# 微算機與組合語言 Microprocessor & Assembly language

# Chapter 1

## Computers Evolution
- Mainframe-> minicomputers-> workstation-> Microcomputers -> mobile devices
- Microcomputers
- Apple-> Apple II-> IBM PC/XT-> IBM PC/AT-> IBM Compatible PC(PC)-> notebook & tablet PC -> PDA & cell phone

## CPU Evolution
- Microprocessors (Intel)
- 4004 ->8008-> 8080-> 8085-> 8086-> 8088-> 80286-> 80386-> 80486-> Pentium-> Pentium Pro-> Pentium II-> Pentium III-> Pentium IV
- 4bits-> 8bits-> 16bits-> 32bits-> 64bits
- Single core
- Due Core (2)
- Quad Core (4)
- Hexa Core (6)
- Octa Core (8)
- Deca Core (10)
- Dodeca Core (12)
- Hexadeca Core (16)

## Computers Evolution
- Classification of microprocessors
- Reprogrammable microprocessor
- For general purpose microcomputer
- Embedded microprocessor
- For special purpose microcomputer
- In general, implemented as a single chip
- 8051, ARM


## General Architecture

- Microcomputer & microprocessor
- IC (integrated circuit)
- SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI, ...


- 8086/8088 Family
- Upward compatible
- 80286 can execute 8088/8086 code
- Memory management, protection, and multitasking


# Chapter 2

## Internal architecture
### BIU (Bus Interface Unit)
* Performing external bus operations
* e.g. Fetch Instruction and data
### EU (Execution Unit)
* perform operations

### BIU prefetch instructions into instruction queue
### Register
* segment
* pointer
* data
### ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)
### Flags
* status
* control
## Register
32 bits: 80286 above
### Instruction Pointer
### Segment Register
* CS (Code Segment) + IP (Instruction Pointer)
* DS (Data Segment) + SI (Source Index)
* ES (Extra Segment) + DI (Destination Index)
* SS (Stack Segment) + SP (Stack Pointer)/BP (Base Pointer)
### Data Register
* AX (Accumulator)
* BX (Base)
* CX (Counter)
* DX (Data)
### Pointer & Index
* BP (Base Pointer)
* SP (Stack Pointer)
* SI (Source Index)
* DI (Destination Index)
### Status Register
#### Status flags
##### CF (Carry Flag):
* is set if there is a carry-out or a borrow-in for the most significant bit of the result
* 最高位借進位時，CF=1
##### PF (Parity Flag):
* is set if the result produced by the instruction has even parity.
* If the parity is odd, PF reset
* 結果有偶數個位元=1時，PF=1
##### AF (Auxiliary Flag):
* Is set if there is a carry-out from the low nibble into the high nibble. Otherwise AF is reset.
* 將暫存器長度切為一半 (nibble)，若低 nibble 有進位至高 nibble，AF=1
* 比如 16-bit register，從第7位進位到第8位時(最低位為第0位)，AF=1
##### ZF (Zero Flag):
* Is set if the result produced by an instruction is zero. Otherwise, ZF is reset
* 結果是0，ZF=1
##### SF (Signed Flag):
* The MSB (Most Significant Bit) of the result is copied into SF.
* Is set if the result is a negative, reset if it is positive
* 結果最高位(負數)=1，SF=1
##### OF (Overload Flag):
* Is set if the signed result out of range, otherwise remains reset
* 溢位時，OF=1
#### Control flags
##### TF (Trap Flag):
* If TF is set, 8088 goes into the single-step mode.
* Very useful for debugging programs
* 開下去會逐步執行，所以常拿來除錯
##### DF (Direction Flag):
* Determine the direction in which string operations will occur. When set, the string instruction automatically decrements the address;
* if reset the string address will be incremented
* 如果 DF=1，將由高位元讀到低位元
##### IF (Interrupt Flag):
* For the 8088 to recognize maskable interrupt requests at its interrupt (INT) input, the IF must be set
* When IF is reset, requests at INT are ignored and the maskable interrupt interface is disabled.
* Maskable interrupt v.s. Non-maskable interrupt (highest priority of interrupt)

# Chapter 3

## Native language is machine language
### A program written in language is often called machine code
* encoded using 0, 1
### An instruction can be divided into two parts (Operation code)
* operation code (opcode)
* operands
### Each opcode is assigned a unique letter combination called a menmonic
* MOV AX, BX
* move bx register to ax register

## Advantages of assembly program than high-level program
### Small code size
* Useful for limited memory space
### Short execution time
* Useful for real-time app. or time-sensitive app.
### Low level control
* Device service routines

## Addressing mode
Access different type of operands, the 8088 is provided with various addressing modes
### Specify an operand
* register addressing mode
* immediate addressing mode
* memory addressing mode (direct, register indirect, based, indexed, based-indexed)
### Register operand addressing mode
* 所指定的就是 register 裡面的內容
* MOV AX, BX
### Immediate operand addressing mode
* 後面那個就是值，帶進去前面的暫存器就好
* MOV AX, 12h
### Memory operand addressing mode
Physical address (PA) is computed from a segment base address (SBA) and effective address (EA)

PA = SBA : EA
PA = Segment base : Base + Index + Displacement

Five memory operand addressing modes
* Displacement: direct addressing mode
* BX, BP, SI, DI: register indirect
* BX or BP + displacement: based
* SI or DI + displacement: Indexed
* BX, BP + SI, DI + displacement: Based-indexed
#### Direct addressing mode
* MOV CX, [1234h]
* Physical address(PA) = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {Direct address}
#### Register indirect addressing mode
* MOV AX, [SI]
* PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {BX, BP, SI, DI}
#### Based addressing mode
* MOV [BX]+1234H, AL
* PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {BX, BP} + {8/16-bit displacement}
#### Indexed addressing mode
* MOV AL, [SI]+1234H
* PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {SI, DI} + {8/16-bit displacement}
#### Based-Indexed addressing mode
* MOV AH, [BX][SI]+1234H
* PA = {CS, DS, SS, ES} * 16 + {BX, BP} + {SI, DI} + {8/16-bit displacement}

# Chapter5
D：Destination 目的地
S：Source 來源
Q：Quotient 商
R：Remainder 餘數
## Data transfer instructions
### MOV
- 賦值
- MOV D, S
- S -> D

MOV AX, 1234H

### XCHG
- 交換
- XCHG D, S
- D <-> S

MOV AX, 1234H
MOV BX, 4567H
XCHG AX, BX 

### XLAT
- 查表轉換
- AL+BX+DX -> AL
- 會查 AL+BX+DX 然後放到 AL

MOV BX, 1000H
MOV DX, 1000H
MOV [DX+BX+0BH], 42H
MOV AL, 0BH
XLAT
;AL = 42H

### LEA
- Load register with effective address
- LEA Reg16, EA
- EA -> Reg16
- 跟 C++ 取址符號 & 做的事情一樣

MOV BX, 100H
MOV BX+100H, 1234H
MOV AX, BX+100H
;AX = 1234H
LEA AX, BX+100H
;AX = 200H
MOV AX, [200H]
;AX = 1234H

### LDS
- Load register and data segment register
- LDS Reg16, EA
- EA -> Reg16
- EA + 2 -> DS
- MOV + 更改DS

MOV BX, 100H
MOV BX+100H, 1234H
MOV BX+102H, 5678H
LDS AX, BX+100H
;AX = 1234H, DS = 5678H

### LES
- Load register and extra segment register
- LES Reg16, EA
- EA -> Reg16
- EA + 2 -> ES
- MOV + 更改ES

MOV BX, 100H
MOV BX+100H, 1234H
MOV BX+102H, 5678H
LES AX, BX+100H
;AX = 1234H, ES = 5678H

## Arithmetic instructions
### Addition instruction
#### ADD
* addition
* ADD D, S
* S + D -> D
* Carry -> CF
* 加完後的值放在靠近 ADD 的register

MOV AX, 1234H
MOV BX, 4567H
ADD AX, BX

#### ADC
* add with carry flag
* ADC D, S
* S + D + CF -> D
* Carry -> CF

MOV DL, 0
MOV AL, 0FFH
ADD AL, 0FFH
ADC DL, 0
;DL = 1H

#### INC
* 加一
* INC D
* D + 1 -> D

MOV AX, 1H
INC AX

#### AAA
- ASCII adjust for addition
- 加完後變成BCD

MOV AL, '8'
ADD AL, '9'
AAA
;AX = 0107H

#### DAA
- decimal adjust for addition
- 如果 AL 的低 4 位大於 9 或 AF=1，則 AL+06H，並將 AF 置 1；
如果 AL 的高 4 位大於 9 或 CF=1，則 AL+60H，且將 CF 置 1。
如果兩個都不滿足，則將AF,CF清零。
- 16進位加法變成10進位

MOV AL, 37H
MOV BL, 35H
ADD AL, BL
DAA
;AL = 72H

### Subtraction instructions
#### SUB
* subtract
* 減完後的值放在靠近 ADD 的register
* SUB D, S
* D - S -> D
* Borrow -> CF

MOV AX, 4567H
MOV BX, 1234H
SUB AX, BX
;AX = 3333H

#### SBB
* subtract with borrow
* SBB D, S
* D - S - CF -> D

MOV AX, 43H
MOV BX, 49H
SUB AX, BX
;AX = FFFAH, CF=1
SBB AX, 9H
;AX = FFF0H

#### DEC
* 減一
* DEC D
* D - 1 -> D

MOV AX, 43H
DEC AX

#### AAS
- ASCII adjust for subtraction
- 把BCD拿來減

MOV AX, 0103H
MOV BX, 4H
SUB AL, BL
;AL = FFH
AAS
;AX = 0009H

#### DAS
- decimal adjust for subtraction
- 如果 AL 的低四位大於 9 或 AF=1，則 AL-06H，並將 AF 置 1；
如果 AL 的高四位大於 9 或 CF=1，則 AL-60H，並將 CF 置 1；
如果兩個都不滿足，則將 AF , CF 清零。
- 16進位減法變成10進位

MOV AX, 32H
MOV BX, 25H
SUB AL, BL
;AL = 0DH
DAS
;AL = 07H

#### NEG
* 取二補數
* NEG D
* 0 - D -> D
* 1 -> CF

MOV AX, 003AH
NEG AX
;AX = FFC6H

### Multiplication and Division instrucion
#### MUL
- Multiply ( unsigned )
- MUL S
- AL * S(8bits) -> AX
- AX * S(16bits) -> DX,AX

MOV AX, 1234H 
MOV BX, 1234H 
MUL BX
;DX,AX = 014BH,5A90H

#### DIV
- Division ( unsigned )
- DIV S
- AX / S(8bits)
- Q -> AL
- R -> AH
- DX:AX / S(16bits)
- Q -> AX
- R -> DX

MOV AX, 1234H 
MOV BX, 3H 
DIV BX
;DX:AX = 0001H:0611H

#### IMUL
- Integer multiply ( signed )
- IMUL S
- AL * S(8bits) -> AX
- AX * S(16bits) -> DX,AX

## Logic instructions
### AND
- Logical AND
- AND D, S
### OR
- Logical OR
- OR D, S
### XOR
- Logical XOR
- XOR D, S
### NOT
- Logical NOT
- NOT D
## Shift instructions
### SAR/SAL
- Shift arithmetic left/right
- SAR/SAL D, Count
- 最高位bit不動，其他的往左/右移 Count bits
- 會將從L(SAL)/R(SAR)數過來第 Count 的 Bit 放到 CF
- SAR的空出的bits會補上最高位的bit，SAL會補0

MOV AX, 891AH
MOV CL, 2H
SAR AX, CL
;AX = E246, CF = 1

### SHL/SHR
- Shift logical left/right
- SHR/SHL D, Count
- 往左/右移 Count bits
- 會將從L(SHL)/R(SHR)數過來第 Count 的 Bit 放到 CF
- SHR/SHL空出來的bits會補0

MOV AX, 091AH
MOV CL, 2H
SHR AX, CL
;AX = 0246, CF = 1

## Rotate instructions
### ROL/ROR
- 與SHL/SHR差別於超出去的bits會補到另一端

### RCL/RCR
- 與ROL/ROR差別於移位方向的前端多一格CF

###### tags:`CSnote`