# 109年內專(200題)77-100
## Question 77:
關於腎臟細胞癌的臨床表現,底下何者為正確?
---
- A. 病人常因明顯症狀如血尿、腹部腫塊、疼痛而被檢查發現,故被稱為“internist's tumor”
- B. 若轉移至肝臟造成肝功能失常,即 Stauffer syndrome
- C. 若已有轉移,腎臟內腫瘤或轉移他處腫瘤之切除可以延長存活
- D. 近年新的生物製劑無法改善晚期腎臟細胞癌的五年存活率>70%
- E. 腎臟細胞癌號發年齡層為四十到五十歲之前
### Correct Answer: C
A. Kidney cancer was called the “internist’s tumor” since it was often discovered from the initial presentation of a paraneoplastic syndrome.
B. Stauffer’s syndrome為nonmetastatic hepatic dysfunction
C. A cytoreductive nephrectomy before systemic treatment improves survival for carefully selected patients with stage IV tumors.
D. New systemic agents: pazopanib, axitinib, cabozantinib, lenvatinib, temsirolimus, everolimus, nivolumab. Improvements in 5-year renal cancer survival rates over the past decades (50% in the mid-1970s, 57% in the late 1980s, and 74% for 2005−2012)
E. incidence peaks between the ages of 50 and 70 years
Ref: Harrison’s, 20th, 616-619
## Question 78:
長期糖尿病會引起多種腎臟病變,包括: 蛋白尿、腎功能不全或腎小管酸血症(renal tubular acidosis, 簡稱 RTA)。有關這種糖尿病會引起的RTA,以下敘述何者正確?
---
- A. 此種RTA 經常出現hyperkalemia
- B. 最常引起的是type 2 RTA
- C. 此種RTA 引起的酸血症,通常 serum pH 值會很低,需要靜脈注射補充bicarbonate
- D. 此種RTA 是因為血中renin 與 aldosterone濃度很高所引起
- E. 此種RTA,因為尿液無法酸化,通常urine pH 值會 > 6.5
### Correct Answer: A
A&B&D&E. DM 常引起Type 4 RTA, 因Hypoaldosteronism造成non-AG metabolic acidosis及hyperkalemia, urine pH<5.5, 治療以mineralocorticoid replacement therapy為主
C. type 2 RTA治療
Diagnostic Approach to Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Ref:
* Harrison’s, 20th, 2877-2878
* MGH White Book Manual, 2019-2020
* MKSAP 19
## Question 79:
一位年輕女性,有頑固性高血壓,需同時使用以下多種降血壓藥物。醫師因懷疑是次發性高血壓,欲檢查 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system。檢查前可以保留使用以下何種藥物,而暫停其他的,才能夠局部控制血壓,又不致影響檢查結果與判讀?
(1) Alpha-blocker, 如: prazosin
(2) Beta-blocker, 如: propranolol
(3) Calcium channel blocker, 如: nifedipine
(4) Diuretics, 如: aldosterone antagonists
(5) ACEI (angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors), 如: ramipril
---
- A. (1)+(3)
- B. (1)+(5)
- C. (1)+(3)+(4)
- D. (2)+(3)+(4)
- E. (2)+(3)+(5)
### Correct Answer: A
Alpha-blocker 及CCB不影響 RAA system.
beta-adrenergic antagonists lower PRA and PRC concentrations and raise the PAC/PRA ratio
根據研究
Ref:
* Circulation: Heart Failure, May 2014, 7(3) 537-540
* J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3201
## Question 80:
28歲孕婦,體重82KG, 長期抽菸。這次因懷孕 22週出現高血壓、下肢水腫(+), 醫師已經給予 methyldopa,但是血壓還是偏高,以下藥物也可以短期合併使用在懷孕期間控制血壓,何者除外?
---
- A. Ramipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- B. hydralazine
- C. Labetalol , a beta-blocker
- D. Clonidine
- E. Sustained-release nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker
### Correct Answer: A
A. pregnancy 使用ACEI 為contraindication,會致畸胎
B, C, E. 為preeclampsia 及eclampsia 的建議用藥
Ref: Harrison’s, 20th, 1905
D. Clonidine較有爭議,雖然在動物研究中並無法證實致畸胎,但此藥物可穿過胎盤並造成胎兒心跳下降,因而在 US FDA pregnancy category 為C,AU TGA pregnancy category 為B3
## Question 81:
一位38歲男性,non-DM, non-obese, 也沒有早發性心血管疾病的家族史。卻因為急性冠心症接受心導管手術與放置兩根支架。住院後檢查結果如下: BP 142/90 mmHg, HR 86/min and regular, pedal edema(2+), t-Chol 400 mg/dL, LDL 285 mg/dL, albumin 2.8 g/dL, AST 40 IU/L, ALT 38 IU/L, creatinine 1.2mg/dL, HbA1C 6.8%, WBC 7400/mm3。為了進一步探查病因,您會優先安排以下哪種檢查?
---
- A. Serum protein electrophoresis
- B. Urine protein electrophoresis
- C. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio
- D. Urine total protein/creatinine ratio
- E. Hs-CRP, ANA (antinuclear antibody)
### Correct Answer: D
此病患HbA1C大於6.5%,且血中 albumin 低、血脂高,需考慮是否有proteinuria 或nephrotic syndrome,因此可測spot UPCR評估。
## Question 82:
一位24歲女性,有多年 SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)病史,但沒有規則追蹤與治療。最近兩週出現疲倦、下肢水腫,體重增加近 7公斤而且感覺尿量減少。住院後抽血檢查: BUN 74 mg/dL,creatinine2.8 mg/dL, urine protein (4+),診斷為急性腎炎 (acute glomerulonephritis, AGN),安排病人接受腎臟生檢(renal biopsy),以下病理變化,何者最不可能?
---
- A. Diffuse proliferative nephritis with diffuse subendothelial deposit
- B. Membranous glomerulonephritis with subepithelial immune complex deposit
- C. Global endocapillary proliferation, with crescent formation
- D. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- E. Glomerular necrotizing lesion of renal arteriole
### Correct Answer: D
A, B, C. Glomeruli features.


E. Vessels features.
D. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) 可能病因如下(不包含SLE)。

Ref: Harrison’s, 21th, chap 314, 356
## Question 83:
一位65歲女性,因尿毒症,9個月前開始長期接受腹膜透析(CAPD)治療。最近兩天因為發燒、腹痛,透析 引流液(effluent)混濁而被送至急診。身體檢查: 體溫37.6℃, 腹部tenderness (+). 您會優先安排做以下何種 評估(initial evaluation)?
---
- A. Abdominal CT
- B. PD effluent: for culture, cytology and Gram staining
- C. 照會外科,更換 PD catheter
- D. Empirical antibiotics and stopping PD, shift to HD
- E. 測量 CAPD Kt/V, 並安排腹膜功能測試 (peritoneal equilibration test, PET)
### Correct Answer: B
initial evaluation,選最不侵入性最簡易的
## Question 84:
一位58歲男性,過去病史有多年腎病徵候群(nephrotic syndrome),後來進展成尿毒症,三年前開始每週三次接受血液透析治療(hemodialysis)。半年前因冠心症,接受心導管手術並放置血管內支架。最近一次的身體檢查數據如下: BUN 138 mg/dL, creatinine 13.5 mg/dL, K 6.4 mEq/L, P 8.7 mg/dL, albumin 4.6 g/dL, Hb 9.6 g/dL, ferritin 364 mg/dL.下肢有輕度水腫(+). 每次透析4小時期間平均需脫水4 KG 以下幾項診斷,何者較不合適?
---
- A. Dialysis inadequacy
- B. Protein energy wasting (PEW) and ongoing nephrotic syndrome
- C. Excessive protein intake
- D. Volume overload
- E. Renal anemia
### Correct Answer: B
A. 正確,透析清除濾的測量為一次透析時間的 KT/V 或透析前後的Urea reduction rate, K 為BUN清除率,單位為ml/min, t是透析時間, V 則是代表體內 BUN 分佈的體積, Ln 是自然對數;R 是透析後 BUN 除以透析前BUN, UF 是淨脫水 ( net ultrafiltration ) 的量,以公斤計,而 W 是 病人透析後的體重(以公斤計)
Kt/V = - Ln ( R— 0.008 × t ) + ( 4—3.5×R) ×UF / W
URR: URR = 100× ( 1—Ct / C0 )
Ct 是透析後 BUN,而 C0 是透析前 BUN
可以觀察到題目中病人接受透析後 BUN 138 mg/dL,數值過高,有透析不足的形況
B. 蛋白質熱量耗損(Protein-energy wasting,PEW)定義為身體儲存的蛋白,能量減少進而造成影響生活品質,functional capacity,增加血管鈣化、動脈粥狀硬化的風險,影響死亡率。造成原因未明,可能原因包含不足的蛋白質攝取和慢性發炎,營養素流失增加(透析中蛋白質流失)。 Albumin可作為一個預測因子,題目中病人alb 濃度為4.6 g/dL,不符合定義
Diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting proposed by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism

C. 正確,增加的BUN
GFR independent causes: 腸胃道出血, 類固醇,高蛋白飲食,catabolic state (stress, burns)
D. 正確,下肢水腫
E. 腎性貧血的定義為由於EPO 製造不足或對 EPO 反應下降導致的hypoproliferative貧血,為normocytic and normochromic,其他相關機轉包含尿毒uremia 造成輕微溶血。因血小板功能不佳造成blood loss等等
## Question 85:
一位52歲多年高血壓的病人,這次因malignant hypertension (systolic BP 210 mmHg)被送至急診,身體 檢查: edema (3+), creatinine 1.4 mg/dL。病人接受腎臟生檢(renal biopsy),以下臨床與理變化敘 述,何者最正確?
(1) 腎臟病理切片: Fibrinoid necrosis and medial hypertrophy of small vessels
(2) 腎臟病理切片: mesangial proliferation and cellular crescent formation
(3) 腎臟病理切片: global sclerosis of glomerulus with pericapillary fibrosis
(4) 腎臟病理切片: IgA or IgM immune deposition at glomerular area
(5) 血液檢查: hypocomplementemia (low serum C3, low serum C4)
(6) Urinalysis 有heavy proteinuria, 但很少有hematuria
---
- A. (1)+(3)+(6)
- B. (1)+(2)+(3)+(4)+(6)
- C. (1)+(2)+(5)+(6)
- D. (1)+(4)+(5)
- E. (1)+(2)+(3)+(4)+(5)
### Correct Answer: A
系統性高血壓和動脈硬化會造成 pressure stress,ischemia,氧化壓力進而造成chronic glomerrulosclerosis.
Malignant hypertension 是一個症狀,表現為在沒有潛在高血壓的病人突然升高的血壓.
對腎臟的變化主要影響pre-glomerular 血管,造成glomeruli and postglomerular structures的缺氧性變化。glomerular hyperperfusion 同樣會造成glomerular capillaries damage.
病理上, the syndrome is associated with diffuse necrotizing vasculitis, arteriolar thrombi, and fibrin deposition in arteriolar walls. Fibrinoid necrosis has been observed in arterioles of kidney, brain, retina, and other organs.
Afferent arterioles 會fibrinoid necrosis,甚至進展到腎絲球,造成focal necrosis and acute renal failure
臨床上可以觀察到progressive retinopathy (arteriolar spasm, hemorrhages, exudates, and papilledema), deteriorating renal function with proteinuria(早期腎損傷的蛋白尿macroaluminuria (a random urine albumin/creatinine ratio > 300 mg/g) 或microalbuminuria (a random urine albumin/ creatinine ratio 30–300 mg/g), microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and encephalopathy
附上Harrison原文
Histologically, two distinct vascular lesions can be seen. The first, affecting arterioles, is fibrinoid necrosis, i.e., infiltration of arteriolar walls with eosinophilic material including fibrin, thickening of vessel walls, and, occasionally, an inflammatory infiltrate (necrotizing arteriolitis). The second lesion, involving the interlobular arteries, is a concentric hyperplastic proliferation of the cellular elements of the
vascular wall with deposition of collagen to form a hyperplastic arteriolitis (onion-skin lesion). Fibrinoid necrosis occasionally extends into the glomeruli, which may also undergo proliferative changes or total necrosis. Most glomerular and tubular changes are secondary to ischemia and infarction. The sequence of events leading to the development of malignant hypertension is poorly defined. Two pathophysiologic
alterations appear central in its initiation and/or perpetuation:
(1) increased permeability of vessel walls to invasion by plasma components, particularly fibrin, which activates clotting mechanisms leading to a microangiopathic hemolytic
anemia, thus perpetuating the vascular pathology; and
(2) activation of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system at some point in the disease process, which
contributes to the acceleration and maintenance of BP elevation and, in turn, to vascular injury.
Malignant hypertension is most likely to develop in a previously hypertensive individual, usually in the third or fourth decade of life. There is a higher incidence among black men. Presenting symptoms are usually neurologic (dizziness, headache, blurring of vision, altered states of consciousness, and focal or generalized seizures). Cardiac decompensation and renal failure appear thereafter. Renal abnormalities include a rapid rise in serum creatinine, hematuria (at times macroscopic), proteinuria, and red and white blood cell casts in the sediment. Nephrotic syndrome may be present. Elevated plasma aldosterone levels cause hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in the early phase. Uremic acidosis and hyperkalemia eventually obscure these early findings. Hematologic indices of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (i.e., schistocytes) are often seen.
(1)(3)(6) 正確
(2) Cellular glomerular crecent 定義為兩層或多層增生at Bowmans space,是一個inflammatory glomerulonephritis 的指標.通常出現在rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,包含postinfectious glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, renal vasculitis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. 不符合.
(4) IgA or IgM immune deposition at glomerular area.不符合
* IgA deposition: IgA nephropathy
* IgM deposition: FSGN, MPGN
(5): hypocomplementemia (low serum C3, low serum C4) 不符合
低的c3,c4為免疫pathway活化造成 immune complext沉積的結果(e.g. SLE, infective endocarditis).
* Normal or nearly normal C3 with very low C4: type 2 and type 3 cryoglobulinemia.
* Low C3 and normal C4: HUS, aHUS, C3 glomerulopathy, and idiopathic MPGN type 1
* Very low C3 and normal C4: poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
## Question 86:
一位72歲女性,近來因反應變遲鈍、嗜睡,被家人送至門診就醫。身體檢查: BP 138/84 mmHg, edema (-), 心搏88/min (不規則,有atrial fibrillation)。檢視長期用藥清單有: amiodarone, carbamazepine (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), haloperidol (a antipsychotics)。血液檢查:Na 118 mEq/L, K 3.9 mEq/L, creatinine 0.8 mg/dL, glucose 118 mg/dL, albumin 3.4 g/dL, globulin 3.7 g/dL, t-Chol 164 mg/dL, TG 180 mg/d, serum osmolality 250 mOsm/kg。尿液檢查:Na 34 mEq/L, K 4.0 mEq/L, urine osmolality 436 mOsm/kg。以下診斷與治療的敘述,何者正確?
(1) 診斷符合pseudo-hyponatremia
(2) 診斷符合SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
(3) 診斷符合 Reset Osmostat
(4) 可能與目前用藥amiodarone, carbamazepine或 haloperidol有關
(5) 由血液與尿液的Na, K,及 osmolality 數值,可能與長期自行使用利尿劑有關
(6) 治療:建議適量限水 800 -1000 mL/day
(7) 治療:建議diuretics + 0.9% saline (NaCl) solution infusion
---
- A. (1)+(4)+(7)
- B. (2)+(4)+(6)
- C. (3)+(4)+(5)+(6)
- D. (1)+(5)+(6)
- E. (2)+(5)+(7)
### Correct Answer: B
(1) Pseudo-hyponatremia 常見的臨床情境為
* 正常plasma osmolatiry: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Posttransurethral resection of prostate/bladder tumor
* 增加的plasma osmolarity: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol
情境中無高血糖高血脂,也無其他相關因素,不符合
(2)符合.
SIADH 診斷要件如下圖

根據題幹,
serum osomlarity 250 (<275)(v)
Volume status: 題目沒講
Urine osmolarity 250 (>100)(v)
Urine Na 34 (>30 )(v)
否有排除hypothyroidism, glococroticoid insufficienct :題目沒講
(3) The pattern of AVP secretion can be used to classify SIADH into five subtypes:
* type A: 不規律分泌erratic autonomous AVP secretion (ectopic production) ,完全不受central 控制,大部分跟惡性腫瘤有關
* type B: normal regulation of AVP release around a lower osmolality set point or reset osmostat (cachexia, malnutrition); 重設osmostat 類, 常見於lung cancer
* type C: normal AVP response to hypertonicity with failure to suppress completely at low osmolality (incomplete pituitary stalk section)
當osmolarity低的時候,無法有效抑制 ADH分泌,而osmolarity高或者正常時則可以正常調控,通常**Na的範圍為 125-135 **
* Type D: undetectable vasopressin/copeptin (Nephrogenic SIADH)
* Type E: normal AVP secretion with increased sensitivity to its actions or secretion of some other antidiuretic factor (rare)
抽血ADH分泌正常,但對ADH增加敏感性導致臨床上出現SIADH 的情況
reset osmostat:**Na 通常範圍為125-135**,不符合
(4) 病人有服用Amiodarone, carbamaezepine,都為可能的藥物

(5) 由血液與尿液的Na, K, 及 osmolality 數值,可能與長期自行使用利尿劑有關
造成低血鈉的利尿劑,最常見為Thiazide類,臨床上表現可分為兩類
* hypovolemic induced hypovolemia: blood uric acid >4,BUN/Cr ratio, increase, Una<20
* SIADH like syndrome: Blood uric acid <4, urine Na >40

Ref: J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016 Feb; 13(2): 175–182.
這個病人的FE K 無法計算資訊不夠.就絕對數值而已.若為thiazide induced ,尿鉀應該更高>20-30,題目中的數值5 很低--->不符合
題目中沒有提到腎功能變差,體重變輕,尿鈉<20等情況,不符合hypovolemic induced hypovolemia.題目中沒有病人尿酸資訊,無法鑑別
(6)治療:建議適量限水 800 -1000 mL/day -->為SIADH 治療
(7)治療:建議diuretics+0.9% saline(NaCl) solution -->此為Hypervolemic hyponatremia 治療
## Question 87:
53歲男性,過去有高血壓與C 型肝炎病史。最近三個月來,出現蛋白尿,脛前與足踝輕度水腫,體重略增加約3公斤。抽血檢查:有血清補體(complement, C3與C4)偏低情形。因為不明原因腎病,安排病人接受腎臟生檢(renal biopsy)。以下病理變化,何者最可能?
---
- A. Cryoglobulinemia, especially type II
- B. Polyarteritis nodosa
- C. IgA nephropathy or idiopathic chronic interstitial nephritis
- D. Membranous nephropathy
- E. Henoch-Schönlein purpura(HSP)
### Correct Answer: A
A. Cryoglobulinemia 冷凝球蛋白血症,在低於體溫的溫度會凝結,分為三個type
* type I : single monoclonal immunoglobulin, RF (-)長和lymphoproliferative disease 相關 (ex multiple myeloma,Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, lymphocytic leukemia, and lymphoma.)
* type II: mixed cryoglobulins(monoclonal IgM)+IgG, RF (+)和lymphoproliferative disease, HCV, autoimmunie disease 相關. 有30% 的HCV 病人有腎臟侵犯,病人表現為 Cryglobuinemia,nephrotic syndrome, microscopic hematuria, abnormal liver function tests, depressed C3 levels, anti-HCV antibodies, and viral RNA in the blood.
* type III: mixed cryoglobulins (polyclonal IgM)+IgG, RF (+) 在於腎臟的表現為vascultitis, 病理上可表現為 cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, MGN, and Type I MPGN
type II和III 免疫複合體沉積後,造成血管炎的變化
Meltzer's triad:紫斑、關節炎、無力 (出現在25-30%患者)
患者會出現全身性的表現,包括關節疼痛、腎臟症狀、神經症狀、腹痛、動脈栓塞等

B. Polyarteritis nodosa
vasculitis 攻擊中血管,病理上為 Necrotizing inflammation of medium-sized or small arteries.
和HBV 相關(10-30%),circulating immune complexes composed of hepatitis B antigen and immunoglobulin, and the demonstration by immunofluorescence of hepatitis B antigen, IgM, and complement in the blood vessel walls, strongly suggest the role of immunologic phenomena in the pathogenesis of this disease.
最常侵犯腎臟和內臟血管,但不侵犯肺臟或支氣管
對腎臟的侵犯,病人常表現出 hypertension, renal insufficiency, or hemorrhage due to microaneurysms ,病理表現為 glomerulosclerosis

臨床表現為Fever, weight loss, and malaise
**診斷標準**

(此題病人為HCV 病人,而此病和 HBV 比較相關)

C. IgA nephropathy or idiopathic chronic interstitial nephritis, 又稱Berger's disease
E. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), IgA vasculitis
臨床表現為 recurrent episodes of macroscopic hematuria or asymptomatic microscopic hematuria most often seen in adults.
起因於IgA 沉積在mesangium造成的 episodic hematuria.是最常見的glomerulonephritis 之一,男性為主,發生率座高在20-30歲,少家族遺傳.
IgA nephrophathy有地理分布,30%分布在亞洲和地中海地區而20%分布在南歐,其他地區包含北歐和南美則很少和Henoch-Schönlein purpura有相似之處,相異之處包含HSP的系統性症狀,HSP發生年紀小(<20歲), preceding infection, 和腹部不適
IgA的沉積同樣會在很多系統性疾病被觀察到,包含chronic liver disease, Crohn’s disease, gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, chronic obstructive bronchiectasis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, dermatitis herpetiformis, mycosis fungoides, leprosy, ankylosing spondylitis, relapsing polychondritis,
and Sjögren’s syndrome. 然而在這些疾病,並不會造成glomerular inflammation or 腎功能損傷,因此不被稱為 IgA nephropathy.
IgA nephropathy為一種 immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. 表現為diffuse mesangial IgA deposits often associated with mesangial hypercellularity. 除了IgA以外,IgM, IgG, C3, or immunoglobulin light chain 也同樣會沉積. IgA沉積在 mesangium為polymeric and of the IgA1 subclass 抽血在 20–50%病人可觀察到血中 IgA濃度上升,皮膚切片也可觀察到 IgA 診斷方式為腎臟切片,病理上觀察到多樣的變化,包含DPGN; segmental sclerosis; 當發生血尿時,同時會觀察到增加的蛋白尿,然而腎病症候群卻很少見. 蛋白尿通常發生在疾病晚期.
IgA nephropathy本身是一個良性疾病,只有25–30%進展到腎衰竭(20-25歲), 5–30% 會完全緩解
進展到腎衰竭的風險包含有高血壓或蛋白尿,沒有macroscopic hematuria,男性,老年發病,切片觀察到病變嚴重
根據題目,此病人表現為雙腳水腫,蛋白尿,而IgA nephropathy表現以血尿為主
(不符合,而選項E 年紀也不符合)
(D) Membranous nephropathy 占了30%的成人nephrotic syndrome,發生時間為30-50歲,男:女為2:1
很少發生在小朋友,在20-30%的病人,MGN次發於惡性腫瘤(乳癌/肺癌/大腸癌),感染(HBV,瘧疾, schistosomiasis)或風濕免疫疾病(lupus or rarely rheumatoid arthritis)
In 25–30% of cases, MGN is secondary to malignancy (solid tumors of the breast, lung, colon), infection (hepatitis B, malaria, schistosomiasis), or rheumatologic disorders(lupus or rarely rheumatoid arthritis) (見下表)

腎臟切片可觀察到 Uniform thickening of the basement membrane along the peripheral capillary loop. 均勻地增厚,其他鑑別診斷包含 diabetes and amyloidosis.
免疫螢光: diffuse granular deposits of IgG and C3 (瀰漫性顆粒沉積)
電子顯微鏡:electron-dense subepithelial deposits (上皮下沉積!)
若觀察到上皮下沉積或tubuloreticular inclusion 則強烈符合診斷 membranous lupus nephritis
80%的MGN病人表現為腎病症候群和 nonselective proteinuria,有50%可觀察到Microscopic hematuria,20-33%可自行緩解, 1/3會relapse 腎病症候群但腎功能正常,最後1/3 則會進展到腎衰竭
風險因子: 男性 老年 高血壓,持續蛋白尿
併發症: 常併發各種thrombotic event 包含renal vein
治療:immunosuppressive drugs
(MGN為C3和IgG沉積,血液中 C3偏低但C4會正常,不符合)
## Question 88:
ACEI/ARB類藥物,在臨床上具有保護腎臟與治療心血管疾病的效果。在COVID-19疫情期間,由流行病學資料發現:糖尿病、高血壓及心血管疾病病人,是容易感染COVID-19的高危險群,而這三類病人恰好 也是最常且長期使用ACEI/ARB類藥物的族群。針對:「COVID-19疫情期間,是否應停用ACEI/ARB類藥物?」,請選出目前較被接受的共識觀點?
---
- A.COVID-19 virus會藉由結合人類細胞表面的angiotensin receptor而感染細胞。ACEI/ARB類藥物會增 加angiotensin receptor,所以會增加感染COVID-19的風險,因此還是應該全面使用比較好
- B.繼續使用ACEI/ARB類藥物,的確會增加感染COVID-19的風險與疾病嚴重度,但是不會增加死亡 率、因此已經感染 COVID-19的病人再停用就好
- C.如果是女性、年齡大於65歲、有心臟衰竭(CHF)的病人,應該立即停止使用
- D.綜合所有觀察型研究的資料分析,迄今仍支持 ACEI/ARB類藥物可以繼續使用,無須停用
- E.過去未曾使用 ACEI/ARB類藥物的病人,如果感染 COVID-19,基於保護腎臟與心血管,建議醫師應 該新開立此類藥物,預防器官衰竭
### Correct Answer: D
Ref: JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):745-747. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1282 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection and Renin Angiotensin System Blockers
中文摘要擷取自中華重症醫學會,發佈日期:2020年4 月10 日
1. ACE2 是一種抗腎素-血管張力素系統(RAS)活化的酵素,也是 SARS-CoV2 功能性接受體,而SARS-CoV2 就是造成 Covid-19 全球大流行的病毒。
2. ACE 家族有 ACE 和 ACE2,各自有獨特的生理功能都會調節 RAS。
3. ACE 會將 AT-I分解為AT-2, AT-2結合1型AT-II受體而活化。導致血管收縮,促發炎和促氧化作用。ACE2會將 AT-II分解為AT-1-7,將AT-I分解為AT-1-9。當 AT-1-9與Mas 受體結合時,會導致抗發炎,抗氧化和血管舒張作用。ACE 和 ACE2兩者之間會互相抗衡
4. ACE2存在兩種形式:膜性(membranous) ACE2存在細胞膜上,可作為SARS-CoV-2尖突蛋白的受體,而可溶式(soluble)ACE2 則存在循環中。
5. 目前在有 COVID-19感染的患者中使用RAS 阻斷劑一直是激烈的辯論主題。有些研究觀察到使用RAS 阻斷劑可能會增加 ACE2,可能潛在地促進COVID-19 的感染。引起使用RAS 阻斷劑是否安全的擔憂。有些研究則發現 COVID-19肺炎患者血清的AT-II顯著較高,這和病毒量和肺損傷程度呈線性關係。經由RAS 阻斷劑來調節RAS,導致ACE2表現增加,可能有助於減輕AT-II的某些有害作用。而增加可溶式ACE2的血中濃度, 也可能充當SARS-CoV-2的競爭性攔截物,以減緩病毒進入細胞並避免肺損傷。
6. 許多專業學會已經針對COVID-19患者使用ACEI / ARB提出了指引。均建議對 **COVID-19的患者繼續使用ACEI / ARB**,除非有臨床狀況。
7. 鑑於缺乏有力的證據顯示這些藥物在 COVID-19 中的獲益,**不建議在沒有其他臨床適應症(如高血壓,心臟衰竭,糖尿病)的患者中使用RAS 阻斷劑**。
8. AT-I: angiotensionI , AT-2 angiotension II , ACE: angiotension converting enzyme
9. 有關COVID19和RAS blocker的關係。本篇文章強調可能有益,NEJM 強調應該無害。
## Question 89:
(100考古)下列關於diarrhea之敘述,何者正確?
---
- A. 檢查大便中的fat乃是篩檢malabsorption最佳方式
- B. Malabsorption患者一定會有diarrhea
- C. Non-inflammatory chronic watery diarrhea中,secretory diarrhea於fasting後會停止
- D. Irritable bowel syndrome患者之diarrhea於fasting後會持續
- E. 對severe diarrhea患者,應儘快給予opiates藥物治療
### Correct Answer: A
A. malabsorption只對食物中的營養成分,如fat, carbohydrate, vitamin等無法吸收。在這裡指的應該是fat malabsorption會造成的steatorrhea。大便特色為greasy, foul-smelling, difficult-to-flushdiarrhea,常伴見weight loss, nutritional deficiencies。Steatorrhea的診斷標準為stool fat > 7 g/d in a72-hour stool collection while the patient is on a 100g/d fat diet, 或Sudan staining >100fat globules per high power field。此外,daily fecal fat averages 15- 25 g with small intestinal diseases and is often>40 g with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
B. Malabsorption 的症狀可包含 bloating, cramping, and gas, bulky stools, chronic diarrhea,BWL, steaorrhea, muscle wasting, fail to thrive 等,不一定會腹瀉。
C. Chronic diarrhea 可分為Secretory causes, Osmotic causes, Steatorrheal causes, Inflammatory causes, Infections, Radiation injury, Gastrointestinal malignancies, Dysmotile causes, Factitial causes。其中secretoary diarrhea的特色為watery, large-volume stool, painless and persist with fasting; Osmotic diarrhea的特色是可因禁食或停止服用造成腹瀉之食物或藥物而停止腹瀉。
D. irritable bowel syndrome (10% point prevalence, 1-2%/y incidence) 的特色為雖然無實質性的病變,但患者卻有chronic abdominal pain(通常是在早晨或飯後下腹部絞痛,在排便後緩解)及altered bowel habits(diarrhea, constipation, or both)兩大症狀,但不會因此造成weight loss, rectal bleeding, anemia, nocturnal or progressive abdominal pain。診斷標準有Manning criteria(Pain relieved with defecation, More frequent stools at the onset of pain, Looser stools at the onset of pain, Visible abdominal distention, Passage of mucus, Sensation of incomplete evacuation)及Rome criteria(Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3days/M in the last 3 months, symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis, associated with 2 or more of the following: Improvement with defecation, Onset associated with a change in frequency of stool, Onset associated with a change in form of stool)兩種。
就以上論述, IBS在禁食或夜間較少有腹痛、腹瀉等症狀。
E. Fluid and electrolyte replacement are of central importance to all forms of acute diarrhea. In moderatelysevere nonfebrile and nonbloody diarrhea, antimotility antisecretory agents such as loperamide can beuseful adjuncts to control symptoms. Such agents should be avoided with febrile dysentery, which may be exacerbated or prolonged by them.
補充:
1. Diarrhea is loosely defined as passage of abnormally liquid or unformed stools at an increased frequency. For adults on a typical Western diet, stool weight >200 g/d can generally be considered diarrheal.
2. Because of the fundamental importance of duration to diagnostic considerations, diarrhea may be further defined as acute if<2 weeks, persistent if 2-4 weeks, and chronic if >4 weeks in duration.
3. More than 90% of cases of acute diarrhea are caused by infectious agents; these cases are often accompanied by vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. The remaining 10% or so are caused by medications, toxic ingestions, ischemia, and other conditions.
4. Major Causes of Chronic Diarrhea

Reference:
* Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine 21th edition, chapter46
* Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome,UpToDate
## Question 90:
(99考古)使用連續正壓呼吸輔助(CPAP)治療阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止(obstructive sleep apnea)的效果,下列何者除外?
---
- A. 降低AHI (apnea-hypopnea index)
- B. 改善睡眠品質
- C. 提高血氧飽和度
- D. 對心臟衰竭病人的效果較差
- E. 減輕日間嗜睡症狀
### Correct Answer: D
對於阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止的診斷就是依照 Polysomnography 來計算 AHI(apnea-hypopnea index)來定出嚴重度,而治療上,CPAP 是一個非侵入性的有效且主流的方法,可以減少病人 apnea 與 hypoxia的次數。因為減少 hypoxia 的次數,就能提高血氧飽和度與睡眠品質,睡眠品質變好,日間嗜睡(daytime sleepiness)就能改善
CPAP 對於 AHI 大於 30 的人很有幫助,而AHI 5~30 且有合併症的人,包括心血管疾病都可以使用,而且 PEEP 也可以減少心臟衰竭的症狀
## Question 91:
(101考古)一位65歲糖尿病人,有高血壓,準備接受心導管檢查。理學檢查:BP 118/74, edema (-), serum creatinine 1.5 mg/dL。目前用藥為: metformin 500 mg bid, irbesartan 75 mg qd, trichlormethiazide 1 mg qd. 為了降低發生contrast nephropathy的危險,以下哪項措施最不建議?
---
- A. 停用metformin,更換成其他降血糖藥
- B. volume expansion with saline, 可以加上 bicarbonate
- C. 停用irbesartan, 更換成fenoldopam降血壓藥比較安全
- D. 給予 N-acetylcysteine
- E. 打radiocontrast agent前,給予 aminophylline
### Correct Answer: C
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury
A. 正確,避免使用Nephrotoxic agent
B. 正確,一篇RCT 提到volume expansion with bicarbonate- containing intravenous fluids 比起 sodium chloride (saline) administration 效果更好(3mL/kg/h x 1h before; 1mL/kg/h x6h after)
C. Fenoldopam是一個dopamine a-1 agonist,核准使用於靜脈注射降血壓藥物,可以抑制 renal vasoconstriction, 但研究證實無法降低contrast nephropathy的效果,且有副作用包含低血壓,並不建議使用於Contrast nephropathy
Ref: JAMA. 2003;290(17):2284.
D. N-acetylcysteine在小型的 RCT 中有觀察到有效,但meta-analyses have been inconclusive,儘管如此,N-acetylcysteine因為安全便宜,在高風險radiocontrast nephropathy病人身上使用還是合理
E. Theophylline and aminophylline都是adenosine antagonists,對於radiocontrast nephropathy有marginal benefit
Multiple agents that prevent vasoconstriction, including theophylline or aminophylline, nifedipine, captopril, prostaglandin E or I2, low-dose dopamine, and fenoldopam, have been studied for prevention of CA-AKI. Some, but not all, studies suggest that vasodilator agents may reduce the risk, although additional studies are required before any such agents are recommended in this setting.
Ref: Prevention of contrast-associated acute kidney injury related to angiography. Uptodate.
## Question 92:
(102考古)下列有關 Digoxin 治療心衰竭的實證醫學說法,何者是錯誤的?
---
- A. Digoxin可抑制心肌細胞膜Na-K ATPase pump,增加細胞質液(Cytosol)內Ca++,而增強心肌收縮力(Inotropism),因此以飽和劑量急性注射為原則
- B. 依據DIG臨床試驗,在非心房纖維顫動病人,經Digoxin 治療後,並未能改善死亡率或住院日數
- C. 在臨床上Digoxin並非治療心衰竭的主軸,只能與β-blocker, diuretic, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor 或Angiotensin receptor blockade 併用
- D. Digoxin可用於心衰竭併有心房纖維顫動及心擴大者
- E. Digoxin中毒之臨床表現,以心律及心傳導異常最多見,胃腸症狀次之
### Correct Answer: A
A&D. Digoxin抑制Na-K-ATPase pump,增加胞內Na+、Ca2+濃度,並降低胞內K+濃度. Ca2+濃度的上升使得心肌收縮力增強。
Digoxin臨床用於HFrEF、SVT / Afib/AFL 的病人身上,大部份的情況下以slow oral loading 為原則(可嘗試從0.125mg daily開始). 在用於Afib/AFL調控ventricular response 時可考慮急性注射的方式 (rapid digitalization, 0.25 or 0.5 mg over several minutes) ,但此類方式較少使用
B. DIG trial中可見在HF 的病人,可以減少 HF re-hospitalization,但對overall mortality沒有好處
E. 最常見premature ventricular contractions,bradycardia, AV block, junctional rhythms, ventricular bigeminy 亦為常見的表現,少數會出現 bidirectional ventricular tachycardia
Ref:
* JAMA 2003;289(7):871-878. Association of Serum Digoxin Concentration and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure.
* Lukas Aguirre Dávila, et al. European Heart Journal 2019; 40(40): 3336–3341.Digoxin–mortality: randomized vs. observational comparison in the DIG trial
* N Engl J Med. 1997;336: 525–533. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. The Digitalis Investigation Group.
* ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure
## Question 93:
(102考古)48歲女性因健檢發現甲狀腺腫來求診,身體檢查發現病人甲狀腺呈第一度腫大,抽血檢查,free T4 1.07ng/dl、hsTSH 7.5μU/ml、thyroglobulin 100 ng/ml、antiTPO 400 IU/ml。下列處置及其理由何者正確?
---
- A. 病人甲狀腺機能低下即刻給予甲狀腺素補充
- B. 病人甲狀腺腫給予甲狀腺素治療
- C. 病人antiTPO高給予甲狀腺素治療以減少發炎
- D. 病人thyroglobulin高給予甲狀腺素治療
- E. 甲狀腺素治療無益,觀察即可
### Correct Answer: E

病人血液中hsTSH、thyroglobulin、anti-TPO 濃度上升,但free T4在正常範圍內,且臨床上除甲狀腺腫大外,無其他明顯症狀,需考慮 mild hypothyroidism 或++subclinical hypothyroidism++,建議追蹤治療,三個月後再評估甲狀腺功能,確認是否為甲狀腺疾病。(如附圖)

Ref: N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 29;376(26):2556-2565
*補充: **Subclinical hypothyroidism**
(1) 何時給予甲狀腺素治療仍有爭議
* 若**hsTSH > 10μU/ml**、或患者為懷孕女性 -> **建議**補充甲狀腺素
* 若**hsTSH < 10μU/ml**,但有臨床症狀、anti-TPO (+)、或心臟疾病 -> **考慮**補充甲狀腺素
(2) 罹患subclinical hypothyroidism 的患者,若血液中**anti-TPO 濃度上升**,每年約有**4-6%機率進展成clinical hypothyroidism**
Ref: Harrison 20th Ed. Part 12. Chapter 376, p.2699, p. 2702
## Question 94:
(101考古)下列那一項非診斷第1型糖尿病的必要條件?
---
- A. 空腹血清C-胜濃度 < 0.5 ng/ml
- B. 升糖素刺激後6分鐘血清C-胜濃度 < 1.8 ng/ml
- C. 升糖素刺激試驗6分與0分血清 C-胜濃度相差 < 0.7 ng/ml
- D. 糖尿病酮酸中毒
- E. Anti-GAD65陽性
### Correct Answer: D
A&B&C.根據中華民國糖尿病學會**2018 糖尿病臨床照護指引**,若符合下列條件,即可診斷為第一型糖尿病:
* 空腹血清C-胜肽(C-peptide)濃度< 0.5 ng/ml **或**
* 升糖素刺激測驗,6分鐘後血清 C-胜肽(C-peptide)濃度< 1.8 ng/ml **或**
* 6分鐘及 0分鐘血清C-胜肽(C-peptide)濃度相差<0.7 ng/ml。
D. 糖尿病酮酸中毒並非第一型糖尿病的診斷條件
E. 根據ASDIAB (Asia Diabetes) Study Group 的研究顯示,檢測糖尿病人血清C-胜肽和抗麩氨酸脫羧基酶 (Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase,Anti-GAD65),有助於第1型與第2型糖尿病的鑑別診斷
Ref: Pan, C.Y., et al. Diabet Med, 2004. 21(9): p. 1007-13
*補充: **升糖素刺激試驗**(Glucagon stimulation test)
可用於診斷第一型糖尿病,靜脈注射升糖素(1.0 mg),比較注射前(0 分鐘)及注射後6 分鐘後,血液中C-胜肽的濃度變化。然而,試驗前需考量病人年齡及罹患糖尿病的時間,當罹病時間越久,血清中測不到 C-胜肽的比例就越高。
Ref: 中華民國糖尿病學會2018糖尿病臨床照護指引,第五章p.2-3
## Question 95:
(103考古)下列有關生物製劑與疾病治療的配對中,何者最為正確?
---
- A. Soluble CTLA-4 protein - T cell lymphoma
- B. Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody - rheumatoid arthritis
- C. IVIG - multiple myeloma
- D. Anti - CD20 monoclonal antibody - acute B cell leukemia
- E. Anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody – SLE
### Correct Answer: B
A. anti-CTLA4 antibodies(e.g.Ipilimumab): 藉由關閉T cell的抑制機制,增強T cell攻擊cancer cell,目前FDA approval的疾病有: metastatic melanoma, advanced RCC, preciously treated MSI-H metastatic colon cancer, HCC previously treated with sorafenib, malignant pleural mesothelioma, metastatic NSCLC with PD-L1>1%.
B. Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody (e.g.adalimumab): labeled indication: Ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn disease, Psoriatic arthritis,Rheumatoid arthritis, Ulcerative colitis...
C. IVIg: FDA approved indications.

Ref: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(3S):S1
D. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody(e.g. Rituximab): labeled indication: CLL, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Microscopic polyangiitis, Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Rheumatoid arthritis
E. Anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody(e.g. Tocilizumab): labeled indication: Cytokine release syndrome, Giant cell arteritis, Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
## Question 96:
(104考古)下列關節炎常需做關節腔液檢查(Synovial fluid analysis)以確定診斷?
---
- A. 類風濕性關節炎 (RA)
- B. 紅斑性狼瘡 (SLE)
- C. 感染性關節炎 (septic arthritis)
- D. 退化性關節炎 (OA)
- E. 纖維肌痛症 (fibromyalgia)
### Correct Answer: C
A. 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria of RA 不含關節液

B. 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria of SLE 不含關節液

C. septic arthritis 診斷: acute onset, monoarticular, swollen, painful arthritis; synovial fluid: WBC>2000(usually > 50k), **gram stain and culture(+)**; leukocytosis, elevated CRP/ESR.
**關節液分析與培養為必要檢查**
Ref: JAMA. 2007;297(13):1478.
D. OA為**臨床診斷**:
(1) Persistent usage-related joint pain in one or few joints
(2) Age ≥45 years
(3) Morning stiffness ≤30 minutes
Other feature: insidious onset, variable intensity, increased by joint use and relieved by rest, some patients with swelling, Absence of warmth, joint line tenderness....
Radiographic examination may be used to support a diagnosis of OA but is not a routine test(asymmetric joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis)
Ref:NCCfC (Ed), Royal College of Physicians, London 2008.
E. 2018 AAPT criteria of fibromyalgia(**臨床診斷**)
(1) multisite pain (MSP) and tenderness (6 or more pain sites from a total of 9 possible sites)
(2) Moderate to severe fatigue or sleep disturbance
(3) MSP plus fatigue or sleep problems > 3months.
Other feature: Absence of joint swelling or inflammation, normal CBC, CRP, ESR.
Ref: AAPT diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia. J Pain 2018
## Question 97:
(105考古)下列關於 HIV感染與腫瘤的關係何者錯誤?
---
- A. Kaposi’s sarcoma 與Human Herpes virus – 8 (HHV-8) 的感染有關
- B. Anogenital carcinoma 與Human papilloma virus (HPV) 的感染有關
- C. Primary CNS lymphoma (原發性中樞神經淋巴瘤) 與Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV 的感染有關
- D. Burkitt’s lymphoma 與Cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) 的感染有關係
- E. HIV 感染相關之lymphoma主要是 B cell lymphoma
### Correct Answer: D
A. HHV-8 (KSHV) 感染除了和 Kaposi’s sarcoma 有關,在HIV感染者與primary effusion lymphoma、plasmablastic lymphoma、multicentric form of Castleman disease 也有關
B. HIV感染者,HPV感染且合併 intraepithelial dysplasia of the cervix or anus 的盛行率為一般人的2倍,進而使得到 cervical or anal cancer 的機率為一般人的10-100倍
C. 幾乎所有HIV-related primary CNS lymphoma 皆為EBV-positive。在HIV-related lymphoma中EBV-positive者占了一半,在Burkitt’s lymphoma、primary effusion lymphoma、plasmablastic lymphoma 有特別高的比例 (但後兩者的致病機轉被認為與HHV-8更為相關)
D. HIV感染者得到Burkitt’s lymphoma 的機率是一般人的>1000 倍,其中50% 為EBV-positive
E. 90% HIV-related lymphoma 是B cell lymphoma
*補充: AIDS-defining malignancy 包含:
(1) Kaposi’s sarcoma
(2) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
(3) Invasive cervical carcinoma
*補充: AIDS-related NHL 最常見的幾種類型:
(1) Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (~ 75%)
(2) Burkitt lymphoma (~ 25%)
(3) Indolent B cell lymphoma (< 10%)
(4) Plasmablastic lymphoma (< 5%)
(5) T cell lymphoma (1-3 %)
Ref:
* Harrison 20th edition
* HIV-related lymphomas: Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathobiology. UpTodate
## Question 98:
(100考古)一位58歲婦女,因為兩邊小腿瘀青及腫脹疼痛應診,抽血檢查顯示血紅素 12.1 g/dL,白血球 8,290/μL,血小板 225,000/μL,PT 11.3"(正常8.0-12.2),INR 1.02,aPTT 77.3"(正常26.9-36.3)。將病人與正常之血漿以1:1做混合試驗,開始時aPTT 為39.2",1小時後 51.2"。此病人最可能的診斷為何?
---
- A. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
- B. Acquired hemophilia
- C. von Willebrand disease
- D. Warfarin overdose
- E. Liver function impairment
### Correct Answer: B
此病患PT-INR正常,但aPTT延長.
aPTT 主要牽涉 intrinsic 和common pathway of coagulation。

此病人為isolated prolonged APTT,主要原因可能為
(1)autoantibodies 相關的thrombosis ( lupus anticoagulants)
(2)使用anticoagulant( unfractionated heparin) 或DTI( argatroban)
(3)缺少特定凝血因子
然而,aPTT mixing test 將病人血將予以正常血漿混合一小時後仍有延長現象,代表可能有潛在針對凝血因子的抗體
A.Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome通常還會合併血小板低下
B.Acquired hemophilia指有特定autoantibodies 針對coagulation factor VIII or IX 持續消耗造成uncorrectable isolated aPTT prolongation,造成mixing test uncorrectable
C.不影響 PT-INR, aPTT
D. Wafarin 對 PT-INR 相當sensitive,故會延長
E. Liver function impairment PT/INR 也會受影響,且mixing test 補入正常血漿後也應無延長現象
## Question 99:
(105考古)一個身體狀況大致正常的65歲女性進行健康檢查,colonoscope在升結腸部位發現2個大小分別為1.2公分、1.4公分的扁平樣sessile (flat-based)息肉,內視鏡檢同時進行內視鏡息肉切除,病理報告均為絨毛樣腺瘤(villous adenoma),並無結腸癌。以下建議何種最適當?
---
- A. Abdominal and Pelvic CT scan
- B. Partial colectomy
- C. Reassurance only
- D. Follow-up colonoscopy in 3 years
- E. Follow-up colonoscopy in 10 years
### Correct Answer: D
此題考 colon cancer screening for average risk group
Increased risk
* A personal history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps
* A personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease)
* A strong family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
* A known family history of a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer or HNPCC)


本題adenoma 大於10mm,故建議3年追蹤一次
Ref:
* Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after screening and polypectomy: A consensus updateby the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:844.
## Question 100:
(105考古)55歲男性,長期於某一工廠工作,近6個月有漸進的步履變小、動作變慢、平衡變差,診斷為巴金森氏症(parkinsonism),有2位工廠同事有類似但較輕的症狀,最需要懷疑為何種中毒?
---
- A. 鉛(lead)
- B. 錳(manganese)
- C. 汞(mercury)
- D. 砷(arsenic)
- E. 銅(copper)
### Correct Answer: A
A. 鉛中毒
(1) 若血中鉛濃度在 40 ~ 69 μg/dL 之間,屬於輕微,臨床表現包括:疲倦、嗜睡、對於休閒活動缺乏興趣,其他還有生育能力下降、高血壓。
(2) 若血液中鉛濃度為 70 ~ 100 μg/dL 之間,則屬中度;其臨床表現為:頭痛、記憶力喪失、性慾降低、失眠、覺得腸胃道有金屬味、肚痛、噁心、便秘;慢性暴露有腎病變、貧血、肌肉疼痛無力、關節疼痛。
(3) 若血液中鉛濃度大於 1000 μg/dL,則為嚴重中毒;症狀包括:昏迷、癲癇發作、表情呆滯、譫妄、局部動作異常、頭痛、眼睛乳突水腫、視神經炎以及其他腦壓增高的症狀,足下垂、腕下垂,腹部絞痛,嚴重貧血故看起來蒼白。
(4) 鉛中毒在成人的表現多以慢性為主,少有急性中毒情形。急性中毒的表現為:腹部絞痛、急性肝炎、胰臟炎、溶血性貧血以及腦病變。
B. 錳中毒:
最具特徵的症狀即錐體外徑症狀。此種症狀常在錳性精神病緩解或消失後數個月出現,有二種不同的類型 : 其一為巴金森症候群,其二為肌張力不全症。
C. 汞中毒:
會引發神經、腎臟、呼吸道及皮膚炎症與壞死,以及一些早期的神經精神症狀包括:注意力渙散、失眠、易激動、幻想和躁症等。日本熊本縣的水俁病則是甲基汞汙染魚蝦海產所致,主要症狀為視野狹窄、運動失調及言語、步行障礙
D. 砷中毒:
(1) 急性暴露: 主要是因蓄意攝食或意外誤食而引起,通常在數分鐘至數小時內發作。會有噁心、嘔吐、血樣稀便及腹絞痛等現象,與霍亂之症狀相似。皮膚濕冷、肌肉痙攣及臉部水腫亦可見,肝腫大及乏尿也可能發生。嚴重時導致癲癇發作、昏迷及休克、血壓下降甚至死亡。三價砷之毒性較五價砷為強,但暴露劑量、途徑、年齡、性別 等也是重要的影響因素。120mg的三氧化砷(砒霜)即可導致死亡。 無機砷的微粒會導致結膜炎,產生眼睛癢、流淚與灼熱感等現象。若病人未死亡,在數週後會出現周邊神經病變,通常以末梢感覺神經之軸突變性(axon degeneration)為主,出現麻木感及刺痛感等症狀,下肢會比上肢嚴重。運動神經受影響甚至導致全身肢體無力也可能發生急性砷化氫暴露會導致血管內溶血(intravascular hemolysis),一開始症狀有頭痛、倦怠、無力及胸悶等,接著出現腹痛、噁心及嘔吐。4-6 小時後出現深色血尿,接著 1-2 天後就出現黃疸之症狀。暴露濃度達 10ppm 很快進入譫妄、昏迷或死亡。當
病人出現腹痛、血紅素尿及黃疸等三大症狀時(triad),應強烈懷疑是砷化氫暴露
所引起。 理學檢查可見青銅色皮膚及肝脾腫大等現象。
(2) 暴露長時間低濃度的砷暴露會引起各種慢性危害效應。末梢肢體麻木或感覺異常是砷暴露之慢性表現,較嚴重之個案甚至出現運動神經受損導致無力及反射消失之症狀。喉嚨痛、咳嗽有痰可能與長期暴露在刺激性之砷化物粉塵有關。疲倦與倦怠可能與砷導致之貧血有關,其它尚有心衰竭、肝病變及腎病變等報告。此外,研究亦發現累積暴露 量與糖尿病之發生有劑量效應相關。慢性砷暴露導致之皮膚病變很常見。色素沈著(hyperpigmentation)呈淡褐色至青銅色,彌漫且均勻出現,伴隨脫色斑也很常見。角質化(arsenic keratosis)皮膚病變好發於手掌及腳掌之點狀突起,四肢及軀幹亦會散在出現,如病灶變大且出現潰瘍必須懷疑是否有波汶氏病或皮 膚癌症。無機砷亦被認為是造成台灣高砷井水地區烏腳病(blackfoot disease)的危險因子之一。
Ref: 職業性砷中毒認定參考指引
E. 銅中毒
(1) 急性中毒:發生急性銅中毒的原因可分為食入、吸入與皮膚接觸等途徑。食入部分包括使用硫酸銅過量、用含銅綠的銅器皿存放和儲存食 物,以及有意無意吞服可溶性銅鹽等。當含銅農藥(例如硫酸銅、 醋酸銅)溶於水進入人體後,便解離出銅離子由腸道吸收。當人 體銅離子過量,便會出現症狀,症狀以腸胃道表現為主,其中包 括:嘔吐、吐血、腹痛、解黑便、肝功能異常、黃疸;對腎臟的 影響則是急性腎衰竭、血尿、蛋白尿;嚴重時會出現休克、昏迷, 甚至死亡。吸入部分則是以呼吸道的刺激為主,像是流鼻水、咳 嗽、噴嚏和胸部的疼痛。除呼吸到刺激外,暴露於含銅的金屬 粉塵,會出現對皮膚接觸刺激,可引起皮膚搔癢,過敏和濕疹; 眼睛的刺激則是引起結膜炎、角膜潰瘍、眼瞼水腫等。倘若個 案有先天性疾病(例如 glucose-6-phosphate deficiency),可 能會增加銅在血液方面的影響。若是高劑量的銅暴露,會造成紅血球的破壞而導致溶血性貧血。
(2) 慢性中毒:慢性銅中毒一般因為長期大量的吸入含銅的氣體或攝入受銅化合物汙染的食物所致。慢性的銅中毒會破壞人體的肝臟和腎臟。 在血液學方面,會出現貧血(紅血球數目和血紅素的降低)和免 疫功能下降。除上述健康效應外,長期的銅暴露也會造成其他 系統的影響。對呼吸道的最顯著的影響就是"vineyard sprayer's lung"。此病症最先發現於葡萄農園的工人,因為長期吸入含有硫酸銅(copper sulfate)的農藥所造成,其症狀有 鼻黏膜充血、鱗狀上皮化生(squamous metaplasia)、肺部出 現巨噬細胞(macrophage)和組織球(histiocyte)增生和浸潤、 肺部會出現非乾酪狀肉芽腫(noncaseating granuloma)和出現 含銅的包函體(Inclusion body),長期則會導致肺部出現纖維結節(fibrohyaline nodule),此病症和塵肺症相似。神經系 統方面則是會出現頭痛、眩暈、記憶力減退、注意力不集中、容易激動,還可以出現多發性神經炎、神經衰弱綜合症,腦電圖顯 示腦電波節律障礙,出現瀰漫性慢波節律等等症狀,另外,也 有研究指出過量的銅會引阿茲海默症。腸胃系統則是出現厭食、噁心嘔吐、慢性腹瀉、黃疸。心血管方面可出現心前區疼 痛,心悸,高血壓或低血壓;在內分泌方面,少部分病人出現 陽痿,還可能出現蝶鞍擴大、非分泌性腦垂體腺瘤,表現為肥胖、 臉部潮紅及高血壓等。 銅的致癌性部分,美國EPA將銅列為Group D無足夠證據證明會有 致癌性(not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity); IARC 則將金屬銅列為第三類致癌物質不可分類的致癌性 (unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans)
Ref: 砷、銅、錫與其他金屬農藥引起之中毒及其續發症參考指引