# KODACAMP 1st week

# Day 1

On macOS, Ruby is pre-installed as part of the operating system. Apple includes Ruby in macOS to provide users with a programming language and development environment out-of-the-box.

### Printing

`puts` is primarily used to display output on a new line. It automatically adds a newline character (\n) at the end of the output

puts "Hello"
puts "World"

The print method, as the name suggests, prints the output without adding a newline character. It keeps the output on the same line

print "Hello /n"
print "World"

print "Hello"
print "World"

p "Hello"
p "World"

### Variables

#### Variable Naming

* Variable names in Ruby are case-sensitive and must start with a lowercase letter or an underscore (_).
* They can contain alphanumeric characters and underscores, but they cannot start with a number.
* It is recommended to use descriptive names that convey the purpose of the variable.

name = 'bernard'
student_id = 9
student_address = 'Makati City'

#### Variable Assignment

Variables are assigned values using the assignment operator (=).
The value on the right side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left side.

name = "John"
age = 30

puts "My name is #{name}"
puts "I am #{age} years old"

student_name = name
student_age = age

puts "My name is #{student_name}"
puts "I am #{student_age} years old"

#### interpolation and concatenation

String interpolation is often favored for its conciseness, especially when multiple variables are involved, leading to cleaner and more readable code. It also simplifies the process of mixing different data types, like strings and numbers, without requiring explicit conversions. For example, unlike the + operator, which causes an error when combining a string and a number, string interpolation handles this effortlessly.

puts "I am the number " + 3  # returns error

puts "I am the number #{3}"

# Day 2

**Introduction to Arrays:**
Start by explaining what an array is in the context of programming. An array is an ordered collection of elements, where each element is identified by an index (a numerical position). In Ruby, arrays can contain any combination of data types, including numbers, strings, other arrays, or objects.

**Creating Arrays:**
Show how to create arrays in Ruby using square brackets [] or the Array.new constructor:

my_array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
empty_array = []

**Accessing Elements:**
Explain how to access elements in an array using their indices, which start at 0:

my_array[0] # Access the first element (1)
my_array[2] # Access the third element (3)

**Modifying Arrays:**
Teach how to add elements to an array, remove elements, and modify existing elements:

**Adding elements:**

my_array << 6     # Appends 6 to the end
my_array.push(7)  # Also appends 7 to the end

**Removing elements:**

my_array.pop     # Removes and returns the last element
my_array.delete_at(2)  # Removes the element at index 2

**Modifying elements:**

my_array[1] = 10   # Changes the second element to 10

**Array Methods:**
Introduce common array methods such as length, empty?, include?, and each:

my_array.length    # Get the number of elements in the array
my_array.empty?    # Check if the array is empty
my_array.include?(3)  # Check if 3 is in the array
my_array.each { |element| puts element }  # Iterate over each element

**Iterating Over Arrays:**
Teach how to use loops (e.g., each) to iterate through an array and perform operations on its elements.

**Array Slicing:**
Explain how to extract a portion of an array using slicing:

my_array[1..3]  # Returns a new array containing elements at indices 1, 2, and 3

**Common Array Operations:**
Discuss common operations like sorting, reversing, and joining arrays:

my_array.sort  # Sorts the elements in ascending order
my_array.reverse  # Reverses the order of elements
my_array.join(", ")  # Joins elements into a string with a separator

**Multidimensional Arrays:**
Mention that arrays can also be used to create multidimensional arrays

matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

**1. What is a Hash?**

Start by explaining that a hash (also known as a dictionary or associative array in other programming languages) is a data structure in Ruby that stores data in key-value pairs.
Emphasize that unlike arrays, which use numeric indices, hashes use keys to access their values. Keys can be of any data type, often symbols or strings.
Mention that hashes are useful for associating information and for fast data retrieval based on keys.

**2. Creating Hashes**

Show how to create a hash using curly braces {} and the => (hash rocket) syntax:

my_hash = { "name" => "John", "age" => 30, "city" => "New York" }
my_hash = { name: "John", age: 30, city: "New York" }
my_hash = { :name => "John", :age => 30, :city => "New York" }

**3. Accessing Values**
Explain how to access values in a hash using their keys:

my_hash["name"]  # Access value associated with the key "name"
my_hash[:name]   # Access value using a symbol key

**4. Modifying Hashes**
Teach how to add, update, and delete key-value pairs in a hash:

my_hash["job"] = "Engineer" # Adding a new pair
my_hash[:age] = 31 # Updating a value
my_hash.delete("city") # Deleting a pair

**5. Hash Methods**

Introduce common hash methods:

# keys: Retrieve all keys in a hash.
my_hash.keys

# values: Retrieve all values in a hash.
my_hash.values

# key? (or has_key?): Check if a key exists in the hash.
my_hash.key?(:age)
my_hash.has_key?(:age)

# value? (or has_value?): Check if a value exists in the hash.
my_hash.value?(31)
my_hash.has_value?(31)

**6. Iterating Over Hashes**

Show how to iterate over hash key-value pairs using each:

my_hash.each do |key, value|
  puts "#{key}: #{value}"
end

**7. Nested Hashes**

Explain that hashes can be nested within other hashes, allowing for more complex data structures:

user = {
  name: "Alice",
  contact: {
    email: "[e-mail]",
    phone: "123-456-7890"
  }
}

numbers = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

student_one = ["John Doe", 20, "Mathematics"]
student_two = ["Jane Smith", 22, "Mathematics"]
student_three = ["Alex Johnson", 19, "Mathematics"]

student_records = [student_one, student_two, student_three]

puts student_records[0][0]  
puts student_records[1][2]  
puts student_records[2][1]

student_records = [{name: "John Doe", score: 20,subject: 'Mathematics' ,
{name: "Jane Smith", score: 22,subject: 'Mathematics' },
{name: "Alex Johnson", score: 19,subject: 'Mathematics' }]

# Day 3

### If else

if condition
  # code here
else
  # code here
end

### Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are tools we use in programming to compare values and make decisions based on those comparisons.

In Ruby, there are several comparison operators that allow you to compare values and determine relationships between them. Here are the most commonly used comparison operators in Ruby:

Equal to **(==)**: Compares if two values are equal and returns true if they are, and false otherwise. It checks for value equality, not object identity.

Not equal to **(!=)**: Returns true if the values are not equal, and false if they are equal.

Greater than **(>)**: Returns true if the left-hand side value is greater than the right-hand side value, and false otherwise.

Less than **(<)**: Returns true if the left-hand side value is less than the right-hand side value, and false otherwise.

Greater than or equal to **(>=)**: Returns true if the left-hand side value is greater than or equal to the right-hand side value, and false otherwise.

Less than or equal to **(<=)**: Returns true if the left-hand side value is less than or equal to the right-hand side value, and false otherwise.

x = 5
y = 10

puts x == y  # false
puts x != y  # true
puts x > y   # false
puts x < y   # true
puts x >= y  # false
puts x <= y  # true
puts x <=> y # -1 0 1

## Conditions

### IF conditions

x = 5
if x > 0
  puts "x is positive"
end

temperature = 25
if temperature > 30
  puts "It's hot outside"
end

name = "Alice"
if name == "Alice"
  puts "Hello, Alice!"
end

age = 25

if age >= 18
  puts "You are eligible to vote."
end

### IF ELSE conditions

age = 17
if age >= 18
  puts "You are eligible to vote."
else
  puts "You are not eligible to vote yet."
end

number = 10
if number.even?
  puts "The number is even."
else
  puts "The number is odd."
end

grade = 80
if grade >= 90
  puts "You got an A."
else
  puts "You did not get an A."
end

day = "Monday"
if day == "Monday"
  puts "It's the start of the weekdays."
elsif day == "Friday"
  puts "It's the end of the weekdays."
else
  puts "It's a regular day."
end

number = 7
if number < 0
  puts "The number is negative."
elsif number > 0
  puts "The number is positive."
else
  puts "The number is zero."
end

score = 75
if score >= 90
  puts "You got an A."
elsif score >= 80
  puts "You got a B."
else
  puts "You got a C or below."
end

x = 10
unless x > 5
  puts "x is not greater than 5"
end

name = ""
unless name.empty?
  puts "Name is not empty."
end

age = 15
unless age >= 18
  puts "You are not old enough to drive."
end

Case statement

fruit = "apple"
case fruit
when "apple"
  puts "It's an apple."
when "banana"
  puts "It's a banana."
else
  puts "It's something else."
end

day = "Sunday"
case day
when "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday"
  puts "It's a weekday."
when "Saturday", "Sunday"
  puts "It's a weekend."
else
  puts "Invalid day."
end

language = "Ruby"
case language.downcase
when "ruby"
  puts "You are a Ruby developer."
when "python"
  puts "You are a Python developer."
else
  puts "You are a developer of another language."
end

grade = 85

if grade >= 90
  puts "A"
elsif grade >= 80
  puts "B"
elsif grade >= 70
  puts "C"
else
  puts "D"
end

"And" Operator (&&):
The "and" operator (&&) returns true if both of its operands are true, and false otherwise.

puts true && true   # Output: true
puts true && false  # Output: false
puts false && true  # Output: false
puts false && false # Output: false

### AND examples

number = 42
if number > 0 && number.even? && number < 100
  puts "The number is a positive even number less than 100."
end

age = 25
has_license = true
is_disqualified = false
if age >= 18 && has_license && !is_disqualified
  puts "The person is eligible to drive."
end

"Or" Operator (`||`):
The "or" operator (||) returns true if at least one of its operands is true, and false if both operands are false.

puts true || true   # Output: true
puts true || false  # Output: true
puts false || true  # Output: true
puts false || false # Output: false

### OR examples

number = 120
if number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0 || number > 100
  puts "The number meets at least one of the conditions."
end

fruit = "banana"
if fruit == "apple" || fruit == "banana" || fruit == "orange"
  puts "The fruit matches one of the options."
end

education_level = "bachelor's degree"
if education_level == "high school diploma" || education_level == "bachelor's degree" || education_level == "master's degree"
  puts "The person has achieved one of the education levels."
end

"Not" Operator (!):
The "not" operator (!) is used to reverse the logical value of its operand. It returns true if the operand is false, and false if the operand is true.

puts !true  # Output: false
puts !false # Output: true

### More Conditions

attendance_status = 'present'
arrival_time = '08:00'

 if attendance_status == 'present'
    if arrival_time <= '08:30'
      puts "Student is punctual."
    elsif arrival_time > '08:30' && arrival_time <= '09:00'
      puts "Student is late."
    else
      puts "Student is absent."
    end
  elsif attendance_status == 'absent'
    puts "Student is absent."
  else
    puts "Invalid attendance status."
  end

weather_forecast = 'rainy'
temperature = 30

  if weather_forecast == 'rainy'
    puts "It is rainy."
  
    if temperature > 20
      puts "It is also warm. Take an umbrella and dress lightly."
    else
      puts "It is cool. Take an umbrella and dress warmly."
    end
  
  elsif weather_forecast == 'sunny'
    puts "It is sunny."
  
    if temperature > 30
      puts "It is very hot. Wear sunscreen and stay hydrated."
    else
      puts "It is warm. Wear sunscreen and enjoy the sunshine."
    end
  
  else
    puts "The weather is neither rainy nor sunny. Check again later."
  end

# Day 4
## Iteration

The times method in Ruby is an iterator that allows you to execute a block of code a specified number of times. It is commonly used when you need to repeat a certain operation or action a specific number of iterations.

The times method is called on an integer and takes a block of code as its argument. The block is executed repeatedly for the number of times specified by the integer.

Here's an example that demonstrates the usage of the times method:

5.times do |index|
  puts "Iteration #{index + 1}"
end

The each method in Ruby is an iterator that allows you to iterate over elements in a collection, such as an array or a hash, and perform a certain action on each element

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']

fruits.each do |fruit|
  puts "I love #{fruit}"
end

In Ruby, the for loop is another way to iterate over a collection of elements. It allows you to loop through a range or an enumerable object, such as an array or a hash, and perform a specific action on each element.

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']

for fruit in fruits do
  puts "I love #{fruit}"
end

The while loop is a control flow statement in Ruby that repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition evaluates to true. It is used when you want to continue executing a certain action until a specific condition becomes false.

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']
index = 0

while index < fruits.length do
  puts "I love #{fruits[index]}"
  index += 1
end

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']
index = 0

until index >= fruits.length do
  puts "I love #{fruits[index]}"
  index += 1
end

### MORE EXAMPLES

array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

modified_array = array.map do |item|
  if item > 2
    item * 2
  else
    item
  end
end

array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

selected_items = array.select { |item| item % 3 == 0 }

selected_items.each do |item|
  puts item
end


numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

numbers.each do |num|
  if num.even?
    puts "#{num} is even"
  elsif num.odd?
    puts "#{num} is odd"
  else
    puts "#{num} is neither even nor odd"
  end
end

people = [
  { name: "Alice", age: 30, gender: "female", occupation: "engineer" },
  { name: "Bob", age: 35, gender: "male", occupation: "teacher" },
  { name: "Charlie", age: 25, gender: "male", occupation: "artist" }
]

people.each do |person|
  if person[:age] > 30
    puts "#{person[:name]} is over 30 years old"
  elsif person[:age] < 30
    puts "#{person[:name]} is under 30 years old"
  else
    puts "#{person[:name]} is exactly 30 years old"
  end
end

people = [
  { name: "Alice", age: 30, gender: "female", occupation: "engineer" },
  { name: "Bob", age: 85, gender: "male", occupation: "teacher" },
  { name: "Charlie", age: 70, gender: "male", occupation: "artist" },
  { name: "Diana", age: 90, gender: "female", occupation: "retired" }
]

people_over_80 = []

people.each do |person|
  if person[:age] > 80
    people_over_80 << person
  end
end

puts "People over 80 years old:"
people_over_80.each do |person|
  puts "#{person[:name]} (Age: #{person[:age]})"
end

group_of_numbers = [
  [1, 2, 3],
  [4, 5, 6],
  [7, 8, 9]
]

group_of_numbers.each do |numbers|
  numbers.each do |number|
    if number.even?
      puts "#{number} is even"
    else
      puts "#{number} is odd"
    end
  end
end

## Methods

# DAY 5

class Car
end

car = Car.new

class Car
  def initialize(color, model, year)
    @speed = 0
    @color = color
    @model = model
    @year = year
  end
  
  def details 
    {
      color: @color,
      model: @model,
      year: @year
    }
  end
  
  def accelerate
    @speed += 10
  end

  def brake
    @speed -= 5
  end

  def current_speed
    @speed
  end
end

class Car
  def initialize(color, model, year)
    @color = color
    @model = model
    @year = year
  end

  def color
    @color
  end

  def color=(new_color)
    @color = new_color
  end
  
  def change_color
    @color = %w[yellow red black green violet].sample
  end  
end

car = Car.new('blue', 'toyota', '1997')
car.color
car.change_color
car.color

class Car
  attr_accessor :brand, :model, :year, :color

  def initialize(brand, model, year, color)
    @brand = brand
    @model = model
    @year = year
    @color = color
  end

  def start
    puts "#{@brand} #{@model} started."
  end

  def stop
    puts "#{@brand} #{@model} stopped."
  end
end

class ElectricCar < Car
  attr_accessor :battery_capacity

  def initialize(brand, model, year, color, battery_capacity)
    super(brand, model, year, color)
    @battery_capacity = battery_capacity
  end

  def charge
    puts "Charging #{@brand} #{@model} with #{@battery_capacity} kWh battery."
  end
end

class GasolineCar < Car
  attr_accessor :fuel_capacity

  def initialize(brand, model, year, color, fuel_capacity)
    super(brand, model, year, color)
    @fuel_capacity = fuel_capacity
  end

  def refuel
    puts "Refueling #{@brand} #{@model} with #{@fuel_capacity} gallon fuel tank."
  end
end

# Creating instances of different types of cars
electric_car = ElectricCar.new("Tesla", "Model S", 2023, "Red", 100)
gasoline_car = GasolineCar.new("Toyota", "Camry", 2024, "Blue", 15)

# Using methods inherited from the base class
electric_car.start
electric_car.charge
electric_car.stop

gasoline_car.start
gasoline_car.refuel
gasoline_car.stop