### 日內瓦1949年四公約及其附加議定書的介紹：

**日內瓦四公約**是現代國際人道法的核心，旨在保護武裝衝突中的非戰鬥人員，包括傷者、病者、戰俘和平民。這些公約是對戰爭的合法性進行限制，以減少衝突期間的人道災難。1949年通過的這四部公約構成了國際人道法的基石，後來通過多個**附加議定書**進一步擴展和加強了這一法律體系。

#### 日內瓦四公約：

1. **第一公約：改善戰地武裝部隊傷者及病者境遇之公約**
- 第一公約保護在戰場上受傷或生病的軍事人員，無論他們隸屬於哪一方。它要求各方尊重並救治傷病者，並且禁止攻擊或虐待提供醫療服務的醫療設施和人員。這確保了戰爭中的人道原則得到遵守。

2. **第二公約：改善海上武裝部隊傷者、病者及遇船難者境遇之公約**
- 第二公約擴展了第一公約的保護範圍，適用於海上衝突，保障海軍傷病者及船難者的權益。它保護所有參與救援和醫療行動的船隻及人員，確保他們免受攻擊。

3. **第三公約：戰俘待遇之公約**
- 第三公約規定了戰俘必須享有的基本權利，包括食物、水、庇護及醫療護理。公約禁止酷刑、虐待或任何形式的侮辱性對待，並要求戰俘能與其家人保持聯繫，並受到國際紅十字會的探視。

4. **第四公約：戰時保護平民之公約**
- 第四公約是專門針對武裝衝突中的平民，禁止平民成為攻擊目標。交戰各方必須保護平民，禁止對他們實施暴力或報復行為，並確保被佔領領土上的平民得到適當的保護，不受強迫遷徙或集體懲罰。

#### **共同第四條文（Common Article 3）：**
共同第四條文是四公約中針對**非國際武裝衝突**的重要條款，適用於內戰、叛亂等情況。它確立了基本的最低人道待遇標準，無論衝突雙方的性質如何，都必須遵守。其主要內容包括：
- 保護不參與戰鬥的平民和已經放下武器的戰鬥人員。
- 禁止酷刑、殘忍對待、處決、羞辱等行為。
- 保證所有被拘留者都應接受公平的司法程序。
- 傷者和病者必須獲得醫療照護，並由各方提供救助。

#### 附加議定書：

1. **1977年第一任擇議定書**：
- 該議定書適用於**國際武裝衝突**，進一步加強了對平民的保護，並對作戰方式進行限制。它詳述了**區分原則**，即必須將平民與戰鬥人員區分開來，並禁止無差別攻擊。議定書還擴展了對戰地記者及人道救援工作人員的保護。

2. **1977年第二任擇議定書**：
- 第二議定書是**首個專門針對非國際武裝衝突**的條約，旨在加強內戰等情況下對平民的保護。它要求交戰各方尊重國內衝突中的平民權利，禁止對平民進行攻擊和報復行為，並規範了被拘留人員的待遇。

3. **2005年第三任擇議定書**：
- 第三議定書引入了**紅水晶**作為國際人道標誌，補充了現有的紅十字和紅新月標誌，主要目的是在某些文化或政治環境下提供一個中立且沒有爭議的人道標誌。

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The **1949 Geneva Conventions** are the foundation of modern international humanitarian law, aimed at protecting non-combatants during armed conflicts, including the wounded, sick, prisoners of war, and civilians. These conventions set limits on the conduct of war to reduce human suffering. The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 form the core of international humanitarian law, which was later supplemented by several **additional protocols** that expand and reinforce this legal framework.

#### The Four Geneva Conventions:

1. **First Geneva Convention: Protection of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field**
- The First Convention ensures that military personnel who are wounded or sick on the battlefield receive humane treatment, regardless of their affiliation. It obliges all parties to care for the wounded and prohibits attacks or mistreatment of medical personnel and facilities providing aid on the battlefield.

2. **Second Geneva Convention: Protection of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea**
- The Second Convention extends the protections of the First Convention to naval conflicts, safeguarding the rights of wounded, sick, and shipwrecked military personnel. It also protects medical ships and personnel involved in providing medical assistance during maritime warfare.

3. **Third Geneva Convention: Treatment of Prisoners of War**
- The Third Convention guarantees humane treatment for prisoners of war (POWs), including provisions for food, water, shelter, and medical care. It prohibits torture, abuse, and any form of degrading treatment. The convention also ensures that POWs can maintain contact with their families and are visited by the International Red Cross.

4. **Fourth Geneva Convention: Protection of Civilians in Time of War**
- The Fourth Convention specifically protects civilians during armed conflicts, prohibiting direct attacks on them. It mandates the protection of civilians against violence, threats, and forced displacement, and ensures proper treatment of civilians in occupied territories.

#### **Common Article 3**:
Common Article 3 is a key provision found in all four Geneva Conventions, applying to **non-international armed conflicts** such as civil wars. It establishes minimum standards of humane treatment for individuals not actively participating in the conflict, regardless of the parties involved. Its main points include:
- Protection of civilians and combatants who have laid down their arms.
- Prohibition of violence, including murder, torture, and cruel treatment.
- Fair judicial procedures for detained individuals.
- Access to medical care for the wounded and sick, with parties required to offer aid.

#### Additional Protocols:

1. **1977 Additional Protocol I**:
- This protocol applies to **international armed conflicts** and strengthens civilian protections. It reinforces the **principle of distinction**, which requires distinguishing between civilians and combatants, and prohibits indiscriminate attacks. It also provides protections for journalists and humanitarian workers.

2. **1977 Additional Protocol II**:
- Protocol II is the **first treaty specifically addressing non-international armed conflicts**, such as civil wars. It enhances the protection of civilians in internal conflicts and prohibits attacks against them, as well as reprisal actions. It also sets out standards for the humane treatment of detainees.

3. **2005 Additional Protocol III**:
- Protocol III introduced the **Red Crystal** as a new internationally recognized emblem for humanitarian protection, complementing the existing Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems. It provides a neutral symbol for use in situations where the traditional emblems may be contentious.