# CHAPTER10: FUTURE TREND IN EV

In the last few years, trends suggest a rise in interest among the common masses for electric cars in comparison to electric two-wheelers and ICE vehicles


Electric cars offer a lower operating cost on a fundamental level compared to conventional internal combustion engines. Electric cars are on average 75-80 percent cheaper from fuel and maintenance, which is an significant factor for many customers who use cars for everyday commuting. This is easier than refuelling a traditional fuel tank to charge a battery. EVs have 75-80 per cent less moving parts, resulting in lower maintenance bills.

### 10.1 The challenges in Consumer Adoption of Electric Vehicle

Breaking away the old rules and building up modern customer behaviour is often a challenge. Users are commonly anxious about the speed and range of EVs.

Besides that, the introduction of electric vehicle cars in India would pose a range of challenges in the near future. Including:

1. Charging infrastructure
2. Battery performance
3. Supply-demand gap
4. Creating the closed-loop

### 10.2 Battery Cell Manufacturing

There is a complete lack of primary manufacturing of battery cells in India which poses the risk of our trade deficit rising. Currently most manufacturers rely on imported batteries from Japan, China, Korea, and Europe. The Indian market therefore needs encouragement for indigenous technologies that are strategically and economically suitable for India, such as aluminum fuel cells.
### 10.3 Building charging infrastructure
Of course, the major obstacle is to charge facilities that will need to be paired with existing refueling stations and at alternative sites that are closer to home or workplaces. Improving battery swapping stations will eliminate wait time for charging, make better use of land, reduce the size of batteries in vehicles and will give an increased available range.

### 10.4 Increasing battery performance
This will take some time to replicate the electric charging system , it is important that the batteries are much more reliable in order to compete better with the internal combustion engine vehicles. The Hyundai Kona electric currently has the highest range of 452 km available on a single charge among electric cars in India, which may change in coming years.

### 10.5 Bridging the supply-demand gap
Another major obstacle preventing today 's wider adoption of EVs is the fact that the range is very small, thereby restricting the use-cases for electric vehicles. Again, this is largely overcome by scale as it is an accommodation requirement for bigger, more cost-effective batteries that have a better overall range. There will be no going back from electric vehicles once this output fact sets in.
### 10.6 Creating the closed-loop mobility ecosystem
In addition to the charging infrastructure, automakers will also need to set up a robust supply chain to make the shift feasible at their end. Furthermore, recycling stations for batteries would need to recycle the metals from batteries used in electrification to create the closed loop needed for the change to electric cars to be an environmentally sustainable choice, even after electric vehicles have aged.

### 10.7 Future Trend in Charging Technology

Charging stations are necessary for electric vehicles to charge the battery to power the vehicle. Wireless charging for electric cars is an interesting value addition technology that makes electric vehicle charging convenient.

Energy can be transferred from one point to another without a direct-wired connection. The principle behind wireless energy transfer is mutual induction, the same principle of a transformer. The principle of wireless energy transfer is simple and it is mutual induction.

There is another technology in wireless charging which is based on capacitance. It’s is known as capacitive wireless charging. In this method, instead of mutual induction, electrostatic power transfer happens. A plate of the capacitor is installed on the road and other plates will be there at the bottom of the electric car. Electric power transferred from the charging station to the battery through electrostatic effect.

### 10.8 Working of Wireless Charging technology
When the electric car parked on a charging slot where wireless charging technology is installed, the vehicle battery starts charging. A coil that comes to the proximity of alternative current-carrying conductor, electricity generated in the coil. The distance between coils should be in such a way that the maximum flux linkage happens.

Ref: https://5vtj648dfk323byvjb7k1e9w-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/up

Beneath the parking area, coils are installed to generate an alternating magnetic field to enable wireless charging. An electric car with wireless charging would also be installed with coils to generate electricity from the alternating magnetic field. The vehicle parks above the charging spot where the wireless charger is installed. Then high-frequency electricity passes through the wireless charging station. As a result, alternating magnetic fields are generated and electricity is induced in the adjacent coils in the car. The generated electricity is converted into DC using a rectifier (AC-DC converter) and charges the battery.

### 10.9 EV Charger Apps
Easy-to-access charging information is essential when you’re on the road, especially when traveling to lesser-known areas. Smartphones can be very helpful in gaining this information. Alternative fueling station locators help drivers plan trips around available chargers, and several apps can connect drivers to local information on chargers while they’re on the road.

Ref: ![Uploading file..._5ursvrhyd]()

### 10.10 Long-distance travelling with EVs
Long-distance trips will require stops to charge if the distance is longer than the range of the electric vehicle. So, when driving outside of the EV range, it is helpful to plan your route around charging locations. You can often find EV chargers near shopping centers, entertainment areas, and restaurants which avoids wasting of time.

### 10.11 Charging using renewables

The combination of solar energy and electric vehicle (EV) charging is the key in drastically reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. Electricity comes from a variety of sources and it’s crucial that electric vehicles will be powered by renewables.

Ref: https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.geXc6yoQXZlc

Electric cars are becoming immensely popular and coming years we expect nearly anyone who owns a solar energy system will install a solar charging station at home.

### 10.12 On-Grid solar charging stations
A grid-tied solar energy system is the most straight forward way to charge your electric car with solar energy. A grid-tied solar energy system will feed the power to the grid, regardless of whether your home needs the power at that moment or not.
Ref:https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th?i

### 10.13 Off-Grid Solar charging station
An Off-Grid electrical car charger is called as “Electric Vehicle Autonomous Renewable Charger”
There is no connection to local utilities required. The solar panel array will feed the battery energy storage system and the entire power needs are drawn from this storage system.

Ref: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ca/cc/4b/cacc4b38

Off-grid electrical car chargers can be placed virtually anywhere, as there’s no need for a connection to the electrical grid.