# 104年 神內,精神,皮膚 ## Question 1: 神內 20 歲女性因左手無力就診,神經學檢查顯示左側的手指無法完全張開與閉合,掌骨間肌(interossei muscle)無力萎縮,是那一條神經受損? --- - A. 正中神經(median nerve) - B. 尺神經(ulnar nerve) - C. 橈神經(radial nerve) - D. 肌表皮神經(musculocutaneous nerve) - E. 長胸神經(long thoracic nerve) ### Correct Answer: B Elbow flexion : biceps,肌表皮神經 Elbow extension : triceps,橈神經 Finger flextion : 屈指肌,正中神經,尺神經 Finger extension : 伸指肌, 橈伸經 Finger abductor: 尺神經 Thumb opposition : opponens pollicis,正中神經 Thumb extension : 伸拇指肌,橈神 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJqpRXAI3.png) ## Question 2:神內 25 歲女性有紅斑性狼瘡(systemic lupus erythematosus)合併腎炎有 3 年,使用類固醇、免疫抑制劑(cyclophosphamide),因意識不清與癲癇至急診,理學檢 查血壓 200/110 mmHg、體溫 37°C,脊髓液檢查顯示無白血球、蛋白濃度稍增加,腦部磁振照影顯示兩側枕葉有不正常訊號,最可能的診斷為何? --- - A. 腦膜腦炎(meningoencephalitis) - B. 尿毒腦病變(uremic encephalopathy) - C. 急性去髓鞘腦炎(acute demyelinating encephalitis) - D. 急性腦梗塞(acute cerebral infarction) - E. 可逆性後腦病變症候群(posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome) ### Correct Answer: E • The typical clinical syndrome includes headache, confusion, visual symptoms, and seizures. • Typical MRI findings are consistent with vasogenic edema and are predominantly localized to the posterior cerebral hemispheres. DWI can be helpful in distinguishing it from stroke. • most often occurs in the setting of hypertensive crisis, preeclampsia, or with cytotoxic immunosuppressive therapy • We recommend lowering blood pressure in all patients , nicardipine or labetalol is suggested. Even patients with seemingly normal blood pressure benefit from blood pressure lowering as their baseline blood pressure may be much lower. • We suggest withdrawing or lowering the dose of the offending cytotoxic agent, permanently if possible • When another immunosuppressive agent is substituted, patients must be followed closely for recurrence • We suggest treating patients who have a seizure with antiepileptic drugs , such as phenytoin. The risk of late recurrence or epilepsy appears low. As a result, we suggest that phenytoin be discontinued after symptoms and neuroimaging findings resolve • Most patients recover within two weeks. A small number have residual neurologic deficits resulting from secondary cerebral infarction or hemorrhage; some patients die as a result of increased intracranial pressure or as a complication of the underlying condition. ## Question 3:神內 25 歲女性,因突然複視與右側肢體無力就診,之前有心雜音、最近 3 個月有輕度發燒、倦怠、體重減輕 5 公斤,檢查時須注意哪些徵候?(1) Gottron's sign;(2) Janeway's lesion;(3) Heliotrope sign;(4) Roth's spot。 --- - A. (1)+(2) - B. (2)+(3) - C. (3)+(4) - D. (4)+(1) - E. (2)+(4) ### Correct Answer: E Embolization : emboli 會引起 TIA 或 infarction,症狀與視網膜動脈及前中大腦動脈有關,症狀有視覺喪失,半邊感覺和活動異常,失語症,癲癇,意識障礙,emboli 較少影響後大腦循環  From internal carotid artery and aorta:同時影響兩側大腦及全身栓塞  From cardiac origin : rheumatic heart disease, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, infective endocarditis(30%有神經學症狀), atrial myxoma, patent foramen ovale  From others : fat emboli, air emboli, tumor emboli ## Question 4:神內 55 歲女性因風濕性心臟病、瓣膜置換與心房顫動,使用口服抗凝劑,因腦出血至急診,INR 為 5.5,使用下列何種治療能最快恢復凝血功能? (1) Vitamin K;(2) Fresh frozen plasma;(3)Platelets;(4)Prothrombin complex concentrates;(5) Whole blood --- - A. (1)+(2) - B. (1)+(2)+(3) - C. (1)+(2)+(4) - D. (1)+(3)+(5) - E. (1)+(4)+(5 ### Correct Answer: A 或 B 或 C 或 D Coumadin: Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) inhibit Factor 2,7,9,10, PrS, PrC (1) VitaminK:可直接拮抗 VKA 之作用 (2) FFP:含所有血液凝固因子,包括不安定(labile)凝血因子 V 和 VIII (3) Platelet: 新鮮全血分離所得,血小板懸浮於 30-40ml 的血漿中,含 labile factors (4) PCC(Prothrombin complex concentrates): factor 2 (5) 全血: 不含不穩定因子(labile factors),即第五與第八凝血因子。亦無活性的白血球及血小板 ## Question 5:神內 50 歲女性罹患肌無力(myasthenia gravis)4 年,因肺炎併發呼吸衰竭入住加護病房,下列那些類別的抗生素較不適合使用?(1) Quinolones;(2) Beta-lactam + beta-lactamase inhibitor;(3) Macrolides;(4) Cephalosporins。 --- - A. (1)+(3) - B. (2)+(4) - C. (1)+(4) - D. (2)+(3) - E. (1)+(2)+(3)+(4) ### Correct Answer: A 重症肌無力 1.病因 自體抗體破壞肌肉上 nicotinic 乙烯膽鹼受器,乙烯膽鹼受器和胸腺組織類似,2/3thymus hyperplasia, 15%thymoma 2.臨床特徵 好發年輕女性老男人 易合併有 hyperthyroidism,SLE,RA,pernicious anemia, pemphigus動眼肌易受影響,不對稱眼瞼下垂,複視,發音吞嚥困難,伸肌無力,下午嚴重,休息改善 3.診斷 Tensilon(edrophonium) test:短效 acetycholinesterase inhibitor 症狀短暫改善 肌電圖做重複電刺激神經試驗有遞減反應:第四個比第一個反應波下降>15% 4.治療 Ach-R antibody:ocular MG 只有 50%陽性 Anti skeletal muscle antibody : 30% 切除胸腺,服用 pyridostigmine=mestinon(cholinesterase inhibitor)(過量會縮瞳流口水), 血漿置換術,steroid,azathioprine, cyclosporine,IVIG, 5.A number of drugs may unmask or exacerbate MG. Avoidance of fluoroquinolone, aminoglycoside and ketolide antibiotics, magnesium sulfate, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, penicillamine, and botulinum toxin in patients with MG is prudent. Likewise, beta blockers, procainamide, quinidine, and quinine should be avoided when possible. ## Question 6:神內神內 相較於肌無力(myasthenia gravis),藍伯-伊頓肌無力症(Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome)較常出現那些症狀?(1) 眼皮下垂、複視;(2) 肌腱反射下降;(3) 口齒不清及吞嚥困難;(4) 自律神經失調症狀,如口乾、便秘、小便困難 --- - A. (1)+(3) - B. (2)+(4) - C. (1)+(4) - D. (2)+(3) - E. (1)+(2)+(3)+(4) ### Correct Answer: B 1.病因 抗體攻擊突觸前鈣離子通道,使得乙醯膽鹼無法釋放,影響 nicotinic 和 muscarinic 乙醯膽鹼受器傳遞持續刺激會使 Ach 釋出增加恢復力氣 2.臨床特徵 60%合併 small call carcinoma,因癌症細胞類似鈣離子通道 近端肌肉無力,膝反射,踝反射不明顯,自主神經症狀,症狀在下午改善較少影響吞嚥呼吸肌肉,較少複視 3.診斷 肌電圖做重複電刺激神經試驗有遞增反應 4.治療 治療癌症 ## Question 7: 神內 40 歲女姓因肢體顫抖就診,腦部斷層掃描檢查顯示有明顯兩側基底核鈣化,下列那些疾病須考慮?(1) 一氧化碳中毒(carbon monoxide intoxication);(2) 粒線體疾病(mitochondrial disease);(3) 腦囊尾幼蟲症(neurocysticercosis);(4) 副甲狀腺低能症(hypoparathyroidism)。 --- - A. (1)+(3) - B. (2)+(4) - C. (1)+(4) - D. (2)+(3) - E. (1)+(2)+(3)+(4) ### Correct Answer: E It is seen more frequently in older patients and is considered a normal incidental and idiopathic finding in an elderly patient but should be considered pathological in persons younger than age 40 years unless proved otherwise. 1.idiopathic : aging(globus pallidus) ,Fahr disease 2.toxic : carbon monoxide poisoning, lead poisoning , mineralising microangiopathy associated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy 3.infectious : TORCH, CNS tuberculosis, AIDS, neurocysticercosis, CNS toxoplasmosis 4.metabolic : parathyroid disorders, birth hypoxia 5.inherited : mitochondrial diseases e.g. MELAS, Cockayne syndrome, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) (also known as Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome) ## Question 1: PSY 關於親人過世之後哀慟反應(grief),下列何者錯誤? --- - A. 有證據指出在哀慟反應的急性期心肌梗塞風險增加 - B. 在哀慟反應的急性期血壓心跳會增加 - C. 在哀慟反應的急性期血中 cortisol 濃度降低 - D. 有 2%到 3%失去親人的民眾,哀慟反應持續太久,強度未隨時間減弱,呈現「複雜性」哀慟反應(complicated grief) - E. 複雜性哀慟反應需要跟重度憂鬱症(major depression)以及創傷後壓力症(posttraumatic stress disorder)作鑑別診斷 ### Correct Answer: B Acute grief  Emotional change: dysphoria, anxiety, depression and anger  Physiological change: increased HR or BP, increased cortisol levels, sleep disturbance, and changes in the immune system  increased risks of myocardial infarction, Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy  increased risks of the development of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders Complicated grief  also called prolonged grief disorder, 2 to 3% of the population  哀慟反應持續太久  死亡的對象是 1.自己的孩子, 2. 夫妻, 3. 自殺/他殺/意外 (至親突然而暴力的死亡, 可達 10-20%)  highest among women older than 60 years of age  associated with sleep disturbance, substance abuse, suicidal thinking and behavior, and abnormalities in immune function, increased risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer  Risk factors: a history of mood or anxiety disorders, alcohol or drug abuse, and multiple losses, depression in persons who have been caregivers during a loved one’s terminal illness and depression early in bereavement  Differential diagnosis: major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (文中有表格)  Management: psychotherapy, anti-depressants ## Question 2:PSY 關於老年憂鬱症(depression in the elderly)下列何者錯誤? --- - A. 罹患憂鬱症會增加個案罹患失智症的風險 - B. 生活作息改變(lifestyle changes)也是治療方式之一 - C. 以生活作息改變作為治療方式,通常可以單獨達到治療效果 - D. 藥物治療與心理治療都可以考慮作為第一線的治療 - E. 選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: SSRI)被建議當作藥物治療的首選 ### Correct Answer: C ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Skm5bEAL2.png) ## Question 3:PSY 關於詐病(malingering)與庠病症(factitious disorder)下列何者為非? --- - A.具有「醫療無法解釋的身體症狀」(medically unexplained physical symptoms)的病患,都是有精神科診斷的 - B.處理庠病症個案的原則包括「顧全個案顏面」(face saving)以及「減低傷害」(harm minimization) - C.除了醫療上詳盡的病史詢問與病歷資料回顧,確認詐病與庠病症也需要醫療以外的調查資訊(non-medical investigation)來支持診斷之確立 - D.僅依靠「臨床技術」(clinical skills)本身不足以偵測(detect)或診斷詐病 - E.即使有明確的神經科或精神科診斷的病患,他們的異常生病行為(abnormal illness behaviors),也並非完全源自於他們罹患的疾病本身 ### Correct Answer: A Principles of management of Factitious disorder: ● Emphasize that the patient needs help ●Avoid expressing anger, acting judgmental, and taking punitive or retaliatory actions ●Provide assurances that general medical care and support is available ●Minimize humiliation and help the patient "save face” ## Question 4:PSY 關於老年人的譫妄(delirium)下列何者為非? --- - A. 沒有足夠的證據證明投予藥物可以有效地「預防」譫妄發生 - B. 在一般醫療情境(general medicine)當中,憂鬱症(depression)曾經被證明是譫妄的危險因子之一 - C. Serum urea 增加也是譫妄的危險因子之一 - D. 腦波檢查 (electroencephalography: EEG)對於診斷譫妄,有良好的敏感度 (sensitivity)及特異度(specificity) - E. Haloperidol 0.5mg BID 是合理的藥物治療選擇 ### Correct Answer: D ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkmMzNC8h.png) ## Question 5:PSY 下列何者非恐慌發作(panic attack)的典型症狀? --- - A. 心悸 (palpitation) - B. 胸痛 (chest pain) - C. 害怕自己快要死掉 (fear of dying) - D. 異物梗塞感 (feeling of choking) - E. 易怒情緒 (irritable mood) ### Correct Answer: E Panic Attack: ●Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate ●Sweating ●Trembling or shaking ●Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering ●Feelings of choking ●Chest pain or discomfort ●Nausea or abdominal distress ●Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint ●Chills or heat sensations ●Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations) ●Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself) ●Fear of losing control or "going crazy" ●Fear of dying ## Question 6:PSY 關於抗憂鬱藥物副作用的處理方式,下列合者為非? --- - A. 噁心 (nausea):持續很久且與劑量無關,可併用制酸劑幫助緩解或隨餐服用 - B.性高潮不能 (anorgasmia):使用 cyproheptadine 4mg to 8mg 於性活動前 2 小時服用 - C. 體重上升 (weight gain):運動節食或考慮改為 fluoxetine - D. 姿勢性低血壓 (orthostatic hypotension):不容易產生耐受性而自然緩解,增加飲水量,或是使用 fludrocortisone 0.025mg/day - E. 抗乙醯膽鹼(anticholinergic)副作用:等待耐受性產生 (wait for tolerance) ### Correct Answer: A 評語: 這一題太偏了,主要是(A)一看就知道錯誤;其他實際上證據力沒那麼強。 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/By_sf4082.png) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hyr6fVRUh.png) ## Question 7: PSY 關於治療雙極性情感疾患(bipolar affective disorder)的情緒穩定劑(mood stabilizer)的特性,下列何者為是?(1) 鋰鹽(lithium)的有效血中治療濃度範圍為 8-12 meq/L;(2) Thiazide 會減少鋰鹽的血中濃度;(3) Valproic acid 的有效血中治療濃度為 50-125 ug/ml;(4) 胰臟炎(pancreatitis)是 Valproic acid 可能的罕見副作用之一;(5) Lamotrigine的罕見副作用包括 Stevens-Johnson syndrome --- - A.(1)+(2)+(3) - B.(1)+(3)+(5) - C.(2)+(3)+(4) - D.(1)+(2)+(5) - E.(3)+(4)+(5 ### Correct Answer: D ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk7-m4C8h.png) ## Question 1:皮膚 30 歲男性, 皮膚病變如圖, 以下何者為必需之處置?(1) 抽血檢查有無 HIV 感染; (2) 詢問性行為史;(3) 抽血檢查有無梅毒;(4) 切取組織作病理檢查 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkPLNVALh.png) --- - A. (1)+(3) - B. (2)+(4) - C. (1)+(2)+(3) - D. (4) - E. (1)+(2)+(3)+(4) ### Correct Answer: C Condyloma acuminata 有些中年女性即使沒有肛交也有可能發生在肛門口附近。不過年輕男性發生的話就要懷疑 MSM 了(記得問性接觸史~)。HIV screening, VDRL/TPHA 一定要檢查。 ## Question 2:皮膚 一位 50 歲女性,發生如圖所示的皮疹。皮膚切片檢查發現有 acantholysis, keratinocytes necrosis 及vacuolar-interface dermatitis。直接免疫螢光反應(DIF)發現 IgG 及 complement 沈積於角質細胞表面及表皮基底膜。下列何者正確? (1)應做惡性腫瘤篩檢; (2)應詢問用藥史, 並立刻停止目前使用之藥物 ; (3)應密切注意病患是否發生呼吸困難 ; (4)以高劑量類固醇治療,一般都會很有效。 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkAi440Ln.png) --- - A. (1)+(3) - B. (1)+(2)+(4) - C. (1)+(2)+(3) - D. (3)+(4) - E. (1)+(2)+(3)+(4) ### Correct Answer: A 嘴唇厚厚的 hemorrhagic crusts 加上病理切片底下結合有 pemphigus (acantholysis 角質細胞間分離、IgG 沉積於角質細胞表面)、erythema multiforme (keratinocyte necrosis 接近基底層的角質細胞被淋巴球攻擊導致細胞死亡, vacuolar interface dermatitis 基底層細胞被淋巴球攻擊導致空泡狀的構造發生),是 paraneoplastic pemphigus 的特徵 (特別是照片中的嘴唇,看到我會想 SJS/TEN 或是 paraneoplastic pemphigus),所以要檢查腫瘤(特別是血液腫瘤)。由於肺泡支氣管也有上皮細胞,同樣會被攻擊導致纖維化 --> bronchiolitis obliterans,所以肺功能會在數週內急遽惡化。這個疾病基本上可以說是藥石罔效,使用高劑量類固醇也很難控制。 ## Question 3:皮膚 一 58 歲男性,皮膚劇癢及脫屑已有 3 年。近 3 個月以來,由斑塊變成全身發紅。皮膚劇癢至會干擾生活的程度。 用藥方面只有近 5 年來使用 lisinpril 控制高血壓。身體檢查發現 vital sign 都正常。體表如圖所示 90%皮膚都發紅並脫屑,而且有全身性淋巴結腫大, 手掌角掌增厚,趾甲變厚。以下何者是最可能的診斷? ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ry6RVE0Ih.png) --- - A. Drug hypersensitivity reaction - B. Pustular psoriasis - C. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome - D. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - E. Atopic dermatitis ### Correct Answer: D 據題幹敘述本有斑塊狀皮膚病灶,之後惡化成為紅皮症,有幾種可能:plaque psoriasis 或是 mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T cell lymphoma)轉變為 Sesary syndrome。伴隨淋巴結腫大以後者較有可能。 ## Question 4:皮膚 一 68 歲男性,有長期糖尿病病史,3 年兩側下肢感覺異常,兩年勃起障礙。腳底發生如圖所示不痛的潰瘍已有 6 個月。BMI 32。他不抽煙,腳底未受傷過,無跛行(claudication),無夜間足部疼痛。足部檢查,顯示 dorsalis pedis 脈動變小,腳踝並無色素沈澱。最可能的診斷是什麼? ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1SzrNA8h.png) --- - A. Venous stasis ulcer - B. Vasculitic ulcer - C. Neuropathic ulcer - D. Ischemic ulcer - E. Clavus ### Correct Answer: C DM neuropathy 會造成 neuropathic ulcer,特徵是 ulcer 周圍會有一圈隆起的硬皮。腳踝或小腿末端有色素沉澱可能需要想 stasis dermatitis 合併 stasis ulcer。vasculitic ulcer 通常會呈紫紅色。Ischemic 呈黑色 dry gangrene。Clavus 就是俗稱的"胼"手"胝"足,為單純的角質增厚 ## Question 5:皮膚 一病人因 leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 使用 dapsone 治療 25 天後產生 fever, lymphadenopathy, 及如圖所示皮疹, 但無mucosa ulcer。請問為確定診斷,以下最應立即做的兩項檢查是什麼? ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJwIBVRLh.png) --- - A. CBC(包括 differential count)及 Liver function test - B. Lymph node biopsy 及 skin biopy - C. Blood bacterial culture 及 fungal culture - D. MAST 及 prick test 檢測過敏原 - E. Patch test ### Correct Answer: A Dapsone 使用後發燒,淋巴結腫大,皮疹可能要排除"sulfone syndrome",會出現 leukocytopenia、thrombocytopenia 及abnormal liver function。 ## Question 6:皮膚 一位 64 歲男性因三天以來快速蔓延的全身發紅、疼痛及融合的膿皰至急診就診。當時體溫為 38.9 C。詢問病史,瞭解他有輕微尋常性乾癬及氣喘。尋常性乾癬用外用藥控制得不錯。他因氣喘服用了十天類固醇至一星期前才停藥。請問最可能的診斷是什麼? --- - A. Pustular psoriasis - B. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis - C. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms - D. Sweet syndrome - E. Candida albicans infection ### Correct Answer: A Plaque type psoriasis 常常會因為服用 systemic steroid 停藥後突然惡化為 pustular psoriasis,所以乾癬病人盡量避免使用系統性類固醇喔。AGEP 常常在 URI 或服用抗生素後發生,停藥後 1-2 週會改善,是 self-limited disease。DRESS 以紫紅色略微浮凸的 targetoid lesions(中間紫外圍紅)發燒、淋巴結腫、臉部浮腫為特色。Sweet syndrome 常見身體多處紅色浮腫病灶,且病灶表面可見似乎快要冒出水泡的外觀 (其實還沒有真的水泡,只是有點水腫,稱為 illusion of vesiculation 或叫 pseudovesiculation)且病人會發燒,要檢查血液惡性腫瘤。Candidiasis 也有可能長膿泡,但多在皮膚皺摺處。 ## Question 7: 皮膚 一女性病患全身及臉部發生如圖所示皮膚變化已有二年, 以下何種檢查對此病人最為有用? --- - A. Liver function - B. Renal function - C. Thyroid function - D. Pulmonary function - E. Muscle power tes ### Correct Answer: C Vitiligo。選項有點瑕疵。因為 vitiligo 被認為是自體免疫攻擊黑色素細胞的疾病,病人可能合併有其他自體抗體。部分病人抽血可檢出 anti-thyroglobulin 或 anti-TPO 抗體。這類病人可能合併 thyroid function 異常。故其實我們想檢查的主要是 thyroid autoantibody