微算機與組合語言 Microprocessor & Assembly language

# 微算機與組合語言 Microprocessor & Assembly language # Chapter 1 ## Computers Evolution - Mainframe-> minicomputers-> workstation-> Microcomputers -> mobile devices - Microcomputers - Apple-> Apple II-> IBM PC/XT-> IBM PC/AT-> IBM Compatible PC(PC)-> notebook & tablet PC -> PDA & cell phone ## CPU Evolution - Microprocessors (Intel) - 4004 ->8008-> 8080-> 8085-> 8086-> 8088-> 80286-> 80386-> 80486-> Pentium-> Pentium Pro-> Pentium II-> Pentium III-> Pentium IV - 4bits-> 8bits-> 16bits-> 32bits-> 64bits - Single core - Due Core (2) - Quad Core (4) - Hexa Core (6) - Octa Core (8) - Deca Core (10) - Dodeca Core (12) - Hexadeca Core (16) ![](https://i.imgur.com/fv9JJN7.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/vE6IP8w.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/WKinqd3.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ISI2AA3.png) ## Computers Evolution - Classification of microprocessors - Reprogrammable microprocessor - For general purpose microcomputer - Embedded microprocessor - For special purpose microcomputer - In general, implemented as a single chip - 8051, ARM ![](https://i.imgur.com/KRZZgyy.png) ## General Architecture - Microcomputer & microprocessor - IC (integrated circuit) - SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI, ... ![](https://i.imgur.com/HkY4iZ8.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/64CrtR8.png) - 8086/8088 Family - Upward compatible - 80286 can execute 8088/8086 code - Memory management, protection, and multitasking ![](https://i.imgur.com/ruK1AlI.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/wZnVq2k.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/RLUVGlc.png) # Chapter 2 ## Internal architecture ### BIU (Bus Interface Unit) * Performing external bus operations * e.g. Fetch Instruction and data ### EU (Execution Unit) * perform operations ![](https://i.imgur.com/WcF2c3t.jpg) ### BIU prefetch instructions into instruction queue ### Register * segment * pointer * data ### ALU (Arithmetic logic unit) ### Flags * status * control ![](https://i.imgur.com/oNV2KYy.jpg) ## Register 32 bits: 80286 above ### Instruction Pointer ### Segment Register * CS (Code Segment) + IP (Instruction Pointer) * DS (Data Segment) + SI (Source Index) * ES (Extra Segment) + DI (Destination Index) * SS (Stack Segment) + SP (Stack Pointer)/BP (Base Pointer) ### Data Register * AX (Accumulator) * BX (Base) * CX (Counter) * DX (Data) ### Pointer & Index * BP (Base Pointer) * SP (Stack Pointer) * SI (Source Index) * DI (Destination Index) ### Status Register #### Status flags ##### CF (Carry Flag): * is set if there is a carry-out or a borrow-in for the most significant bit of the result * 最高位借進位時，CF=1 ##### PF (Parity Flag): * is set if the result produced by the instruction has even parity. * If the parity is odd, PF reset * 結果有偶數個位元=1時，PF=1 ##### AF (Auxiliary Flag): * Is set if there is a carry-out from the low nibble into the high nibble. Otherwise AF is reset. * 將暫存器長度切為一半 (nibble)，若低 nibble 有進位至高 nibble，AF=1 * 比如 16-bit register，從第7位進位到第8位時(最低位為第0位)，AF=1 ##### ZF (Zero Flag): * Is set if the result produced by an instruction is zero. Otherwise, ZF is reset * 結果是0，ZF=1 ##### SF (Signed Flag): * The MSB (Most Significant Bit) of the result is copied into SF. * Is set if the result is a negative, reset if it is positive * 結果最高位(負數)=1，SF=1 ##### OF (Overload Flag): * Is set if the signed result out of range, otherwise remains reset * 溢位時，OF=1 #### Control flags ##### TF (Trap Flag): * If TF is set, 8088 goes into the single-step mode. * Very useful for debugging programs * 開下去會逐步執行，所以常拿來除錯 ##### DF (Direction Flag): * Determine the direction in which string operations will occur. When set, the string instruction automatically decrements the address; * if reset the string address will be incremented * 如果 DF=1，將由高位元讀到低位元 ##### IF (Interrupt Flag): * For the 8088 to recognize maskable interrupt requests at its interrupt (INT) input, the IF must be set * When IF is reset, requests at INT are ignored and the maskable interrupt interface is disabled. * Maskable interrupt v.s. Non-maskable interrupt (highest priority of interrupt) # Chapter 3 ## Native language is machine language ### A program written in language is often called machine code * encoded using 0, 1 ### An instruction can be divided into two parts (Operation code) * operation code (opcode) * operands ### Each opcode is assigned a unique letter combination called a menmonic * MOV AX, BX * move bx register to ax register ## Advantages of assembly program than high-level program ### Small code size * Useful for limited memory space ### Short execution time * Useful for real-time app. or time-sensitive app. ### Low level control * Device service routines ## Addressing mode Access different type of operands, the 8088 is provided with various addressing modes ### Specify an operand * register addressing mode * immediate addressing mode * memory addressing mode (direct, register indirect, based, indexed, based-indexed) ### Register operand addressing mode * 所指定的就是 register 裡面的內容 * MOV AX, BX ### Immediate operand addressing mode * 後面那個就是值，帶進去前面的暫存器就好 * MOV AX, 12h ### Memory operand addressing mode Physical address (PA) is computed from a segment base address (SBA) and effective address (EA) PA = SBA : EA PA = Segment base : Base + Index + Displacement Five memory operand addressing modes * Displacement: direct addressing mode * BX, BP, SI, DI: register indirect * BX or BP + displacement: based * SI or DI + displacement: Indexed * BX, BP + SI, DI + displacement: Based-indexed #### Direct addressing mode * MOV CX, [1234h] * Physical address(PA) = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {Direct address} #### Register indirect addressing mode * MOV AX, [SI] * PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {BX, BP, SI, DI} #### Based addressing mode * MOV [BX]+1234H, AL * PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {BX, BP} + {8/16-bit displacement} #### Indexed addressing mode * MOV AL, [SI]+1234H * PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {SI, DI} + {8/16-bit displacement} #### Based-Indexed addressing mode * MOV AH, [BX][SI]+1234H * PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {BX, BP} + {SI, DI} + {8/16-bit displacement} # Chapter5 D：Destination 目的地 S：Source 來源 Q：Quotient 商 R：Remainder 餘數 ## Data transfer instructions ### MOV - 賦值 - MOV D, S - S -> D ``` MOV AX, 1234H ``` ### XCHG - 交換 - XCHG D, S - D <-> S ``` MOV AX, 1234H MOV BX, 4567H XCHG AX, BX ``` ### XLAT - 查表轉換 - AL+BX+DX -> AL - 會查 AL+BX+DX 然後放到 AL ``` MOV BX, 1000H MOV DX, 1000H MOV [DX+BX+0BH], 42H MOV AL, 0BH XLAT ;AL = 42H ``` ### LEA - Load register with effective address - LEA Reg16, EA - EA -> Reg16 - 跟 C++ 取址符號 & 做的事情一樣 ``` MOV BX, 100H MOV BX+100H, 1234H MOV AX, BX+100H ;AX = 1234H LEA AX, BX+100H ;AX = 200H MOV AX, [200H] ;AX = 1234H ``` ### LDS - Load register and data segment register - LDS Reg16, EA - EA -> Reg16 - EA + 2 -> DS - MOV + 更改DS ``` MOV BX, 100H MOV BX+100H, 1234H MOV BX+102H, 5678H LDS AX, BX+100H ;AX = 1234H, DS = 5678H ``` ### LES - Load register and extra segment register - LES Reg16, EA - EA -> Reg16 - EA + 2 -> ES - MOV + 更改ES ``` MOV BX, 100H MOV BX+100H, 1234H MOV BX+102H, 5678H LES AX, BX+100H ;AX = 1234H, ES = 5678H ``` ## Arithmetic instructions ### Addition instruction #### ADD * addition * ADD D, S * S + D -> D * Carry -> CF * 加完後的值放在靠近 ADD 的register ``` MOV AX, 1234H MOV BX, 4567H ADD AX, BX ``` #### ADC * add with carry flag * ADC D, S * S + D + CF -> D * Carry -> CF ``` MOV DL, 0 MOV AL, 0FFH ADD AL, 0FFH ADC DL, 0 ;DL = 1H ``` #### INC * 加一 * INC D * D + 1 -> D ``` MOV AX, 1H INC AX ``` #### AAA ![](https://i.imgur.com/wXEx50T.png =100x100) - ASCII adjust for addition - 加完後變成BCD ``` MOV AL, '8' ADD AL, '9' AAA ;AX = 0107H ``` #### DAA - decimal adjust for addition - 如果 AL 的低 4 位大於 9 或 AF=1，則 AL+06H，並將 AF 置 1；如果 AL 的高 4 位大於 9 或 CF=1，則 AL+60H，且將 CF 置 1。如果兩個都不滿足，則將AF,CF清零。 - 16進位加法變成10進位 ``` MOV AL, 37H MOV BL, 35H ADD AL, BL DAA ;AL = 72H ``` ### Subtraction instructions #### SUB * subtract * 減完後的值放在靠近 ADD 的register * SUB D, S * D - S -> D * Borrow -> CF ``` MOV AX, 4567H MOV BX, 1234H SUB AX, BX ;AX = 3333H ``` #### SBB * subtract with borrow * SBB D, S * D - S - CF -> D ``` MOV AX, 43H MOV BX, 49H SUB AX, BX ;AX = FFFAH, CF=1 SBB AX, 9H ;AX = FFF0H ``` #### DEC * 減一 * DEC D * D - 1 -> D ``` MOV AX, 43H DEC AX ``` #### AAS - ASCII adjust for subtraction - 把BCD拿來減 ``` MOV AX, 0103H MOV BX, 4H SUB AL, BL ;AL = FFH AAS ;AX = 0009H ``` #### DAS - decimal adjust for subtraction - 如果 AL 的低四位大於 9 或 AF=1，則 AL-06H，並將 AF 置 1；如果 AL 的高四位大於 9 或 CF=1，則 AL-60H，並將 CF 置 1；如果兩個都不滿足，則將 AF , CF 清零。 - 16進位減法變成10進位 ``` MOV AX, 32H MOV BX, 25H SUB AL, BL ;AL = 0DH DAS ;AL = 07H ``` #### NEG * 取二補數 * NEG D * 0 - D -> D * 1 -> CF ``` MOV AX, 003AH NEG AX ;AX = FFC6H ``` ### Multiplication and Division instrucion #### MUL - Multiply ( unsigned ) - MUL S - AL * S(8bits) -> AX - AX * S(16bits) -> DX,AX ``` MOV AX, 1234H MOV BX, 1234H MUL BX ;DX,AX = 014BH,5A90H ``` #### DIV - Division ( unsigned ) - DIV S - AX / S(8bits) - Q -> AL - R -> AH - DX:AX / S(16bits) - Q -> AX - R -> DX ``` MOV AX, 1234H MOV BX, 3H DIV BX ;DX:AX = 0001H:0611H ``` #### IMUL - Integer multiply ( signed ) - IMUL S - AL * S(8bits) -> AX - AX * S(16bits) -> DX,AX ## Logic instructions ### AND - Logical AND - AND D, S ### OR - Logical OR - OR D, S ### XOR - Logical XOR - XOR D, S ### NOT - Logical NOT - NOT D ## Shift instructions ### SAR/SAL - Shift arithmetic left/right - SAR/SAL D, Count - 最高位bit不動，其他的往左/右移 Count bits - 會將從L(SAL)/R(SAR)數過來第 Count 的 Bit 放到 CF - SAR的空出的bits會補上最高位的bit，SAL會補0 ``` MOV AX, 891AH MOV CL, 2H SAR AX, CL ;AX = E246, CF = 1 ``` ### SHL/SHR - Shift logical left/right - SHR/SHL D, Count - 往左/右移 Count bits - 會將從L(SHL)/R(SHR)數過來第 Count 的 Bit 放到 CF - SHR/SHL空出來的bits會補0 ``` MOV AX, 091AH MOV CL, 2H SHR AX, CL ;AX = 0246, CF = 1 ``` ## Rotate instructions ### ROL/ROR - 與SHL/SHR差別於超出去的bits會補到另一端 ### RCL/RCR - 與ROL/ROR差別於移位方向的前端多一格CF ###### tags:`CSnote`