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# System prepended metadata

title: PPT_CHAPTER1

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[]# Futuretron EV Course_PPT Chapter_1

# PPT_CHAPTER1

## Automobile Engineering

#### Slide_1: Automobile Engineering

* Automobile engineering involves a study in manufacturing, designing, mechanical mechanisms as well as operations of automobiles. 
* It is an introduction to vehicle engineering which deals with motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, etc.
*  It includes branch study of mechanical, electronic, software and safety elements.

#### Slide_2: History

* In the early days people used bullock carriage or other animals  to transport good and human from one place to another.
* After a great effort of scientist an automobile come into existence in 1769.
* French engineer Captain Nicholas Cugnot designed the first road vehicle propelled by its own power.
* First steam carriage built by Richard Trevithick in 1801 in England.
* In the year 1860, first internal combustion engine is developed by J.J.E. Lenoir
*  In the year 1876, Nikolaus Otto developed first four stroke spark ignition engine.
*  In the year 1892, Rudolf Diesel developed first four stroke compression ignition engine. 
*  In the year 1920 a stratified charge engine developed which can run on both petrol and diesel. 

#### Slide_3: Working Principle

* Automobile runs on the principle of conversion of energy.
* Automobile is a self-propelled vehicle with a primary function to transport people and goods from one place to another.
* The chemical energy of gasoline is burnt under a controlled pressure converting it to linear kinetic energy.
* The linear motion is then converted into rotary motion using vehicle transmissions that propel the vehicle.

#### Slide_4: Types of Automobile

* Load-carrying capacity: HTV, LTV, LMV.
* Wheel basis: Two, Three, Four, Six wheeler vehicle.
* Fuel used basis: Petrol, Diesel, CNG and Electric.
* Other basis like body and transmission type.

#### Slide_5: Basic Components

* Frame and Chassis: It supports the structure of vehicle holding engine, body, wheels, etc
* Power source: IC engine or Electric motor which generates power for the automobile.
* Transmission: To transmit power developed by the engine to wheels.
* Braking system: To slow down the vehicle.
* Suspension system: To absorb shocks and vibrations on the road.

## Chassis and Frame

#### Slide_1: Vehicle Frame

It is the primary motor vehicle support system to which all other parts are connected, similar to an organism’s skeleton.

**The main functions**
* To support the vehicle’s mechanical components and body
* To deal with static and dynamic loads, without undue deflection or distortion.

#### Slide_2: TYPES OF FRAMES

1. Ladder type frame
The ladder frame is named for its resemblance to a ladder, which is one of the simplest and oldest of all designs.

![](https://i.imgur.com/ITlGqri.png)
source:https://carbiketech.com/chassis/

#### Slide_3: TYPES OF FRAMES(Cont)

2. X type frame
The X type frame was chosen to decrease the total height of the vehicle, because of the increase in the size of the humps for the transmission and the shaft humps for the propeller, as each row still had to cover frame.

![](https://i.imgur.com/292QwPN.png)
source:https://www.slideshare.net/shaikusmanshag/2frame

#### Slide_4: TYPES OF FRAMES(Cont)

3. Perimeter frame
The perimeter frame in addition to a lowered roof, allows lower seating positions when necessary and offers greater protection in the event of side effect.

![](https://i.imgur.com/haXFgcx.png)
source:https://www.artmorrison.com/frames.php

#### Slide_5:TYPES OF FRAMES(Cont)

4. Platform Frame
In Platform Frame the floor of the passenger cabin, and often even the floor of the luggage compartment, is incorporated into the structure as load-bearing sections for additional strength and stiffness.

![](https://i.imgur.com/oUn2gqg.png)
source:https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Front_mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout

#### Slide_6: TYPES OF FRAMES(Cont)

5. Space frame
The suspension, engine, and body panels are attached in a (tubular) spaceframe chassis to a three-dimensional tube skeleton frame, and the body panels have little or no structural function.

![](https://i.imgur.com/d1QZVke.jpg)
source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/471118811013136229/


#### Slide_7: Material used for chassis and frame

* Steel: Its ability to absorb the energy from impact generated in a crash and it makes stronger, lighter and stiffer.
* Aluminium:  It can decrease the vehicle’s weight.The low weight and high variable energy absorption and reliable resistance are its most significant characteristics.
* Carbon fiber: It offers low density, high strength, high rigidity and strong resistance to creep and corrosion, carbon fibre composite materials (CFRP) are suitable lightweight materials for automobiles.

## Engine

#### Slide_1: Engine

* Engine is a system that is designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.
* Petrol and diesel engines are both the internal combustion engines which are used in modern automobiles.
* Through combustion, the fuel’s chemical energy is transformed into heat energy, and part of that heat energy is converted into mechanical energy by the engine.
* There are two types of ICE in production 
 gasoline engine with spark ignition 
 diesel engine with the compression ignition.
 
#### Slide_2: 4-Stroke Engine
![](https://i.imgur.com/5d6oPHO.png)
source: https://projectmech.com/four-stroke-engine-working-principle/


## Braking System

#### Slide_1: BRAKING SYSTEM

* In any automobile the main aim of the braking system is to control the vehicle and to put the vehicle to rest.
* Breaking system is an assembly of various components such as brake lines/mechanical links, brake disc or brake drum, master cylinder or the fulcrums etc.
* It  transforms the kinetic energy of the vehicle into heat energy which in turn stops or deaccelerates the vehicle.

#### Slide_2: TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM

![](https://i.imgur.com/XSTaCf8.png)


## Suspension System

#### Slide_1: Suspension System

* Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shocks absorbers and linkages which link a vehicle to its wheels
* Purpose of suspension system
1.Offers smooth ride and Insures weight support
3.Enables fast cornering without intense body rolling
4.Holds the tires firmly in contact with the road
5.Lets front wheels turn side by side while steering
6.Works with a steering mechanism to keep the wheels balance correctly
7.Isolate passengers and freight from vibration and shock

#### Slide_2 : Types of Suspension System

1. Dependent suspension system:
     In this type of suspension system both wheels of the same axle are rigidly connected to the same suspension system.
     Leaf Springs

![](https://i.imgur.com/nTVbBv2.jpg)
Source: https://i.imgur.com/nTVbBv2.jpg

#### Slide_3: Types of Suspension System(Cont)

2. Semi Independent suspension system:
In a semi-independent suspension, an axle 's wheels can shift relative to each other as in an independent suspension because one wheel 's position has an influence on the other wheel’s location and attitude.

![](https://i.imgur.com/UgCNH6K.jpg)
Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTq-H9BQRRWfo-d6Uy_1h2jAZhXKUAvl74KJA&usqp=CAU

#### Slide_3: Types of Suspension System(Cont)

3. Independent suspension System
In this type of suspension system Both wheels of the same axle connected to separate suspension system  so the force acting on one wheel does not impact the movement of another wheel.

![](https://i.imgur.com/UgCNH6K.jpg)
Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTq-H9BQRRWfo-d6Uy_1h2jAZhXKUAvl74KJA&usqp=CAU

#### Slide_4: Suspension Components

* Links: The linkages are the bars and brackets that support the wheels, springs and shock absorbers.
* Springs: Springs cushion the vehicle by dampening shock loads from bumps and holes in the road.
* Shock Absorbers: Shock absorbers use hydraulic pistons and cylinders to cushion also the vehicle from shock loads.

#### Slide_5: Basic Components of Suspension System

* CONTROL ARM: a movable lever that fastens the steering knuckle to the vehicle frame or body
* CONTROL ARM BUSHING: A sleeve, which allows the control arm to move up and down on the frame.
* STRUT ROD: Prevents the control arm from swinging to the front or rear of the vehicle.
* BALL JOINTS: A swivel joint that allows the control arm and steering knuckle to move up and down, as well as side to side.
* SHOCK ABSORBER or STRUT: keeps the suspension from continuing to bounce after spring compression and extension.
* STABILIZER BAR: It limits body roll of the vehicle during cornering.
* SPRING: It supports the weight of the vehicle; permits the control arm and wheel to move up and down.

## Parameters in automobile ride and handling

#### slide_1: Parameters in automobile ride and handling

1. Centre of Gravity
CG is a point at which a system or body behaves as if all its mass were centered at that point.

![](https://i.imgur.com/HOue0AA.png)
source: https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.uEQh7grHFtDEyFPGsPXtVQHaHa&pid=Api&P=0&w=300&h=300

CG height:

![](https://i.imgur.com/jzmK2fU.png)

The rate of static defection with time is a natural frequency of a suspension which is determined by,

![](https://i.imgur.com/D7ESc7t.png)

#### slide_2: Parameters in automobile ride and handling(Cont)

2. Cornering Dynamics: Whether the disturbing force is in the form of an incline in the roadway, or the cornering forces produced by tires, the force causing the turn and the force resisting the turn will always be in balance.

![](https://i.imgur.com/LnNFTsy.png)
source: https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.wwKcvbhIqfcNAfINunXGpwHaC0&pid=Api&P=0&w=481&h=184

#### slide_3: Parameters in automobile ride and handling(Cont)

3. Oversteer and Understeer: A vehicle that is heavier at the front will tend to understeer and one that is heavier at the rear will oversteer.

![](https://i.imgur.com/8gbzfnA.png)
source: https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.aoIXFWFBHI9nBESBt9IeaQHaC3&pid=Api&P=0&w=443&h=172

#### slide_4: Parameters in automobile ride and handling(Cont)

4. Rollover threshold: A vehicle’s rollover threshold is established by the simple relationship between the height of the center of gravity and the maximum lateral forces capable of being transferred by the tires.

![](https://i.imgur.com/POrFBy5.png)
Source: https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.zT0GEfXefIMcpFP&pid&P=0&w=218&h=155