# Black hole thermodynamics ## Black hole ![Black hole](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Black_Hole_Merger.jpg/525px-Black_Hole_Merger.jpg) ## The zeroth law The horizon has constant surface gravity for a stationary black hole. ## The first law $$E = mc^2$$ $$dE = \frac{\kappa}{8\pi}dA+\Omega dJ+\Phi dQ = T_HdS_{BH}+\Omega dJ$$ * energy : $E$ * surface gravity : $\kappa$ * horizon area : $A$ * black hole angular velocity : $\Omega$ * black hole angular momentum : $J$ * black hole electrostatic potential : $\Phi$ * electric charge : $Q$ $$dW = \Omega dJ$$ * work : $W$ $$S_{BH} = \frac{kA}{4l_p^2}$$ * Planck length : $l_p = \sqrt{G\bar h/c^3}$ * Boltzmann constant : $k$ ## The second law $$\frac{dA}{dt}$$ * the horizon area : $A$ ## The third law $$\kappa \not= 0$$ * surface gravity : $\kappa$