碼聲調的語言前綴以示簡潔。 ⟨\*⟩ denotes a syllable with any tone.\ ⟨\*⟩ 表示帶任一聲調的音節。 See the tone tables below for details.\ 詳見以下的聲調表格。 ## Language Transcription Specification 語言標音方式 Non-CTL morphemes are either "quoted" or _italicized_.\ 非 CTL 字素以 "引號" 或 _斜體_ 表示。 In the following tables, an item in parentheses represents a frequently used allophone of a certain phoneme.\ 下列表格中以括號包圍的元素表示某特定音素的常用同位異音。 To get the corresponding IPA of a final from the following final tables, find the cell for the final and then concatenate the IPA on the leftmost column of the row and the coda IPA on the topmost row of the column.\ 在以下韻母的表格中，找到韻母欄位後，將橫排最左的 IPA 與縱排最上方的韻尾 IPA 相接即為該韻母所對應的國際音標。 - However, the IPA denoted in the cell (if any) is taken instead.\ 但以韻母欄位附的國際音標（若有）為優先。 `⟨tone⟩` means the pronunciation is the same as `tone`.\ `⟨聲調⟩` 表示讀法與 `聲調` 相同。 Tone contour preceded by `→` denotes the pronunciation when the syllable is not in a citation-tone&ndash;reading position and the tone is used after applying tone modification rules.\ 前有 `→` 的聲調輪廓，表示用於不為讀本調位置的音節在套用泛變調規則後變為此調時的發音。 :x: in tone tables represents a non-existing tone.\ 聲調表格中的 :x: 表示無此聲調。 ### Táiwānese Hokkièn 臺灣閩南語 → <https://hackmd.io/@IID/Common-TL-Phonetic-Taiwanese-Hokkien> ### Táiwānese Hakka 臺灣客家語 → <https://hackmd.io/@IID/Common-TL-Phonetic-Taiwanese-Hakka> ### Standard Mandarin 標準漢語 → <https://hackmd.io/@IID/Common-TL-Phonetic-Standard-Mandarin> *[IPA]: International Phonetic Alphabet 國際音標 *[CTL]: Common TL 通用 TL *[Common TL]: Common TL 通用 TL *[TL]: Tâi-Lô; Táiwānese Romanization System 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案 *[臺羅]: Táiwānese Romanization System 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案 *[POJ]: Pe̍h-ōe-jī 白話字 *[白話字]: Pe̍h-ōe-jī 白話字 *[THRS]: Táiwānese Hakka Romanization System 臺灣客家語拼音方案 *[客家語拼音]: Táiwānese Hakka Romanization System 臺灣客家語拼音方案 *[⟨⟩]: CTL 不標出 ## References 參考資料 - Wikipedia contributors. (2023, February 18). International Phonetic Alphabet. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 08:04, March 5, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&oldid=1140012525 - 音节. (2023, January 2). Retrieved from *维基百科, 自由的百科全书*: https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82&oldid=75332698 - Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 5). Distinctive feature. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 12:12, March 5, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distinctive_feature&oldid=1114190186 - Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 9). Approximant. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 12:25, November 18, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Approximant&oldid=1115056856 - Wikipedia contributors. (2022, September 30). No audible release. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 12:42, November 18, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_audible_release&oldid=1113171150 - Wikipedia contributors. (2021, August 19). Taiwanese Hokkien. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 19:22, September 2, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&oldid=1039625767 - Wikipedia contributors. (2022, February 7). Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 22:05, November 18, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien&oldid=1070451553 - 臺灣客家語. (2022, July 25). Retrieved from *维基百科, 自由的百科全书*: https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=臺灣客家語&oldid=72889669 - Wikipedia contributors. (2022, August 18). Standard Chinese phonology. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 12:55, September 7, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Chinese_phonology&oldid=1105146867 - Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 17). Pinyin. In *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 15:49, November 18, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&oldid=1116624611