Debian/Ubuntu
===
###### tags: `debian` `ubuntu` `linux` `installation`

### 0.About UEFI and legacy BIOS
- [Check if Your Computer Uses UEFI or BIOS](https://itsfoss.com/check-uefi-or-bios/)
- [UEFI安装Win10/Ubuntu16.04双系统记录](https://medium.com/caesars-study-review-on-web-development/win10-and-ubuntu-雙系統安裝筆記-bc824bef7fb4
)
- [EFI partition](https://askubuntu.com/questions/1128810/no-efi-system-partition-option-for-ubuntu-18-10)
[Linux磁區配置從頭開始 搞定MBR、GPT與UEFI](https://www.netadmin.com.tw/netadmin/zh-tw/technology/23D09E63D4CD46349410CDA0E36FC465?page=1)
- [No EFI System Partition option for Ubuntu 18.10](https://askubuntu.com/questions/1128810/no-efi-system-partition-option-for-ubuntu-18-10
)
- [What does it mean to make a bootable LiveUSB?](https://askubuntu.com/questions/1125710/what-does-it-mean-to-make-a-bootable-liveusb/1125721#1125721)
- [How to solve no efi partition was found error](https://linux-tips.com/t/how-to-solve-no-efi-partition-was-found-error/354)
- [ubuntu diskspace](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DiskSpace)
- [No EFI System Partition option for Ubuntu 18.10](https://askubuntu.com/questions/1128810/no-efi-system-partition-option-for-ubuntu-18-10)
- [Isohybrid](https://wiki.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=Isohybrid)

### A. Debian Installaion

[1.reference](https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual)
[2.reference](https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/ch04s03.html.en#usb-copy-easy)
[3.reference](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB-gmnvYDao)

1. download a iso file and
https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/

2. insert USB FLASH DISK and cp the iso file

# cp debian.iso /dev/sdX
# sync

3. enter bios (Asus: press F2) and change the boot order

### B. Driver and Application(packages) Installation
[reference](https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEzGo)

- #### source list

    deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free

- #### fcitx
[1.reference](https://www.itread01.com/p/1372099.html)
[2.reference](https://www.cnblogs.com/OneFri/p/8308340.html)
[3.reference](https://blog.csdn.net/wu58430/article/details/81117721)
[4.debian official reference](https://wiki.debian.org/gnome-chinese-input#using_Fcitx)
- fcitx相關packages基本上都已經預先安裝了
- sudo apt-get install fcitx-chewing
- dpkg-reconfigure locales
- 加入zh_TW.UTF-8 UTF-8
- 

- 可以在application裡面找到企鵝圖示
- 新增chewing
- apt-get remove fcitx-module-kimpanel 似乎一定要做？
- im-config
- 選fcitx
- 登出再登入

 
 
 

- #### wifi
[1.reference](https://blog.csdn.net/ACxlm/article/details/78249021)
[2.reference](http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=136212)

- edit /etc/apt/sources.list

- sudo apt-get install firmware-iwlwifi
- sudo apt-get install firmware-atheros

 
 
 

- #### sublime
[debian official reference](https://wiki.debian.org/SublimeText)
- 執行 "wget -qO - https://download.sublimetext.com/sublimehq-pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add -" 要記得wget要安裝
[reference](https://itsfoss.com/sublime-text-3-linux/)

 
 
 

- #### beyond compare
[reference](https://www.scootersoftware.com/download.php?zz=kb_linux_install)

 
 
 

- #### shutter
- sudo apt-get install shutter

- 在debian9.9 shutter有太多dependencies或許太老舊了，無法安裝，直接使用xfce4-screenshooter
- 全螢幕:xfce4-screenshooter -f
- 區域:xfce4-screenshooter -r
- 在setting->keybooard->application shortcuts頁籤，加入上述指令並選擇快捷鍵
- 

- #### KolourPaint
- sudo apt-get install kolourpaint

 
 
 

- #### google chrome
- [reference](https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-install-google-chrome-web-browser-on-debian-9/)

 
 
 

- #### zoom
[reference](https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/204206269-Linux-Installation)

1. download .deb file
2. sudo dpkg -i xxx.deb

 
 
 

- #### line
- chrome plugin
- https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/line/ophjlpahpchlmihnnnihgmmeilfjmjjc

 
 
 

- #### telegram

- chrome plugin
- https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/desktop-messenger-for-tel/dafiggkhlbbhfcpgggcfeeoliillkabn
- 缺點：無法顯示動畫，chrome要開著

- chrome app
- https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/telegram/clhhggbfdinjmjhajaheehoeibfljjno/related
- 缺點：無法顯示動畫

 

> 以下都是有問題的嘗試
>
https://blog.mojxtang.com/121/
https://blog.xuite.net/rice.king/wretch/105402021-%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%9Ddebian+%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%9E%8B
https://blog.mojxtang.com/121/
https://justhodl.blogspot.com/2018/02/ubuntu-fedora-telegram-gcin-ibus.html
https://www.pkstep.com/archives/13832

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13046624/how-to-permanently-export-a-variable-in-linux

https://www.addictivetips.com/ubuntu-linux-tips/use-and-install-flatpak/

1. download from website and extract with command

        tar xvf tsetup*.tar.xz

2. download chinese fonts

        sudo apt-get install fonts-arphic-*

2. export FONTCONFIG_FILE=/etc/fonts/
> set the variable globally in /etc/profile or by creating a script for your variable in /etc/profile.d.
4. ./Telegram
> 亂碼...

 
 
 

- #### git
- sudo apt-get install git

- ssh key
- [reference](https://help.github.com/en/articles/connecting-to-github-with-ssh)

 
 
 

- #### calculator
- sudo apt-get install gnome-calculator

 
 
 

- #### vi+nerdtree+taglist+srcexpl

- #### vim source insight

[referece](https://www.itread01.com/p/168382.html)
[referece](https://eeepage.info/tag-vim-source-insight/)
[referece](https://ivan7645.github.io/2016/07/12/vim_to_si/)
[SZ Lin](https://szlin.me/2016/03/15/%E6%89%93%E9%80%A0-vim-%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84-sourceinsight/)
[referece](http://wiki.csie.ncku.edu.tw/vim/vimrc)
[referece](https://magiclen.org/vimrc/)
[referece](http://stenlyho.blogspot.com/2013/05/ctagsvim.html)
[referece](http://yanbin.is-programmer.com/posts/84084.html)
[referece](https://binresist.github.io/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/2017/06/28/vim-cscope.html)
[referece](https://juejin.im/post/5c1fa6e4f265da6167205011)
[referece](https://www.jianshu.com/p/3066b3191cb1)
[referece](http://wen00072.github.io/blog/2018/02/15/vim-setup-for-trace-c-code/)
[referece](http://yuanfarn.blogspot.com/2013/02/srcexpl-vim-source-explorer.html)

- 安裝ctags

        $sudo apt- get install ctags

- 找vimrc，在/etc/vim/vimrc(ubuntu16.04和debian9皆相同)，這是for all user

- 針對特定user的設定，手動touch ~/.vimrc，然後加入以下內容

    " ------ Vundle Settings -------
    let iCanHazVundle=1
    let vundle_readme=expand('~/.vim/bundle/vundle/README.md')
    if !filereadable(vundle_readme)
    echo "Installing Vundle.."
    echo ""
    silent !mkdir -p ~/.vim/bundle
    silent !git clone https://github.com/gmarik/vundle ~/.vim/bundle/vundle
    let iCanHazVundle=0
    endif
    set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/vundle/
    call vundle#rc()
    " ---------- Plugins ----------

    Bundle 'MarcWeber/vim-addon-mw-utils'
    Bundle 'garbas/vim-snipmate'
    Bundle 'wesleyche/SrcExpl'
    Bundle 'scrooloose/nerdtree'
    Bundle 'vim-scripts/taglist.vim'
    Bundle 'wesleyche/Trinity'
    "Bundle 'vivien/vim-addon-linux-coding-style'


    set foldmethod=marker

    " Open and close all the three plugins on the same time
    nmap <f6>  :TrinityToggleAll<CR>
    " Open and close the srcexpl.vim separately
    nmap <f7>  :TrinityToggleSourceExplorer<CR>
    " Open and close the taglist.vim separately
    nmap <f8>  :TrinityToggleTagList<CR>
    " Open and close the NERD_tree.vim separately
    nmap <f9> :TrinityToggleNERDTree<CR>
    " Back to last modified line


    " Kaiden: enable color
    syntax on

- 執行vim 若沒安裝vundle會自動安裝
- :PluginInstall

 

    $ctags -R

    $cscope -Rbqk

 

- #### ifconfig

如何配置让 Debian 非特权用户也可以使用 ifconfig 。
ifconfig 在 /sbin 目录下，新建一个用户时， Debian 默认从 /etc/skel/ 复制配置文件，
/sbin 并不在 $PATH 中，所以导致默认非特权用户无法使用 ifconfig （terminal 会提示说找不到该命令）。

解决方法：

    $sudo apt-get install net-tools
    $sudo ifconfig

如果命令前不想加sudo

在 .bashrc 文件中添加
export PATH=$PATH:/sbin

1. 修改 IP address
(先用ifconfig -a⋯⋯看系統可用的網路 device, 假如是 eth0 的話)

及時生效:

        $ifconfig eht0 192.168.0.20 netmask 255.255.255.0

啟動時生效:

        $vi /etc/sysconfig/netowrk-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=none
BROADCAST=192.168.0.255
IPADDR=192.168.0.30 <== 改成新 IP
NETMASK=255.255.255.0 <== 改為新的 netmask
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254 <== 改為新的 gateway`

2. 修改 default gateway

及時生效

        $route add default gw 192.168.0.1

啟動生效:

        $vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

GATEWAY=192.168.0.254

3. 修改 DNS

        $vi /etc/resolv.conf (修改後可及時生效, 重新啟動也有效)

search
nameserver 168.95.1.1

4. 重新啟動網路服務

        $/etc/init.d/network restart

- 自製網路設定shell script
- 其中的4、5兩行，不能直接用sudo echo ...的原因，主要是redirect這邊是由shell來handle，請參考[stack overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/84882/sudo-echo-something-etc-privilegedfile-doesnt-work)

    #!/bin/bash
    sudo ifconfig enp2s0 172.31.6.75 netmask 255.255.255.0
    sudo route add default gw 172.31.6.254
    sudo sh -c "echo 'search' >> /etc/resolv.conf"
    sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 168.95.1.1' >> /etc/resolv.conf"

&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;

### C. Other Settings

#### shortcuts
[1.reference](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQleM0DrLvQ)
[2.reference](https://askubuntu.com/questions/68962/how-to-drag-a-folder-to-the-launcher-from-nautilus)
1. application->utilities->tweak tool
2. check the **Desktop page** page and set **icons on desktop** to "on"
3. create a .desktop file in /home/kaiden/Desktop/
- .desktop file template for folder

        #!/usr/bin/env xdg-open

        [Desktop Entry]
        Version=1.0
        Type=Application
        Terminal=false
        Exec=nautilus /home/kaiden/Myspace/
        Name=Myspace
        Icon=folder
        Comment=Myspace!!!

- .desktop file template for application(e.g. terminal)

        #!/usr/bin/env xdg-open

        [Desktop Entry]
        Version=1.0
        Type=Application
        Terminal=false
        Exec=gnome-terminal
        Name=Myspace
        Icon=/var/lib/app-info/icons/debian-stretch-main/64x64/gnome-terminal_utilities-terminal.png
        Comment=terminal!!!

#### volume control
1. use "pavucontrol"

2. settings -> keyboard，add the followings command to application shortcuts

amixer set Master 5%+
amixer set Master 5%-

#### terminal shortcut
2. settings -> keyboard，add the followings command to application shortcuts

xfce4-terminal

#### xfce Workspace hotkey
1. [reference](https://defkey.com/xfce-shortcuts)

#### apt-get install i386 packages
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58681718/intstalling-android-studio-on-64-bit-version-of-lubuntu-fails-installing-some-32

First verify the architectures configured in your system;

sudo dpkg --print-architecture         //amd64

Second look for any other foreign architectures

sudo dpkg --print-foreign-architectures      //response should be nothing

Now proceed to add 32-bit architecture

sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386

Verify 32-bit is added

sudo dpkg --print-foreign-architectures      //i386

Then update your packages

sudo apt-get update
Now you can install your 32-bit packages
sudo apt-get install libc6:i386 libncurses5:i386 libstdc++6:i386 lib32z1 libbz2-1.0:i386


### virtualbox

#### 共用資料夾
- 權限問題解決
1. sudo usermod -a -G vboxsf $USER
2. reboot後即可

#### 不在sudoers list

- chmod u+w /etc/sudoers
- vi /etc/sudoers
- 加入下方kaiden那行

# User privilege specification
root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
kaiden ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

#### apt source list

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main

deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main

# buster-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main

#### 使用USB3.0(隨身硬碟)
- 安裝virtual box的extension
https://iqmore.tw/oracle-vm-virtualbox-extension-pack-windows-10-usb-3-0

#### 安裝samba(網路分享資料夾)
- 參考網址
[samba](https://bryceknowhow.blogspot.com/2013/10/virtualbox-samba-ubuntu-host-onlywin7.html)
[samba2](https://www.itread01.com/content/1550441893.html)
[samba3](https://hollyqood.wordpress.com/2016/12/08/virtualbox%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A9%9Fubuntu%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8samba%E5%9C%96%E6%96%87%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8/)
[samba4](https://zhuziicafe.me/2019/03/16/jobs-%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8-samba-%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A9%9F%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%A9%9F%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/)
[Will a EXT4 Samba Share be readable by Windows/Mac OS X users?](https://superuser.com/questions/621852/will-a-ext4-samba-share-be-readable-by-windows-mac-os-x-users)
- 加入介面卡2, 設定如下圖

- 需設定/etc/network/interfaces
此步驟目的是要跟host設定同網域, 但如果不設定, 在加入介面卡2後會不能上網

- 安裝samba

    sudo apt-get install samba cifs-utils smbclient

- 配置samba(這裡分享的是整個跟目錄)

    sudo subl /etc/samba/smb.conf


    # Kaiden's share folder
    [Share]
    comment = Shared Folder with username and password
    path = /
    public = yes
    writable = yes
    read only = no
    valid users = kaiden
    force directory mode = 777
    force create mode = 777
    force security mode = 777
    force directory security mode = 777
    hide dot file = no
    create mask = 0777
    directory mask = 0777
    delete readonly = yes
    guest ok = yes
    available = yes
    browseable = yes

- 設置密碼

    sudo smbpasswd -a kaiden

- 確認設定

    testparm


- 重啟samba

    sudo /etc/init.d/smbd restart

- host client互相ping確認連線

- 連線網路磁碟機
- 在本機點右鍵可以看到
- 輸入client的ip`(//xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx)`並點瀏覽

- 點選確定, 點選完成, 就OK了

#### 產生以及掛載新虛擬硬碟
- 參考網址:
https://www.itread01.com/p/1390106.html

- 先產生vdi虛擬硬碟
- 進入Linux使用fdisk做分割,(假設叫/dev/sdb)

    sudo  fdisk /dev/sdb
    n
    p
    [Enter]
    [Enter]
    w

- format分割

    sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

- 建立資料夾以供掛載

    mkdir /home/kaiden/new_disk

- 開機自動掛載(不使用/etc/fstab, 使用/home/kaiden/.bashrc)

    # Kaiden: mount /dev/sdb1 to new_disk/
    kaiden_check_new_disk=$(df | grep 'sdb1')
    if [ x"${kaiden_check_new_disk}" = x"" ]; then
        sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /home/kaiden/new_disk
        sudo chown kaiden:kaiden /home/kaiden/new_disk
    else
        echo "/dev/sdb1 already mounted"
    fi