**國際人道法的體系：**

國際人道法（International Humanitarian Law, IHL），也稱為戰爭法或武裝衝突法，是一套旨在在武裝衝突期間保護不參戰者（如平民、傷病者、戰俘）和限制戰鬥方式及手段的法律規範。其目的是減輕戰爭帶來的痛苦，維護人類基本尊嚴。國際人道法的主要體系包括以下幾個方面：

1. **日內瓦公約（Geneva Conventions）**：
- 日內瓦公約是國際人道法的核心文件，包括四部公約和兩個附加議定書，保護武裝衝突中的非戰鬥人員。這些公約涵蓋了傷者、病者、戰俘和平民的保護措施，並禁止針對他們進行攻擊、酷刑或虐待。

2. **海牙規則（Hague Regulations）**：
- 海牙規則規範了武裝衝突中允許和禁止的作戰手段與方法，特別是限制使用某些武器（如化學武器、毒氣）以及戰術行為（如無差別攻擊）。

3. **武裝衝突中的基本原則**：
- **區分原則（Principle of Distinction）**：要求戰鬥雙方區分平民和戰鬥人員，並只針對戰鬥人員發動攻擊。
- **相稱原則（Principle of Proportionality）**：禁止進行過度攻擊，要求攻擊行為與所期望的軍事利益相稱，不能對平民造成不成比例的損害。
- **軍事必要性原則（Principle of Military Necessity）**：只允許那些達到軍事目的且不過度破壞或傷害平民的行為。
- **人道原則（Principle of Humanity）**：禁止不必要的痛苦和殘忍對待。

4. **禁止特定武器的條約**：
- 國際人道法禁止使用某些武器，特別是那些造成過度痛苦的武器，包括生化武器、地雷、集束炸彈等。這些禁令體現在一系列的國際條約中，如《禁止化學武器公約》、《禁止生物武器公約》等。

5. **國際刑事法院（International Criminal Court, ICC）**：
- 國際刑事法院有權對戰爭罪、危害人類罪和種族滅絕罪進行起訴。該法院負責確保國際人道法的違反者被追究法律責任。

6. **國際紅十字會（International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC）**：
- 國際紅十字會是國際人道法的主要監督機構，負責推動和執行該法律，並在衝突中保護和援助受難者。

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International Humanitarian Law (IHL), also known as the Law of Armed Conflict or the Law of War, is a body of rules aimed at protecting individuals who are not participating in the conflict (such as civilians, the wounded, prisoners of war) and limiting the means and methods of warfare. The goal is to alleviate the suffering caused by war and uphold basic human dignity. The main framework of international humanitarian law includes the following components:

1. **Geneva Conventions**:
- The Geneva Conventions form the core of international humanitarian law, consisting of four conventions and two additional protocols. They provide protection to non-combatants during armed conflicts, including the wounded, sick, prisoners of war, and civilians, prohibiting attacks, torture, or mistreatment against them.

2. **Hague Regulations**:
- The Hague Regulations govern the conduct of hostilities, specifying permissible and prohibited methods and means of warfare, such as restrictions on the use of certain weapons (like chemical weapons, poisonous gases) and tactics (such as indiscriminate attacks).

3. **Basic Principles of Armed Conflict**:
- **Principle of Distinction**: Requires the warring parties to distinguish between civilians and combatants and only target combatants.
- **Principle of Proportionality**: Prohibits excessive attacks; any attack must be proportionate to the expected military advantage and not cause disproportionate harm to civilians.
- **Principle of Military Necessity**: Allows only those actions necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective without excessive harm to civilians.
- **Principle of Humanity**: Prohibits unnecessary suffering and cruel treatment.

4. **Treaties Prohibiting Certain Weapons**:
- IHL bans the use of certain weapons, particularly those causing excessive suffering, including biological, chemical weapons, landmines, and cluster munitions. These prohibitions are reflected in international treaties such as the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention.

5. **International Criminal Court (ICC)**:
- The ICC has the authority to prosecute individuals for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. It ensures accountability for violations of IHL.

6. **International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)**:
- The ICRC is the primary institution responsible for promoting and implementing IHL. It plays a crucial role in protecting and assisting victims during conflicts and ensuring compliance with humanitarian rules.