IELTS Writng - HackMD

# IELTS Writng ### Website 1. [IELTS Simon](https://ielts-simon.study/) 2. [搭配語句](https://hackmd.io/dIQ6HXu_SY-mhxKM91W0Hg) ## Writing passage 1 :::warning 1. Task Achievement 不要給出主觀觀點和看法 2. Coherence and Cohesion 3. Lexical Resources 4. Grammatical Range Accuracy ::: - [bar chart](https://hackmd.io/I6_M-hIiT4SvSC5Ef8cvyg?both#Bar-Charts-%E9%95%B7%E6%A2%9D%E5%9C%96) - line graph - table - pie chart - diagram or process - map - combination of the above :::warning - No specualtion - No "I","you", - No contraction - No imperative statement - No question sectence - Make a sentence with about 15 words - Be careful when using "helping verbs" or "transution word" "cause and effect","adjectives" ::: ### Statistical Analysis - read the question - read the description - vertical axis - horizontal axis - general VS. details 整體呈現與細節表達 ### 各圖形表達法 #### Bar Charts 長條圖 - identical/the same The number of people who like basketball is ==identical== to the number of people who like baseball. - almost identical/almost the same The number of people who like basketball is almose identical to the number of people who like baseball. - twice/two times/three times....as many as The number of boys who like playing basketball is (exactly,almost,exactly)two times as many as that of girl. - double/twofold/threefold The number of sales was doubled compared to the year before. - comparative from(far more/far fewer/far less) Far more men than woman liked playing basketball. The contribution made by funancial section was a lot more thanthat of agricultural section. - superlative form 最高級 Palace Museum had the (second)highest number of visitors amoung all the museums selected - jump 攀升(to) Thr increased transmissibility of malaria jumped 50% due to a new variant - escalation in 上漲、增加 - tick up 上漲 tick up 25% to US 600 dollars. except for 除了…之外，其他都… #### Pie chart 圓餅圖 - ==percentage of 如果有給百分比就用這個來描述==/propotion/breakdown - the level of - account for 佔...的比例/make up/constitute/is... - whopping 巨大的、異常的 whopping quantity of/whopping level of - one in ten - 25%/a fourth/one fourth/a quarter/one quarter - one in four/one out of four 只能用單數四分之一 - 33%/a third/one third/one in three/on out of three - 50% - 66%/two thirds/two in three/two out of three - 75%/three fourths/three in four/three out of four - 90% or more/a massive majority of - 10% or less/a tiny minority of... - just under/almost/close to/nearly just under a third of people perferred shopping online,while close to a fourth of people ehjoyed shopping at a shopping mall. - just over Far fewer female teachers than male teachers were employed in H.C High school, 25 percent and 75 percent respectively. * almost/exactly the same as * a little dufferent from * as likely to succeed as * by far the cheapest of them all * considerably :::warning accounted for ... percent made up constitued comprised > Energy production in the UK comprised 4% oil, 15% ::: * percent verse percentage the percentage of energy produced by oil was 4% the chart illustrates the percentage of #### Line Chart 折線圖(表格也適用) - an upward trend 整體的趨勢 - increase/rise(rose)/raise/climb/go up - rocket/skyrocket 一飛衝天 - improve/enhance/grow 進步、程度上的提升、 - grow(grew) 成長(population grow) - a downward trend - decrease/decline/drop/fall/go down - plumb/plunge/plummet/nosedive/tumble/slump - abruptly/==considerably==/dramatically/drastically/quickly/rapidly/sharply/significantly/suddenly/wildly - exponentially - gradually/slightly/slowly/steadily - level off/remain constant/remain stable/stabilize 維持平穩 - fluctuation/fluctuate 波動 > fluctucting between > climb from about ... to ... - reach a peak - sag (物價等)下降、下跌 - hover 徘徊、停留(...around) - the figure rose during the first decade, and subsequently fell. - 開頭寫法 * he line chart illustrates the average of carbon dioxide emit per person in four different countries(United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy and Portugal)and the data were consumed over 5 decades from 1967 to 2007. Units are measured in metric tonnes. * | | 上升| 下降 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 動詞 | The country's GDP increased by 5% | Text | |名詞|There was an increase|| |名詞在句首|The growth was siginificant| |用see|The 1900s saw a gramatic increase| |up/down|The consumption of meat reached 45 thousand kilograms, up 40% from a year ago|| |現在分詞放句中|The number of married people was 1.6 millions, rising to 1.7 million in 1990|| |現在分詞showing放句中|The crime rate in 2000 was 15% compared to 10% in 1995, showing an increase of 5%|| |詞組|The smoking rate in young girls was on the rise.|| |趨勢|There was an upward trend|| #### Table 表格 - 轉換成折線圖 - 開頭段 - 找出表格中每一類裡最大的數字(或是最低的數字) - 如果是有年份的，找到變化最多的那一年 - 概述段 - 要比較整體 - 描述段 - 至少提到3段數據 #### 其他 - stand at (身高、溫度、得分)是...(+at)靜止不動 During the fiscal year, Best Automobile's oversea profits peaked at 70 million dollars, whereas its rival stood at 1 billion. 靜態圖表 - command 握有+% of :::danger 趨勢加數字 - The number of boys increased dramatically from 20 to 50 from 2013 to 2014, while there was a gradual decrease in the number of girls to only 15, which is almose three times then the number in the previous year. - compared to the figure shown in 2019, the sales of Qphone doubled ois number from 1 millon to 2 million in 200,whereas the ==popularity== of Xphone remain stable at 1.5 million during the same period of time. - The perference of joining a tour group is much higher than the willingness of selection backing in 2014, 75% and 15% respectively, and the year of 2015 is the year that had the highest number of choosing a tour group as the traveling method with 87% of the respondents. - roughly, nearly - around - approximately - almost - Despite ::: ### 架構 ![](https://i.imgur.com/fu2D4or.png) - step 1 確認圖表類型 - step 2 確認時態 - 過去:過去式 - 沒有年分:現在式 - 未來:will, is expected/predicted to - step 3 確認圖表主要信息 - step 4 分段 - 段落開頭 - it is clear that + overall - it can be seen that - step 5 閱讀訊息的順序由小而大 - step 6 確定描述對象的準確性 - step 7 注意句子結構的變化 - step 8 注意連接詞 - step 9 詞性要變化 - step 10 檢查語法 ### 改寫開頭 :::info 要講下面哪個種類的圖+圖主標題+時間+補充說明+單位 - 倒裝句圖主標題+ are represented in ... ::: 1. 描述要講那個圖了 the presented bar chart the provide ... 圖形描述出 depict, show, represent, detial, illustrates the situation of 在圖表中發現甚麼可以用saw(see) 3. general vs. specific - Check if there is a subordinate clause in the question - if yes, check if it is an aduective clause or a noun clause - if it is an adjective clause, make a noun clause to replace it. - if it is a noun clause, make and adjuctive clause to replace it. - if both no , add and clause - Active or Passive - how ... are indicated in the ...chart - during 7-year period - pie chart - percentage change -> change in percentage terms :::success The bar chart indicates that the As shown in the chart The line chart illustrates the amount of ... kinds of ...(分類說明)which were .... over ...years The first graph ... , while the second graph - how much - and that , it only experienced a small drop ::: - 兩句合成一句 with the ... showing that - perferred - selection - percentage > The chart compares the ==proportion== of men and women who participated in physical activity regularly in Australia in the year 2010. - 年齡range表達法 > falling into the 45 to 54 age bracket. :::spoiler the proportion of six different motivations that effect students choice of which college or university to go to in the UK are indicated in the two pie chart. In general, the ::: ##### predict 預測 The numbers of three brands of smartphones that waere sold in Europe are indicated in the line chart with estimation of the sale figures untile 2023 - expect - anticipate - estimate - predict - forecast ##### 有預測的圖表 - since 1980 with projections to 2030. - This report is form a report published in 2008 - and this was expected to continue into the future - growth was projected to cintinue to approximately ... in 2030 :::warning The projectioms do not start in the year that I write the essay -> had depended ::: #### General trend(整個圖給你甚麼概念) - In general, it is clear from the data that - 比較前後 - same direction - different direction - It is clear that - overall :::warning 文科 vs. 理科 liberal arts vs. science on the weekly basic during a specific year. ::: #### Using Transition - By contrast, the income for the other restaurants went up by varing degrees - For the computer club, the patteren is completely reversed. - Meanwhile, for elementary students the pattern apperas to be slightly different - Similarly , - Whereas vs. While * Whereas 使用於句首或句中，但句中的用法較為普遍。只要我們想要表達兩種相反的情況或是比較兩項不同的概念時都可以使用~ * While 相反/兩件事同時進行 #### 給時間的方式 - Figure are given for the two decades between 1994 and 2014. - over 26 years. - by - during the 28-year period #### 單位 - Unites are measured in grams. - represent in millions of euros. - the number of visitor(tourists) > visitor count > number of arrivals > volume of visitors - quadrillion 千萬億 - #### 不受歡迎 - undesirable - unwelcom - unpopular - common 常見 - less likely #### 主要 - primary - most commonly used way of #### 句型 - had depended most on , and least on **** - chose choose chosen - Most ... in ..... at approximately 64,63,62,and 55 percent respectively. - 同時敘事兩件趨勢相同的數據時 respectively,correspondly - before that the reverse was ture - not ... until+動作起點直到某時之後才做 > It is not nutil .... that S+V > *** > Meanwhile, for financial services sectors, the patterns appears to be significantly different. It brought just over 20 million dollars to the city of Star ==before== thefigure double itself in the following year and skyrocketed in the next two years, reaching the peak at nearly 120 million dollars in 2008, which is almost six times more compares the money made in 2005. > Overall, the bar chart indicates two totally opposite trends among three sectors in terms of how much they contributed to the economy of star city. >How four types of music were perferred by young people in Taipei,Taiwan for a week are indicated in the table, with the pie chart showing people's selection on two specific types of music investigated by a record company. In general, more boys than girls liked to listen to music through all four different ways. >It can be seen clearly that 73% of boys preferred to listen to music through the internet, while fewer (59%)~~only 59%~~ of girls selected the same technology to enjoy music. Similarly, far more boys than girls chose to participate in a live music event in the previous week, 43% and 37% respectively. The same result can be observed when it comes to listen to music by using CDs or MPSs players. The former show different of 9 % between the number of boys(29%) and girls() who listened to music from CDs, while the latter displays a difference with 10% of boys and 7% of girls enjoying the misoc through MP3 players. ### 動態圖表- 一個對比組 ![](https://i.imgur.com/APVFHBA.png) * 畫成柱狀圖，描述趨勢和變化 * 趨勢對比與大小對比 | 主體 | 順序 | 結尾 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 不同對象各自趨勢 | 由數值高的對象開始 | 比較高的數值趨勢對比 | ### 動態圖表- 兩個對比組 ![](https://i.imgur.com/pmCCkG7.jpg) 1. A的最高值對比B 1. B的最高值 2. 描述其他值 3. 總決趨勢和特徵 | 主體 | 順序 | 結尾 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 第二對比組不同對象的各自趨勢 | 第一隊比組數值高的對象開始 | 比較高的數值趨勢對比 | |對比第一對比組| * 首段-改寫 the proportion of different kinds of fuel source that used to produced electricity in Australia and France are demonstrated in the pie charts. * 第二對比組 In general, the total production of two countries were both increase and reach 170 units and 180 unites respectively. In only 20 years, Australia's production has grown from 100 unites to 170, 70 units of electricity It can be clearly seen in the diagrams that the units of electricity created/ The units of electricity created by coal, the main energy sour in Austrslia, more than double to 130 in 2000, but this energy was much less import in France, producing 25 units of electricity only in both years. Nuclear power was the prominent energy source in France, with the figure rising more than eight fold tp 126 units in 2000, but Austra;ia did not use this emergy. * 對比第一對比組中第二對比組中的各項數值 The amount of electricity created by hydro power also increased significantly from 20 to 36 unites in Australia, while this fuel source was less important in frence, creating 2 unites of electricity only in 2000. The figures for natural gas declined in both countries to 2 unites. The proportion of electricity created by oil also saw a different trend in these two countries, increasing slightly to 25 unites in France but fing steeply to 2 unites in Australia. * 結尾-大重點對比第一隊比組 Overall, Australia and France relied on different fuel sources. While coal and Hydro were important in Australia, nuclear power dominated France's energy sector. ### 動態圖表 *優先對比組* males & female *第二對比組* course 盡量去做兩個圖的比較! 不要自己比 ![](https://i.imgur.com/v3blWNv.jpg) - The bar charts indicated the ==change== in the performance of males and females in different subject in 1996 and 2000 - 主體1 Over 42% of boy achieved a high grade in humanitise, up from 21%. The proportion of grils who achieved this standard was lower at 25% in 2000, although it was 32% in 1996. * Boy also improved their preformance in the arts significantly with the figure rising from 9% to 21%, while the proportion of high-achieving girls dipped to 25% - Girls preformed better than boys in language. Although the percentage of top avhievers declined from 45% to 30%; There were also a brife improvement in Science and Math, in which the proportions of girls who achieve agrade rose to 11% and 15% respectively. * In contrast, the figures for boys in these two courses dropped. - Overall, boys outperformed girls in science and maths, but the gap narrowed. While a larger proportion of boys reached higher standards in the arts,humanities as well as languages, the figures for girls saw a decline. ### 靜態圖表 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ERFCDvj.jpg) - 首段-改寫題目 The pie chart indicates information about the cause of land degradation in the world with the table shows hows three regions(North American, Europe, Oceania) of the world were affected by this problem during 1990s. - 主體1(第1個圖) Over-grazing was the primary cause of the world land degradation, with around 35% of land around the world degraded by this. * 說一下其他值 Deforestation and over-cultivation were responsible for 30% and 28% of degradation respectively, while the remaining 7% was attributed to other problems. - 主體2(第2個圖)-Total的最高值 Europe had the largest proportion of unproductive land at 23%, [仔細說明]nearly twice the figure for Oceania and more than four times the level of degradation in North American. * 分細項說明 Deforestation was the principal reason for land degradation in Eroupe(9.8%) and the proportion of land degraded by this reason in other two areas were significantly lower. * Over-cultivation was another problem in Eroupe, causing damage to 7.7% of land, compared with 3.3% in North American. * 描述Oceania的Over-grazing In contrast, over-grazing was severe in Oceania,reducing the productivity of 11.3% of land, but the levels of damage were lower in other two regions. - 總結段 Overall, over-grazing was the main problem wordwide in term of land degradation. Europe had a higher proportion of degraded land than other two areas. ### 半動態圖表+年齡的表達 *對比不同年齡段* Reasons for study according to age of students ![](https://i.imgur.com/DKMl3W5.png) Employer support, by age group (Time off and help with fees) ![](https://i.imgur.com/BRQrXSw.png) - 首段(改寫) The bar chart compares students of different ages in terms of what motivates them to study and the support they receive from employers. - 主體1 Young people study primarily to futher their careers, with up to 80% of those under the age of 26 studying for this propose.This figure is significantly higher than those who study out of personal interest. * 描述趨勢 The gap between these proportionsnarrows as student get older,and the figure for those aged 40 to 49 are the same with 40%. * Student aged over 49 overwhelmingly study for interest(70%) rather than career. - 主體2(簡單長條圖描述趨勢) Around 60% of students aged under 26 receive support from employers for further education. * 描述趨勢比直接敘述最小值好 The figures drop steadily with age, and only one-third of those 30-to-39-year-old students are supported by employers * In contrast, older students, namely, those in their forties and those aged 50 or more, are more likely to gain support(38% and 44%) respectively - 總結 Overall, younger students are more likely to study for career purposes, while for people older are more motivated by personal interest. Employers gives more supporter to younger stubents than to employees in other ages. *** ### Describe a Process :page_with_curl: 流程圖 #### :heavy_exclamation_mark: 10 tips 1. read the question 2. Natural process VS. manufacturing process 3. Active voice VS. Passive voice 4. Divide the whole process into four or five parts if possible 5. Verb tense-simple present tense 6. No imperative statement 7. No question 8. Usually no Adjective or helping verm 9. Teansition words > befor, after, when, while, as long as, as far as, as soon as, since, once, until, by the time. > First of all, first, second, next,==now, soon, then,== following that, mean while, at the same time, at the first stage, finally > ; 放句中 , 10. Nouns 11. verbs :::warning - The steps that are necessarily taken in order to ... are indicated in the diagram. - How 開頭 - through several stages - specificated - In general, it starts generating ideas before a course of action are taken. ::: :::info 確認流程的第一步 **表示首階段** - The process start from + 名詞/動名詞 - At the first/initial stage + 句子 - At the beginnung of the cycle + 句子 - Durfing initial phase + 句子 - The beginning of the whole cycle is marked by + 名詞 - 名詞/動名詞 + is the first step in + 名詞/動名詞 **表示次階段** - The second stage is + 名詞/動名詞 - The next step in the process is + 名詞/動名詞 **表示最後階段** - 名詞/動名詞 is the last step in the procedure - The final phase of the procedure is about +名詞/動名詞 - In the final phase, + 子句 - Entering the final phase, +子句 - 名詞/動名詞 + is the final stage 流程比較複雜、使用時間比較長、工具比較複雜 Being done 1. 主詞相同的分詞構句 > Powder is placed on the conveyor belt, before being ground by the grinder. 2. Once/until 引導狀語從句 > Ingredients are rotated in the concrete mixer, until they are turned into concrete. ::: ![](https://i.imgur.com/ATwisRL.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/fojLexd.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/YI6hESM.jpg) - The two diagrams show how cement and concrete are produced with dofferent materials and facilities used. - At the first stage, limestone and clay are crushed by the crusher into powder. The powder is then delivered to the mixer,where it is mixed. The mixture is sensequently sent to the rotating heater, after which it is heated and rotated. In the next step, the rotated powder is placed on the conveyor belt, before being ground by the grinder into cement. The final prodect is packed in bags. - In the process of the concrete production, gravel account for 50% of materials, while cement, water and sand represent 15%,10% and 25% respectively. These materials are placed in the concrete mixer, which rotates clockewise untile concrete is produced. - To summarise, cemet production consist of 4 stages,starting from crushing materials into powder and ending at begging cement. In contrast, concrete production is simple, mixing four materials. **** - the ... consists of four main parts (majour step): Ving + - 解釋一個名詞可以用that - drive the generator yo covert the mechanical power into electrivity. - sebquently - alterations for .... //change - record - measure - package - the way - relatively remained the same :::warning The process start from the collection of three different kinds of recyclables, namely bottles, paper and durable, from respective rubbish bins. Following the stage, recyclables are delivered to material recovery facilities, where these recyclables are catagorised and treated for different purposes. Overall, the diagram shows how the recycling loop involves the classifying, cleansing and reusing of recyclables. ::: :heart: **Cyclical Process** - Overall the cyclical process that consist of use, collection,... ,and reuse. - After ... are use - After these products are used, they go through the recycling process all over again. 1. recycling plant = recycling center 2. Crushing = Breaking down 3. separating 4. manufacturing process :heart: - Overall, it is an automated process that consist of six main stages: - raw、producing、packaging - transported - knead 揉、捏(麵團) - 攪拌 stirred = combined = mixed - 切斷 cut = slitter ### Maps 地圖 - 地圖沒有數字，強調東西南北的地點 - 如果出現時間點，從最早的描述 - 預測變化: be predicted/projected/likely to - to the present moment(to the present day) - currently - redevelopment plans - supporting facilities - roundabout connect that - amother road is planned to be added north from the roundabout - Where ![](https://i.imgur.com/odM6NTD.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/MRUP4mQ.png) 例:A beach was located on the western end of the island ![](https://i.imgur.com/eyl9TVD.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/Yzwou5m.png) 1. the island is surrounded by sea 2. a beach is located on the wastern end of the island 3. Some trees are scattered in the wastern and eastern sides of the island. 4. A number of accomdation unites are built surrounding those trees in the western part on the island. 5. A circular footpath is available to connect these facilities with the beach. 6. another cluster of accomodation facilities is sited in the middle of the island next tree. 7. a footpath links these accomodation facilities 8. One reception is situed between these two groups of accomodation unites 9. One restaurant lies to the north of the reception 10. One pier is construct on the sourthern end of the island. #### While 引導從句 While a beach is located on the wastern end of the island, some trees are scattered in the wastern and estern sides. #### 分詞構句 Another cluster of accomodation facilities is sited in the middle of the island next to trees, also linked by trees. #### there be 句型 There is a restaurant lying to the north of the reception. #### 兩描述對象透過with 相連 A vehicle track links the restaurant and the reception with a pier (which was)constructed on the southern end of the island :::warning - The map show the changes in an island, which is now a tourist attraction. The coastal line of the island is about 600 meters in length. - The island is surrounded by sea. While a beach is located on the wastern end of the island, some trees are scattered in the wastern and estern sides. - Tourism has led to some significant changes. A number of accomdation unites are built surrounding those trees in the western part on the island. These facilities are connected with the beach, a site now open to swimmers, by a cicular footpath. Another cluster of accomodation facilities is sited in the middle of the island next to trees, also linked by trees. - Between these two group of accomodation unites is reception with restaurant lying to the north. There is a vehicle track linking the restaurant and the reception with a T-shaped pier (which was)constructed on the southern end of the island, which is used for yachting. - In summary, the island has changed to cater for the needs of tourists, after the construction of these facilities, while the trees have been well preserved. ::: ![](https://i.imgur.com/cQ5YPY0.jpg) #### 1868 ~ 1883 1. A main road crossed the area from north to south 2. The village was located next to a main road. 3. The park and golf course was sited to the east of the village #### 1882 ~ 1922 1. The village expanded alongside the main road to the south. 2. The railway was built from west to east. 3. The railway station was constructed in the village. $=>$ The railway was built from west to east with The railway station in the village #### 1922 ~ 1970 1. The development of the village continued next to the railway in the south-western corner of the area. 2. The motorway was constructed on the eastern of this area. #### 1970 ~ 1994 1. The village developed surrounding motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads :::warning The map illustrates the changes in an area called Chorleywood during the period from 1868 to 1994. In 1883, the village was located next to a main road crossing the area from north to south. There was a park and golf course to the east of the village. During the period between 1883 and 1992, the village expanded alongside the main road to the south and in 1909, a railway was built from west to east with the railway station in the village. The village continued the expansion next to the railway in the south-western corner of the area between 1922 and 1970, while a motorway was constructed on the eastern of this area in 1970. During the next period, the village developed surrounding motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads Overall, It is clear that the major developments of the village took place around transport infrastructures. ::: ### 室內地圖 #### 擴大 expend addition of other new facilities will offer convenience :::success - Upon entering - before one goes through ... - straight ahead - Once through - Ahead is the ... - moving on to the ::: at the moment gping forward ## Writing passage 2 ### :sunflower: Not only to press your ideas, but to present your ideas - Discussion - Opinion - Problem and solution - it is ture that - there are various reason why ..., but ... could certainly take step to address this issue. - two-part question :::info 每個段落都有一個清晰的主題語法結構 **TELCCS 原則** - **T** - **L** - **C** - **C** - **S** ::: ****  **** #### Facts I think -> It is though I believe -> It is believe This is say that This espical ture that In other words To be more specific It is senerally accepted that Some professors think Many scientists have prove that #### Numbers+Authority 用數據驗證 - According to the latest survey conducted by the government in Taiwan, more than 70 percent have saved more than $300,000 by the age of 30 after graduate from university. - According to the latest study condutde by the well-known sports maganize in Taiwan,... #### Quotation :black_nib: Direct Quotation Simon Wn,==a professor teachhing iat a well-known university in Taiwan,== said, "..." :black_nib: Inderect Quotation Simon Wu, a professor teaching at a well-known university in Taiwan said that #### Giving Example (showing past tense) ==For example,== my brother who just got marride at the age of 30 last month had already saved My sister ==, for instance,== was extremely The first and most important reason #### 引導句 : 連接句-連接論點 - Finally, other than the efforts from the government and companies, individuals can certainly do something to make the traffic situation better - It might have taken :two: In addition, according to the ministry of health for example According to the latest research created by the UN， about one third of people... Now, however, totally different picture ### 3 Step essay plan 1. Reading and understand the question highlight/ underlike key part 2. Plan essay structure 3. planing idea for two main paragraph - brainstorm - develop idea in detail - keep asking "Why" - think of example to support your idea - group related ideas. ### Introductoin Paragraph - Essay map-narrow down the topic >It has been long discussed/argued > >Some people may think that >While some people perfer ...., others are fond > > people have different views about ...as opposed to > >However, I firmly believe that >Although I firmly believe that > >The viewpoints from both will be presented in the following paragraph.(兩邊都要寫,選邊站) >Indeed, both similarities(commonalities) and differences can be obviously found between what I am now and what I was five years ago. >And some measures can be taken to dela with the problem. >It is ture that .... while - Thesis statement- topic+reasons(optional) - It is sometimes argued ### Main body paragraphs - 提出解釋和舉例 - Firstly, Secondly, Finally - advantage - Idea, Explain, Example - one idea, a reason, an opinion - there are several reason ### Conclusion Paragraph - Paraphrase the thesis and the major points. *2 - never write anying new - Future perspective 政府/教育 >To sum up, Judging from the points elaborated in the previous paragraphs, I would like to reiterate my standpoint that... What is more... Indeed, the quicker...,the better...(will become) > >==In conclusion.== it is definitely necessary to take the concept of depth punishment into serious consideration since justice can be can be undoubtedly reached.people can be taught what terrible consequence they have to face after an unforgiven mistake is made. Indeed, the more quickly the concept is adapted,the better the world will become. >1. ==In conclusion,== I do not believe >2. ==In conclusion,== I would argue that the advantage of ... do outweigh the disadvantages. >==3. In conclusion,== various measure can be taken to tsckle the problem to ... . :::danger To sum up, Judging from the points elaborated in the previous paragraphs, I would like to reiterate my standpoint that... What is more... Indeed, the quicker...,the better...(will become) ::: ### Argumentative Essay 1. Used only when you need to choose your own side. 2. Think about both view points 3. Seven point form(ideas) 4. Organization 5. Transition Words *** ### Linking Word - Firstly, Secondly, Finally #### Listing - firstly $\rightarrow$ secondly $\rightarrow$ thirdly $\rightarrow$ fourthly - lastly、last but not least、finally #### Adding Information - in addition、additionally - moreover - also - not only...but also - as well as、and #### Giving Example - for example - one clear example - for instance - such as - namely - to illustrate - in other words #### Result and Consequence - as a result - consequently - therefore - thus - hence - so - for this reason #### Highlighting and stressing - particularly - in particular - specifically - espically - obviously - of course - clearly #### Concessions and Contrasts > opposite point - admittedly - however - nevertheless - even though - although - but - despite - in spite of - still - on the other hand - by contrast - in comparison - alternatively - another option could be #### Reasons and causes - because - owing to - due to - since - as #### Giving your option - in my opinion - I think - I believe - I admit - in my view - I concur/agree - I disagree/ I cannot accept #### Concluding Linker - in conclusion - to conclude - to sum up ### 10 大句式 #### h4 - Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet. - On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of knowledge - College students take part-time jobs not for more money but for a better understanding of societies. - One’s salary does not depend so much on his educational background as on his ability and contribution to the society. - In terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory - Parents would not expect their children to become useful persons without working hard *** ### 1. Balanced #### Prison is the common way in most countries to sove the problem of crime.However, a more effective solution is to provide people better education. *Do agree or disagree?* 　Despite the popularity of prison sentences as the way to control illegalities, improvements on education have gained social endorsement ==as a means to== eliminate the problem from its root. ==In my opinion==, I disagree that education is the better one as it is ==rather== impossible to compare these two methods' effectiveness owing to their distinct impact. 　==On the one hand,== ==the reasons why== prisons are of indispensable necessity for social security are varied. They are the place to keep people who have broken the low contained, ensuring the safty of other citizens. Espically, dangerous criminals such as murderers or rapists have to be i==m==prisoned for their ==heinous actions.== Furthermore, severe prison sentences act as a deterrent against crimes. Knowing there might be a chance of *getting caught and condemned to jail*, which also means losing freedom and living a miserable life in a cell, ones who are having the intention of ==committing illegalities== would reconsider ==going down the path.== 　==On the other hand,== education serves as a remedy for the origin of crimes. Education contributes greatly to heighten people's intellect and to form a civilized socirty. With access to better educational services, citizens would be well-informed about the damage that committing crimes would cause to theircommunity and themselves, which eventually leads to rhe decline in crime rates. Additionally, the possession of certain qualiifications through fundamental education like ==vocational training== could secure a person's stable life, which would dispel any ideas of committing crimes. 　==In conclusion==, I beleve there is no absolute way to deduce whether imprisonment policies or better education would take the dominent role in dealing with crimes as they both tackle the problem just in different ways. (In conclusion, judging from the point elaborated in the previous paragraphs, I believe that there is no absolute way to deduce whether imprisonment policies or better education would take the dominent role in dealing with crime as both solutions have their own benefit and disadvantage.) ### Discussion essay **Discuss both view and give your own opinion 雙邊討論** | 介紹段 | 給出個人立場 | 兩種觀點的分歧、自己沒選的那邊好像不錯但是自己選的那邊更棒 | | -------- | -------- | -----| |主體一 |第一批人的看法| |主體二|第二批人的看法| |主體三|自己的看法| |結論段|總結自己的看法、總結雙方的立場| 1. Read and understand question 2. Plan 1. Introduction - Firstly,Secondly,finally 3. F :::warning - 1. 主體部分前兩段一定要說持有不同看法的人為甚麼對，不能質疑他們 - 2. somepeople argue that... it is sometimes argued that... >may, might, are likely to, sometimes, in some cases, can be - 3. 中心不用寫得很肯定 - 4. 討論自己的看法可以做為結尾(或是第三段) ::: - plan 1. Topic 2. Answer :::success It is ture that . There are a variety of possible In my opinion, three main factors are to blame for the way young people behave at school Student behaviour can certainly be improves. start also .At the same time ::: - three main factirs are to blame - parent tend to - #### In a number of countries, some people think it is necessary to spend large sums of money on constructing new railway lines for very fast trains between cities. Others believe the money should be spent on improving existing public transport. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. :::info 交通 - Traffic congestion 交通問題 - commuter 通勤 ::: #### 遵守規則 　Children are expected to obey different rules either at home or at school. ==Strict discipline== is sometimes important, but I would agree that it would have an adverse impact on children's ==problem-solving abilities==. 　Some people are strong advocates of imposing rules because rules can hold children accountable for their behavior and help them ==develop good behaviour patterns== from a young age. Unlike adults, children are normally not aware of the consequences of bad behaviour, and setting rule can help them realise how to behave ==in a socially acceptable way.== For example, they can learn how to greet others, ==make polite requests== and ==show table manners==, if they are requires by adults to do so. In addition, rule can also forbid inappropriate behaviours, such as bullying, using profanity, ==cheating in exams== and interrupting teachers during a lession. 　Opponents, hower, argue that rules can limit the development of problem-solving skills, if those parents who establish strict rules give priority to children's obedience. Children will rely heavily on rules and may not be able to slove problems independently. For instanct, some rule may dictate what children should do every day, but when children enter the workforce, they may not know how th manage time without the instructions of their parents and cope with the demand of themselves. They are unlikely to ==achieve success== in their careers. 　In my opinion, strict rules can stifle children's creativity and they are not able to solve problems in different ways; They dare not put their ideas into practice, since they are afraid of being punished if they ==disobey rule==. Some teacher, for exapmle, require students to abide by strict essay writing rules, and the consequence is that children will not know the outcome of expressing their ideas in other ways. The problems in the real world are complex and they cannot tackle these problems without using imagination. >In conclusion, **These days there are a lot of TV channels availiable to view. Some people think it is good to have a range of options but others argue that it affect the quality of programs.** *Discuss both sides and give your option well* The nonstop progress of the modern TV industry has provided people with permanent access choices of channels, depending on viewers'interests. This broad availability instigates many public ==debates over== how the number of TV programs and their quality interrelate. ==From mny perspective,== ==it is true that== more and more channels have been launched recently with deteriorating quality in terms of both display and content. On the one hand, On the other hand, In conclusion, | Balanced opinion essay | Discuss essay| |-------|-------| |"I think"、"I believe"、"I agree"|"people think"、"people believe"、"It is considered/believed that"| |give example of your own|can not give example of your own| ### Advantage & Disadvantage #### Do you think the adventages of ... outweigh the disadvantage > #### Do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks 利大於弊、弊大於利雙邊都要舉例 | 段落分配 | | -------- | | Introduction-Parphase、My opinion | | Disadvantage | 需要說明為甚麼這個缺點比較不重要:因為可以被解決| | Advantage| 找出為甚麼這個優點很重要:Find the bigger picture- society/country/world| |conciusion| opinion + main ideas :::warning - and i believe the advantage far outweighs any potential disadvantage. - On downside of ....,However, I think this can be avoided if ...(However I do not think this is a great disadvantage for ...) - On the positive side, ... For example - I think this could create a great advantage for society as a whole because - In conciusion, although ...(disadvantage), I believe this downside is greatly outweighed by the upside that 我相信這個缺點被它的優點所抵消 ::: #### 高齡化社會 **In many countries, the proportion of the older people is steadily increasing.** *Dose the trend have positive or negative effect on society?* People's life expectancy has improved in many societies, possibly because of improvements in technology and the increase in personal wealth. Although senior citizens can contribute extraodinarily to society, I would argue that this demographic change can bring about some problem. 　One problem associated with an ageing population is that health care costs will increase, imposing a burden on textpayer. It is widely known that nost medical needs and costs occur in the last years of life. This ==means== that government have to pour more money in caring for the elder and in medical services. This is normally achieved by requiring working people tp pay higher income and cutting funds for other essential services like education. 　The slow pace of work is another problem, as the number of senior worker increases. The ability to absorb information and complete work normally declines with age. Many elderly people have a conservative attitude toward technology and struggle to learn how to use hi-tech devices and the latest software at work. If they choose to delay retirement, their present in the workforce and influence companies' productivity and endanger the whole economy. 　On the other hand, the expweience and wisdom of senior citizens can be a valuable asset to society. People today can live healthier and longer lives, as they pay closer attention to health eating 　In conclusion, the considerable extension of life exoectancy has put strain on health care and made the workforce less productive. It will influence the economic development of a country, although we can make good use od senior workers' wisdom. ### 雙重問題題目 - 開頭段 : 引出主題、給兩個問題的答案 - 主體1 : 回答問題1 - 主體2 : 回答問題2 - 總結段 : 總結兩個問題的答案 ### Agree or Disagree 觀點類題目 - ~~some people think/argue/believe/hold the view that~~ 論述類題目才用 #### 看電視學習 **Some people believe that children and learn ==effectively== by watching TV and they should be encouraged to watch TV both at home and at school.** *To what extent do you agree or disagree?* 1. 題目關注的是學習效果 -> 有沒有效率 Watching television (especially informative television) has been recognisedn as an effective method of learning, because audio-visual information can attract student's attention and engage their interest. Although many TV programmes have highly educational value. I do not agree that students increase their ==screen-time==. Watching television can ==interfere with== children's studies and other activities which can benefit these children's development. Another problem is that long screen time can have an adverse impact on children's social development. They will sit infrint of TV many hours, instead of playing games with their peers and communication with teacher. They will become unsociable and unwilling to express their views and understand the thought of other people. Without good communication skills, they will have difficulty in gaining knowledge, ==drawing upon the ideas of classmates or teachers==, and achieving academic success. On the other hand, I understand that television has exposed children to a world of knowledge. There are many educational programmes ==aimed for== children, allowing them to gain an insight into different subjects, For example, documentaries can help children learn about historical events while foreign language channels can help them acquire foreign lenguages. This kind of knowledge can complement what they learn at school. To summarise, parents and teachers should ==impose restrictions on== children's television viewing, rather than endorse this habit. Watching TV can have an ==adverse impact on== children's grades, rather than improve their academic performance. **** It is ture that no doubt **** ### 報告類題目 #### 消費社會 ### 混合類題目與開頭段寫作 - 開頭:背景句+表明立場 - 和或提相關的現象 - 混和類題目屬於報告類(問題或是解決方法)+觀點類(問影響) - 兩個問題同等重要每個問題可以用一至二個觀點回答 #### 城鄉轉移 **Many people are moving from rural areas to big cities. Why has this happened?** *To what extent do you think it is a good trend?多大程度上你覺得這是一個好的趨勢* >這個趨勢可以是一個問題(負面)，未必一定要是好的程度 Now a days many people from rural areas have chosen to migrate to cities, believing that thay are more likely to find employment and enjoy a better quality of life in urban areas, but the movement of population can cause many problems. There are two main reasons why these people have made this decision. Firstly, cities are more densely populated and there are more job opportunities available, so they may earn more money. This means that they can improve living standards and afford more consumer goods than ever before. By contrast, employment opportunities are scarce in rural areas, due to the fact that many industries are underdeveloped and many inhabitant' buying power is limited. Another advantage of urban life is that ==city dwellers== have easy access to public services, including education and health care, and young couple who used to lived in the countryside intend to send their children to urban schools to get prepared for better job opportunities in the future. The increased number of urban dwellers can put huge pressure on housing and facilities in coties. Some cities are unable to ==accommodate a large population== because of the shortage of land. Many migrants end up living in siums and enduring ==poor living conditions,== because they cannot afford home ownership. All city dwellers are prone to poor health because city facilities do not have the capacity to manage waste and sewage effectively and to match the growing demand for clean water. #### 各領域常用詞 :::success **General nouns** - action、activity、application、area、aspect、factor、field、invention、phenomenon(複數phenomena)、production、role、service、work - device、machine、structure、system、process **General nouns** **Feeling and ideas** attitude、belief、principle、relationship、significance **social features** society(social)、organisation、trade、commerce 商業；商務；貿易；交易 **key verbs** consume、develop、invent、locate、originate、produce、transform **adjectives** diverse、varied **useful phrases** an impact on、a threat to(the threat of)、has its roots in、demands made on 、taken into account **part of structure** base、foundation、layer；surface **part of machine** fan、filter、pump、motor、engine **mechanical process** bend彎曲、collect、combine、connect、extract拔出；提取、force力，力量；力氣、leave、located、manufacture、pass through、remain、utilise 使用；利用；應用 **feature of the natural environment** unspoilt wilderness 未受破壞的荒野/ landscapes indigenous wildlife 本土野生動物 species diversity、flora and fauna 植物群和動物群、unique habitats、nutrients to service、support、sustain **dangers** monoculture 單作，單一種植 industrial development、toxin/poisons、 introduced species 引進種/ invasive species 入侵物種 to pose a threat to、to pollute、to contaminate **human solutions** conservation、protected zones/national parks sustainable agriculture、farming techniques land recovery **problem of the city** urbansation 城市化 overcrowding、densely-populated areas、air pollution waste disposal 廢物處理、litter trafic(jams、congestion、queues、noise、fumes交通煙霧) lack of space、planning commuters 通勤者 ::: ## 真題作答 1. The charts below show what UK graduate and postgraduate students who did not go into full-time work did after leaving college in 2008. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bku7L67h3.jpg) 趨勢一樣上面多很多 The bar chart display the situation of UK graduate and postgraduate students who have not found full-time employment after finishing their studies in 2008. Overall, the most common destination for graduates student was futher study same was ture of postgraduate student *** ## 觀點分析 #### Cities 城市 |English|Chinese| |-|-| |job opportunities| | |offer greater employment possibilities|工作機會| |a higher standard of living| |migrate to cities |搬到城市 |rural area | |Homelessness| |there is a gap between the rich and the poor|| |traffic congestion|交通堵塞| |a sense of community|社區感| |consrete jungles|水泥森林| |pedestrian (zones,area)|人行道| |bicycle lanes|自行車道| |people who walk or cycle regularly|騎行或步行| #### Traditional vs. Modern 傳統與現代 - |English|Chinese| |-|-| |industrialization|工業化 |global trade|全球貿易| |skilled human labour/ skilled craftmen| |feeling unfullfilled| |mass produced in standard sizes|標準化量產| |traditional costumes| |Historic buildings| 歷史建築| |hand-made goods |traditional custom |religious festival |cultural identities| |teach traditional skills and protect historic places| #### Television、Internet、Phones 電視、網路與手機 |English|Chinese| |-|-| |addictive| |exposed to violence, sweraing or sexual images| |stickly controlled| |*wind down* after a hard day| |educational、informative|教育意義| |viewer|觀眾| |entertainment channel|娛樂頻道| |television bring the best comedians, misicians and actors into our home| |Make the public awear of events around the world| |news coverage、documentary| #### Animal 動物 |English|Chinese| |-|-| **** **** #### 遵守規則 ## related notebook - [:pencil: Writing Example](/VA-zv-zVSMeULwL-FAcSNw) - [一次就考到雅思7+:seven:](/Z5vtx7byTse8a1xK-SM6ew)