Effects of Real-world Backgrounds on User Interface Color Naming and Matching in Automotive AR HUDs
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###### Coleman Merenda, Missie Smith, Joseph Gabbard, Gary Burnett, David Large

## keyword
Head-Up Display, Augmented Reality; Visual Display Image; Vehicle Display System, Color Perception.

### 中英

## Content
調查哪種AR介面顏色在不同的現實駕駛背景中最明顯，符合以下條件
- 具有低可變性的視覺搜尋
- 保留顯示出背景顏色的區別
測試12位經驗豐富的司機使用兩種模式做測試，結構化（文字）及半結構化（符號），使用反射顯示器讓駕駛在三種背景（磚牆、草、人行道）重複體驗八種介面及顏色
測量使用者表現（反應時間和錯誤率）及顏色辨認（顏色正確率和顏色名稱）
結果顯示不同背景的反應時間沒有顯著差異；文字和符號的效果，實驗對象感到AR介面顏色比原來顏色更亮，藍色、綠色和黃色僅有非常小的色差，與其餘顏色相比較好識別相對穩定。
### 實驗方方法
#### 條件
12名 21-44歲 駕駛者 性別各半
必須在英國至少有一年駕照且視力正常
Microsoft PowerPoint和Matlab提供視覺介面
Pioneer HUD 720*260
距離駕駛員3M，和駕駛員視線保持一致
#### 實驗方式
使用Microsoft PowerPoint和Matlab提供視覺介面，使用系統控制給HUD上顯示給參與者的圖取得反應時間，並在旁邊架設平板（關閉螢幕保護及睡眠模式），讓使用者比較顏色差異並記錄參考
##### 文字
使用文字作為檢查結構化任務測試，受測者已知規則（由左到右、上到下），須在4行內找出目標字母出現的次數。這項研究中，使用亂碼代替熟悉的單詞，減少用戶閱讀數字或先前對單詞上下文解讀速度的影響。使用隨機字幕排列（大小寫），兼具與書面相似符合ISO 9241-3規範。
##### 符號
使用符號作為半結構化任務測試，在3x3符號網格中識別目標符號，這些符號是從符號標準化資料庫隨機分配，使用xy為度和上中下指示所見
##### 顏色
原本選用170種顏色，由於在Pioneer HUD上渲染效果很差，最後只實驗八種基本色包括使用在文字及符號上，為了確定HUD顯示的CIE值相同，透過HUD的8種顏色每種結果xyY值顏色校正。

### 結果
本文指出結構化和半結構化（響應時間和錯誤）相關測量，以及受測者對顯示器上感知顏色的回覆比較
#### 反應時間
#### 錯誤及誤差
文字錯誤率 21.19%
符號錯誤率 4.1%

路面影響
文字錯誤率 17.24%
符號錯誤率 3.18%

磚牆
文字錯誤率 25.49%
符號錯誤率 5.25%

#### 顏色
藍色、綠色和黃色準確度較高
紅色、橙色和棕色準確度非常低

## Review
此篇論文使用真實HUD並放著平板做測試，於兩邊對比顏色顯示能知道哪些顏色色偏在HUD跟螢幕上偏差為最小，顏色也會影響駕駛者的反應時間，偏向越亮的顏色便是時間越短，例如黃色、橘色等，其中分辨度也是一大問題，由於現實世界外面作為背景影響到顯示最後的結果，其中藍黃綠準確度較紅橙棕高出很多。使用文字或顏色表達系統偵測資訊時也會有相對應的錯誤率差異，符號比文字來得更加直覺易懂。

## Relevant information
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