# Lecture 2: Shell Tools and Scripting (2020)
###### tags: `Missing Semester`
ref: [Lecture 2: Shell Tools and Scripting (2020) - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgII-YWo3Zw)
# Variables
在command line可以直接指定變數
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ foo=bar
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ echo $foo
bar
```
shell預設是**空格即間隔**,這和其他程式語言(例如Python)不太一樣,所以以下不會work
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ foo = bar
-bash: foo: command not found
```
單引號和雙引號的字串格式都是被接受的
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ echo "HELLO"
HELLO
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ echo 'abc'
abc
```
但雙引號裡面是可以放變數的,如下,變數為 `$foo`
單引號則為plain text(純文字格式)
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ echo "Value is $foo"
Value is bar
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ echo 'Value is $foo'
Value is $foo
```
# Functions
shell也能夠有邏輯判斷,迴圈,函數等,以下示範函數
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ vi mch.sh
```
以下函數會吃一個positional argument,開新資料夾,並且將當前路徑進入到該資料夾中
```
mcd () {
mkdir -p "$1"
cd "$1"
}
```
# Special Variables
shell當中設計了不少特殊變數,像是 `$1, $2, $? $*, $@` ,可以參考[這裡](https://www.itread01.com/p/200789.html),這使得sh檔案更輕便簡潔(也更難讀懂就是了....),這和shell這門語言的設計理念有關係
| special variable | meaning | note |
|------------------|-------------------------------------|------|
| `$0` | file name | |
| `$1` | first positional argument | |
| `$2` ~ `$9` | second to ninth positional argument | |
| `$*` | all of the positional arguments | |
| `$#` | number of arguments we gave to the program | |
| `$$` | PID which processing the program | |
| `$?` | lastest command succeed or not | successed -> 0 |
# Special Command
shell 設計了很多方便的command來幫助我們快速的和linux系統互動
`!!` 上一個你操作過的指令,像是權限不足的時候,重新打一次命令就很常用到
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ vi /System/Volumes/Data/Users/Shared/macenhance/520974.padl
permission denied
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ sudo !!
sudo vi /System/Volumes/Data/Users/Shared/macenhance/520974.padl
```
`||` "或",第一個指令壞了就做第二個
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ false || echo "Oops failed"
Oops failed
```
`&&` - "且",第一個指令對了才做第二個
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ false && echo "First command successed"
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ True && echo "First command successed"
First command successed
```
`;` - 不管第一個指令怎樣,都做第二個
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ True ; echo "First command successed"
First command successed
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ False ; echo "First command successed"
First command successed
```
# Shell Wildcard
wildcard一般翻譯程通配符,通用符號,和正則表達式的匹配很像,但是更簡便
| symbol | meaning | example |
|--------|-------------|---------------------------------|
| `*` | all matches | `ls *.py` <br> list all .py file |
| `?` | single character | `ls project?` <br> list project1, project2, projectq, ... |
| `{}` | including | 1. `ls *.{py,sh}` <br> list all .py and *.sh file <br> 2. touch{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.py <br> touch 1.py, 2.py, ... 5.py|
| `..` | chracter ranger | touch{foo, bar}/{a..j} <br> touch foo/a foo/b, ...foo/j and bar/a, bar/b, ... boo/j|
[更多的wildcard](https://tldp.org/LDP/GNU-Linux-Tools-Summary/html/x11655.htm)
透過wildcard可以輕易地列出,創建一大資料夾,檔案,在Python裡面要寫個3-5行(還要異常處理),在shell只要一行,這就是shell的魅力所在
## Example Script
一隻會查找給予的檔案(arguments)中有沒有包含`foobar`,沒有就會加進去到檔案最後一行的一隻script
```
#!/bin/bash
echo "Starting program at $(date)" # Date will be substituted
echo "Running program $0 with $# arguments with pid $$"
for file in $@; do
grep foobar $file > /dev/null 2> /dev/null
# When pattern is not found, grep has exit status 1
# We redirect STDOUT and STDERR to a null register since we do not care about them
if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
echo "File $file does not have any foobar, adding one"
echo "# foobar" >> "$file"
fi
done
```
1. 第一行的直譯器位置,叫做shebang,像是
腳本的第一行 : `#!/usr/bin/env python.`
有趣的地方是,你可以用一個用shell來執行.py檔案,shell會在檔案第一行找到用哪個直譯器去找該檔案
透過這個邏輯你可以設定成你希望他跑的虛擬環境直譯器
這使得檔案更容易攜帶與協作,能夠在不同機器,不同環境中運作
2. shell debugging
當然你可以在vscode裡面找到shell的debuger
然而也有其他工具可以幫助你,例如
[shellcheck online](https://www.shellcheck.net/)
[shellcheck github](https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck)
or just type : `brew install shellcheck`
3. 子進程與父進程,參考鳥哥,比較清楚,script中的要進到父進程的話,要export,[鳥哥傳送門](http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0320bash.php#export)
# Handy Shell Tools
## Finding What You Want
### Finding command quickly
tldr : 別上網google查command了,tldr幫你整理好直接查,tldr意思是(too long don't read)
安裝 : `brew install tldr` on Mac.
```
(base) YuLong@MacBook-Pro:~/Desktop$ tldr ffmpeg
ffmpeg
Video conversion tool.
More information: <https://ffmpeg.org>.
* Extract the sound from a video and save it as MP3:
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -vn sound.mp3
* Convert frames from a video or GIF into individual numbered images:
ffmpeg -i video.mpg|video.gif frame_%d.png
* Combine numbered images (frame_1.jpg, frame_2.jpg, etc) into a video or GIF:
ffmpeg -i frame_%d.jpg -f image2 video.mpg|video.gif
* Quickly extract a single frame from a video at time mm:ss and save it as a 128x128 resolution image:
ffmpeg -ss mm:ss -i video.mp4 -frames 1 -s 128x128 -f image2 image.png
* Trim a video from a given start time mm:ss to an end time mm2:ss2 (omit the -to flag to trim till the end):
ffmpeg -ss mm:ss -to mm2:ss2 -i video.mp4 -codec copy output.mp4
* Convert AVI video to MP4. AAC Audio @ 128kbit, h264 Video @ CRF 23:
ffmpeg -i input_video.avi -codec:audio aac -b:audio 128k -codec:video libx264 -crf 23 output_video.mp4
* Remux MKV video to MP4 without re-encoding audio or video streams:
ffmpeg -i input_video.mkv -codec copy output_video.mp4
* Convert MP4 video to VP9 codec. For the best quality, use a CRF value (recommended range 15-35) and -b:video MUST be 0:
ffmpeg -i input_video.mp4 -codec:video libvpx-vp9 -crf 30 -b:video 0 -codec:audio libopus -vbr on -threads number_of_threads output_video.webm
```
看起來蠻有用的,但有時候可能裡面沒有還是要google就是了....
但有些好處,比如說筆者自己對find, rename其實不算很熟,但每次找東西重新google或是重新翻筆記又很煩,這時候就可以
tldr rename
tldr find
tldr docker(好實用!!!)
tldr brew(好實用!!!)
tldr tar(好實用!!!)
tldr zip(好實用!!!)
小結 : 裝了tldr之後完全回不去,直接用命令列問某個不熟悉的工具怎麼用實在太省時間了(真香!!!!)
## Finding File/Folder Quickly
當然你可以一直ls,一直ls,grep,找到你要的,再繼續ls下去,但是有時候你要從整個系統知道某個資料夾或是某個檔案到底安裝到哪裡去了,怎麼辦呢?
`find` and `fd`
現學現賣,馬上先
`tldr find`
```
* Find files by extension:
find root_path -name '*.ext'
* Find files by matching multiple patterns:
find root_path -name '*pattern_1*' -or -name '*pattern_2*'
* Find directories matching a given name, in case-insensitive mode:
find root_path -type d -iname '*lib*'
* Find files matching a path pattern:
find root_path -path '**/lib/**/*.ext'
```
* `find` 可以同時搭配`exec`,找到之後搭配執行動作
```
# Delete all files with .tmp extension
find . -name '*.tmp' -exec rm {} \;
# Find all PNG files and convert them to JPG
find . -name '*.png' -exec convert {} {.}.jpg \;
```
* 通常都會使用pattern,就是上面的Globbing,所以可以多了解這個部分
* `fd`是一個比`find`更使用者友善的指令集,像是他的ouptut會有顏色,預設只用正則表達式,support unicode(可以搜尋中文),以及其他指令更為直覺等
* 大部分的會同意`find`以及`fd`是好東西,但是他們有時候效能不太好,這時候可以查一下`locate`的使用,`locate`,關於`locate`的更多解釋可以看[這裡](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/60205/locate-vs-find-usage-pros-and-cons-of-each-other)
* `located`更像是database會根據index來找東西,通常可以找得更快,如果你find/fd用的不順找得很慢,那你可能會想試試看located
## Finding The Content of The File
`grep` and `rg`
* `grep`可以幫助你這個忙,在`data wrangling`我們會講更多
例如 :
1. grep foobar mcd.sh - 在mcd.sh中找到foobar然後列出來
2. grep -R foo . - 在現在所在的資料夾找所有檔案,看看有裡面內容有沒有foo,有就列出來
3. 當然你可以看一下懶人包 `tldr grep`
自己在terminal上測試的話可以感覺得到grep沒有空行,沒有顏色,不算很好用,因此有了 `rg` ,rg可以視為更快速,更易閱讀的grep
```
# Find all python files where I used the requests library
rg -t py 'import requests'
# Find all files (including hidden files) without a shebang line
rg -u --files-without-match "^#!"
# Find all matches of foo and print the following 5 lines
rg foo -A 5
# Print statistics of matches (# of matched lines and files )
rg --stats PATTERN
```
## Finding Your Old Command
* `histroy`
搭配一下想找的指令, `history | grep find`
* 另一個很酷的東西,講師自己非常喜歡的則是`history-based autosuggestions`,首先介紹一下[`fish`](https://fishshell.com/) shell, [fish-shell github](https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell),這個shell的一個特色就是當你在打指令時幫你找你以前有沒有打過,並提示你補全,感覺頗香的,可以嘗試看看
* 其中一點要注意的是,這樣的工具會紀錄你輸入過的東西,所以像是一些敏感資訊,要把它們拿掉,這可以從`.bash_history`或是`.zhistory`中調整
## Folder Navigation
* `ls -R` - 最古老可用
* `tree` - 直接列出來
* `broot` - 視覺化,類GUI,但又可以快速搜尋(推)
* `nnn` - 也是視覺化,類GUI,可以玩玩看
以下是`broot`的結果,使用者體驗相當不錯
