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tags: 組織行為
---
# Ch11 Power and Politics

## Explain the three bases of formal power and the two bases of personal power
* Power
* formal power:
來自於「在組織中的地位」所擁有的權力
* Coercive Power

* Reward Power

* Legitimate Power
* 基於「組織內的位階」，可控制、使用組織資源的正式權力

* personal power:
來自於「個人獨具的特色」的權力。
* expert power
* 基於「專業、技能、知識」的影響力。
* referent power 人際權力
* 基於「受到認同、尊敬」（具有想要的資源或吸引人的個人信念）的影響力。

* Both expert and referent power are positively related to employees’ satisfaction with supervision, their organizational commitment, and their performance, whereas reward and legitimate power seem to be unrelated to these outcomes
## Explain the role of dependence in power relationships

## Identify Nine power or influence tactics and their contingencies

* Rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, and consultation are most effective when the audience is highly interested in the outcomes
* Pressure tends to backfire適得其反
* Both ingratiation and legitimacy can lessen the negative reactions from appearing to “dictate” outcomes
## Identify the causes and consequences of abuse of power
* Sexual harassment
* set up in-house seminar(研討會) to raise awareness
## Describe how politics work in organizations
* Political behavior: activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, but that influence the distribution of advantages within the organization
* Outside of one’s specified job requirements
* Encompasses efforts to influence decision- making goals, criteria, or processes
* Includes such behaviors as withholding information, whistle-blowing, spreading rumors, and leaking confidential information
## Identify the causes, consequences, and ethics of political behavior
* buck passing: 推卸責任
* scapegoating: 替罪羔羊

* impression management(IM):人們試圖影響他人對個人形象的認知