# Synthesis: nation, nationalism and nationality

This subject is presented by Eloi, Maxime, Amaury, Jean and Timothé.

## Introduction

- Nation: community of people formed on the basis of a combination of shared features (language, history, ethnicity, culture…).
- Nationality: legal identification of a person in international law, as a subject of a sovereign state.
- Nationalism: idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.
- Sovereignty: complete power to govern a country

## Interests of a state to be sovereign

As we mention, sovereignty is a suprem power over a body politic. It is a kind of freedom from any external control.

Nowadays, every nation equip themselves of (more or less)important resources and means to increase their sovereignty. Although our society is governed by alliances between states, we have to be careful because even our allies can betray us : we've seen it recently with the submarines case.

The current issue of our society is mainly about data protection. Actually, we are totally dependants of the GAFAM, which are foreigners companies, mainly american companies. There are a few laws that allow the american to have a look to every data hosted on their territories, our by an american company. When I say *every data*, I talk about our data ! Amaury will talk about it later.

An indirect advantage of the sovereignty of the nation is that it promotes local economy. When a nation need a sovereign solution, they put in competition several local companies, and not foreigner companies.

Finally, the main goal of sovereignty is to have tools, services and means that serve the national security interest. We those things, the nation has to be able to face the current threats. A nation need good intelligence services that will monitor the internal and external threats to discover and to be prepared.

## Regulation and digital sovereignty

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As we mention, sovereignty implies rules and resources in order to reinforce the public authority of the country and favour the competitiveness.

For instance, digital economy jobs should double by 2024 (*cf The Economic Times newspaper*). This dramatic increase of digital growth oblige states to react.

Why? Because this evolution is double-edge-sword. On the first hand it is an insane opportunity to develop the country with its economy, business and employment. But on the other hand, digital growth implies lots of new concerns such as security and privacy requirements.

Thus many countries and organizations have announced rules and decrees in order to protect economics, privacy, security, and generally speaking sovereignty.

Let's review some of these rules.

### National Rules

* **Loi Informatique & Libertés**: (1978) - relating to data processing, files and freedoms;
* **CNIL (Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés)**: (1974) - actions of communication with the general public and professionals about rights protection, compliance, guidance and sanction;
* **LPM (Loi de programmation militaire)**: (2003) - enable the army forces to fulfil their missions by strengthening their resources.

### International Rules

* **The Patriot Act**: (2001) - deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and other purposes.
* **The Cloud Act**: (2018) - allows judicial authorities to access electronic data stored abroad by US companies in the context of criminal proceedings;
* **GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)**: (2016) - actions of responsability, trust and transparency regarding data privacy and treatment.

## Example of a sovereignty application
### Chinese alternatives to major websites
Since the 2000s China has announced a policy of controlling the Internet on its territory.
In 2009 some important foreign websites start to be officially banned in favor of other sovereigns.

Examples:
- 2009: YouTube, Facebook, Twitter
- 2010: Google
- 2014: live (microsoft)
- 2019: Wikipedia, Netflix, Bing

Obviously, these websites have been replaced by Chinese ones. This allows on one hand the country to control the data that circulate in its country as the incoming and outgoing data. And on the other hand the money generated by these companies remains on the Chinese territory. It is important to specify that the Chinese market represents almost 1.5 billion people, which is around 18% of the world population (2021).

Replacement:
- Alibaba (online sales)
- Baidu (search engine)
- Tencent (Messenger, games, commerce...)

### American embargo on China
China has been aiming for years to overtake the United States as the world's leading economic power. The 5G market is an important issue to achieve this and Huawei (a Chinese company) seemed well engaged in the battle.

- **December 2018:** Huawei Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is arrested in Canada at the request of U.S. justice.
- **January 2019:** United States Justice opens criminal investigation into Huawei.
- **May 2019:** The United States officially bans "risky foreign" equipment from American operators. Huawei is affected.
- **May 2019:** Because of this law Google (an american company) suspends business relationship with Huawei.

Donald Trump had two main reasons to vote this ban:
1) Obviously, the control of the latest generation mobile infrastructure on the whole planet offers a privileged position for spying and collecting strategic data.
2) This way the United States reduce the market share of Chinese companies in favor of their own companies.

Sovereignty can be used by individual states as an economic and political weapon.
We have seen mainly offensive examples, now let's talk about sovereignty as a defense.

### Facebook Debrief

The sovereignty of a country in relation to the social network can be undermined in certain cases.

He is a short list of all most know company which depend on Facebook
* Whatsapp
* Facebook
* Instagram

This outage of monday the 4 of October lasted 7 hours. During 7 hours all companies which depend of Facebook information system were under blackout.
According to an IFOP (Institut français d'opinion publique) survey of March 2018, 52% of French people use WhatsApp to communicate with their family. In France in 2021, Facebook has 40 million monthly active users (include companies news papers, employement, etc.). And, It is estimated that more than 21 million French people use Instagram every month.

To conclude, at least 32 million French people use one or more Facebook products. So around 32 million French people no longer had access to Facebook products on October 4. Among them companies, young professionals, self-employed, etc.

To alleviate the communication problem, users can turn to sovereign tools such as: Olvid (French) or Telegram (Russian)

We can talk about the same type of sovereignty with the well known firewalls which are stormshield and fortigate. One is French certified by ANSSI and the other is American and obviously not certified by Anssi.

### Russian test of internet disconnection

As Maxime said, China is developing its own services. However, a lot of other countries is doing this, such as Russia. Actually, they developed their own searching engine : **Yandex** and it's own Facebook : **VKontakte**

Another example of a state increasing his sovereignty is Russia.
In June-July of 2021, Russia tested its defense in order to prepare for cyber warfare. To do that, they disconnected themselves from the worldwide internet to see if they were able to carry on their activities. Actually, they has wanted total control over the internet, to avoid US firms and potential cyber attacks.

This exercise demonstrated the wish of Russia to create a sovereign internet and above all to show to other nation such as USA that they are ready to face cyber-attacks.
However, we cannot be totally sure that this exercise really happened, maybe Russia lied to scare the other nations.

### Intellectual property in Europe
While France has adopted the Global Security Act to "consolidate its action in the protection of citizens", the European Commission wants its own tool to protect actors, victims of violations of their rights.

Fewer and fewer Europeans are buying counterfeit products or downloading content illegally from the internet, according to a survey by the European Union's Intellectual Property Office.

Since 2020, all these activities in total contradiction with respect for intellectual property are in decline in Europe. As, downloading music or movies illegally, knowingly purchase fake products, hacking books, video games, or fraudulently attend live sporting events.

We notice in Europe, according to a study by the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) that there is a thirst for more local, more sovereign products from less far away. We can undoubtedly say that the nationalist (in marketing terms) is growing little by little.

### North Korea
North Korea is a very closed and very isolated country. Especially in the digital aspect.
Indeed, the North Korean authorities simply "cut" the Internet in general throughout the country. Instead, an internal network was created for reasons of sovereignty. This network is used here as a government propaganda tool.
Internet access is restricted to foreigners and a elite in North Korea. In addition, outgoing calls are blocked for the 3 million mobiles in the national network.
To conclude on the example of North Korea. It's clear that national sovereignty which can take precedence over the sovereignty of the people.

## To Conclude
Le patriot act is like :
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During this presentation we talked about severals subjects as the interests of a state to be sovereign, the regulation and digital sovereignty, some examples of a sovereignty application.

We talked about lots of type of sovereignty as in Russia, in France, North Korea, etc. All of these are Nations or countries with peoples inside with there own nationality.

To conclude, it’s quit hard to be fully sovereign and it could be dangerous to be fully sovereign. The objectiv could be protect the interest of our country using sovereign tools without prevent users to use foreign or unsovereign tool except in the case of sensitive companies or state services.