# Electric Retrofitting of an Ice Vehicle

## Abstract
With increasing awareness towards environmental issues, the modern society seems inclined towards use of cleaner fuel in transportation and a drift towards electric vehicles is now being observed world over. Government of India has already made its vision 2030 public in which 100% use of electric vehicles in public transport and increased percentage of electric vehicles in personal passenger vehicles is envisaged. The paper presents a method followed for the conversion process of a traditional ICE vehicle to electric vehicle. The research specifically takes into consideration ARAI guidelines and Indian laws that benefit the process. The paper is presented in three sections. The first section deals with essential electrical components required for the procedure and their selection respectively. The second section contains simulation of selected electric motor along with cost analysis of the complete drive. The third section contains the procedure followed to obtain the final vehicle along with descriptive images for better understanding of placement of the components. The final vehicle obtained is highly cost effective as well as efficient in its performance.

## INTRODUCTION
With more than 13 million vehicles already in Delhi; manufacturing of new vehicles would only add to the problem. The electric cars utilize large battery packs for storage of energy which increases the already inflated cost of a new car. Hence retrofitting plays an important role and changes the already existing power-train of the vehicle.

## Figure.1. Block diagram of drive train in electric vehicle


## Figure.2. Block diagram of drive train in ICE vehicle

### ELECTRIC MOTOR SELECTION
In considering a suitable electric motor, four major requirements namely high initial torque, high speed, variable load handling capacity and net weight of the motor were considered. With regards to variety of motors, three motor were shortlisted for high torque requirement namely dc series motor, induction motor and bldc motor. The dc series motor has capability of producing high initial torque but at the same time the speed falls drastically at higher torque conditions.The induction motor has capability of self-start but at the same time has low starting torque along withrequirement of advanced control system for dynamic stability. The brushless dc motor (bldc) is a synchronous motor which has rotors with permanent magnets allowing for a high initial torque and lighter weight. Both the induction and bldc may be used but owing to faster response to changing load conditions and lighter weight of the latter, the bldc motor is selected.
### Battery Pack Selection
In considering a suitable battery pack three major requirements namely power output, weight and cost were considered for selection. The options available were lithium polymer battery pack and lead acid battery pack. The leadacid battery has heavier weight, high maintenance cost and low initial cost. The lithium polymer based battery pack has capability of fast charging, lighter weight, low maintenance cost and high initial cost. Therefore a lithium polymer based battery pack offers more advantage in comparison hence LiPo battery is selected.

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