---
title: "Parth ELP305 - DESIGN AND SYSTEM LABORATORY"
subtitle: "CYCLE 1- DESIGINING SUSTAINABLE HOME"
author: "Tribe-B"
date: "January 26, 2022"
geometry: margin=2cm
---

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<center ><img src= "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sa/6/66/IIT_Delhi_logo.png" width="200" height="200" class="colored" /> </center>

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## Table of Contents
- [Authors](#Authors)
- [Documentation](#documentation)
- [Documentation Statistics](#documentation-statistics)
- [Documentation Readability Indices](#documentation-readability-indices)

1. [Abstract](#Abstract)
2. [Introduction](#Introduction)
3. [Requirements](#requirements)
4. [Specifications](#Specifications)
1. [Energy Specifications](#energy-specifications)
1. [Solar Energy](#solar-energy)
2. [Wind Energy](#wind-energy)
3. [Biogas Energy](#biogas-energy)
4. [Micro hydro Energy](#micro-hydro-energy)
2. [Battery Specifications](#Battery-Specifications)
1. [Lead Acid Battery](#lead-acid-battery)
2. [Lithium Ion Battery](#lithium-ion-battery)
6. [Design specifications](#design-specifications)
1. [Home Dimension Specifications](#Home-Dimension-Specifications)
2. [Home Wiring](#home-wiring)
3. [CAD Model](#cad-model)
8. [Costs Analysis](#Cost-analysis)
9. [Conclusion](#Conclusion)
10. [Appendix](#Appendix)
11. [Data Sheets](#Data-Sheets)
12. [References](#References)

## Authors

| Name | Entry No. | Role | Email ID | Participation(0-1) |
|---------------------|-------------|--------------------------------|----------------------|--------------------|
| Gurusha Juneja | 2019EE10480 | Tribe Coordinator, CAD Team, Energy Team, Documentation Team| [e-mail] | 1 |
| Bojja Neeraja | 2019EE10470 | Documentation Team Coordinator| [e-mail] | 1 |
| Ayush Verma | 2019MT60749 | Documentation Team Coordiantor | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Akshat Gadhwal | 2019EE30551 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Deepanshu Chawala | 2018EE30537 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | |
| Mrityunjai Singh | 2019MT10705 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Sangeet Chourasia | 2019EE11082 | Biogas Team,CAD Team Coordinator, Documentation Team| [e-mail] | 1 |
| Sarang Dev | 2019EE10519 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Vijay kumar | 2019EE30606 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Amarjeet Kumar | 2018EE10438 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Parth Baghel | 2019EE10502 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Naman Gupta | 2019EE10497 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Yerrasani Deepa | 2019MT10736 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Akshitha Jain | 2019EE30552 | Documentation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Ananya Mohit | 2019EE10159 | Requirements Team Coordinator | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Ashish Bhaskar | 2019EE30560 | Energy Team Coordinator, Electric Circuit Team| [e-mail] | 1 |
| Amit Maurya | 2019EE10460 | Energy Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Vishal Saini | 2019EE10546 | Energy Team,Biogas Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Midhil Naik | 2016MT10640 | Energy Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Shubham Jakhar | 2019EE10530 | Battery Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Shivpratap yadav | 2019EE10526 | Battery Team, CAD Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Girish Katewa | 2019EE30568 | Battery Team Coordinator ,Electric Circuit Team| [e-mail] | 1 |
| Ashok Mali | 2019EE30561 | Electric Circuit Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Prerna | 2019EE10508 | Electric Circuit Team |[e-mail] | 1 |
| Priyanka Kumari | 2019EE10509 | Electric Circuit Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Anurag Chaudhary | 2018EE10448 | Electric Circuit Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Sahil Chauhan | 2019EE10517 | CAD Appliance Team Coordinator | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Narendra Kumar | 2019EE10105 | CAD Appliance Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Shreyansh Agrawal | 2019EE10842 | CAD ApplianceTeam | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Sahil Gurnani | 2019EE10518 | CAD Appliance Team| [e-mail] | 1 |
| Anjleena Shakeba | 2019MT10675 | CAD ApplianceTeam | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Aditya Thalwal | 2019EE10772 | CAD ApplianceTeam | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Chirag Bhatt | 2018MT10750 | CAD ApplianceTeam | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Aakash Goel | 2019MT10668 | CAD Compilation Team | [e-mail] | 1 |
|Anand Rishikesh | 2019EE30554 | CAD ApplianceTeam | [e-mail] | 1 |
| Mudit Aggarwal | 2019EE30813 | CAD Compilation Team | [e-mail] | 0.8 |
| Kuldeep Bhardwaj | 2018EE30552 | CAD Compilation Team | [e-mail] | 0.8 |
| Md Adil Hussain | 2019EE30580 | CAD Compilation Team | [e-mail] | 0.8 |
| Deepak | 2019EE30565 | | [e-mail] | Sick |
| Ritik Kumar Rangari | 2019EE30596 | | [e-mail] | Sick |
| Adika Malviya | 2019MT10670 | | [e-mail] | Sick |
| Om Agrawal | 2019MT10710 | | [e-mail] | 0 |
| Tony Abhishek | 2019MT10692 | | [e-mail] | 0 |
| Mohit Mehra | 2019EE30581 | | [e-mail] | Sick |
| Aakash Gaurav | 2017MT10721 | | [e-mail] | 0 |
| Aman Singh | 2019MT60743 | | [e-mail] | 0 |

## Documentation

| Document ID | v2.001 |
|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Tribe | Tribe B |
| Approved for submission |Gurusha Juneja 2 -01-2022, |
| Contact for correction/clarification |Gurusha Juneja- [phone] |
| Submitted to | Prof. Subrat Kar, Instructor, ELP305 Design and Systems Lab |
| Date of submission | 26 January, 2022 |

## Documentation Statistics
|Word count | 2786|
|--------------------------------------|-----|
|Total number of unique words |1025 |
|Total number of repeated words |1761 |
|Average number of words per sentence |11 |
|Total number of sentences |259 |
|Total number of characters |11209|
|Average number of characters per word | 4 |
|Average number of syllables per word |2 |

## Documentation Readability Indices
| Index | Description | Value |
|-------------------|--------------|----------------|
|Gunning Fog | The Gunning-Fog index returns a score that correlates approximately with the years of formal education needed for a reader to understand a textt | 9 |
|Coleman/Liau index | It gives a score that approximates the years of formal education needed to comprehend a sentence. | 6 |
|Automated Readability Index (ARI) | It produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text. | 3.2 |
|Smog Index |Outputs a U.S. school grade level; this indicates the average student in that grade level can read the text| 8.1 |

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## Abstract
In this report, we present the need of off grid power system for an individual
house in the state of West Bengal, housing a family of six members, on a land of area 150m by 60 m. We have assumed that since the state is west bengal and the location of house is near the bay of Bengal, there would be rivers or tributaries near the house where we can install micro-hydro power plant. We have done an analysis of the requirements of per day energy for the given family. Followed by the specifications of various energy resources and storage devices. The specifications includes factors like feasibility, efficiency, power production, cost, life, maintainence, timings to be used for batteries, vendor details etc and a brief discussion about the general working of the system. Finally we conclude by giving a CAD model for our design of energy
production, storage and consumption devices along with the wiring diagram and necessary information for wiring . At the end we have shown the total cost for for an offgrid system.

## Introduction

World nowadays is facing with a lot of environemnt and energy related problems
like Global warming, increasing pollution levels. Our coal resources are dying, we
are continpously extracting petroleum from oceans and soon we would be left
with none. All these issues motivate us to move towards more sustainable sources
of energy, that would last long, would require only the installation costs and can
be replineshed by the nature easily. Coal and oil might get exhausted but
renuable energy is reliable and will not exhaust. Using these sources also reduces
the carbon footprint, hence reducing global warming. Finally, the distribution of
renuable energy resources is far more normalised over the world as compared to
coal or natural gas reserves. Hence in this report, we give a completely off grid
system that entirely depends upon renewable energy sources.

## Requirments

The Location provided by Prof. Kar near the coast of Bay of Bengal in Odisha. Near coastal areas the weather is almost always plesent, so additional equipment like air conditioners and heaters are not required.

### Water for domestic needs

Water needs to be stored during the monsoon soon and treated appropriately for use. For example, water being used in the washrooms can be recycled water and various drinking and cooking water needs to be treated with utmost care.

Assuming each member bathes daily and a bucket capacity of 10 L:
Bathing +washing own clothes: 60 L
Cooking Water: 5 L
Drinking Water: 2x6 = 12 L
77L of water is required daily
So, Yearly requirements are 28105 L
So taking cleaning utensils, bedsheets and more, we are taking yearly water uses of 6 memeber family is 40k L.
To store this water tank of 4x4x3 = 48m³.
This will store water during the monsoons and because freshwater is relatively pure, it can be used for daily purposes with minimum treatments.

### Cooking

Fruits, vegetables can be easily procured from trees or grown in the backyard. Induction stove and water can be used for food preparation.

### Electricity Requirements

- **Induction Stove(1500-2000 W)**: For 2-4 hours - 5.25 kWh
- **Walkie Talkie**: Standard voltage 7.6 V (6.4-8.4 V), can be achieved via a batteries
- **Laptop**:
Assuming its battery lasts 1 day (since both parents as well as the children would be using it) In general it takes 3 hours for a macbook to charge.
61 W - 3 hours = 0.183kWh
- **Lighting**:
The coast is a well lit area, with sufficient windows, artificial lighting is required only in the evening, from 6 to 11 pm.
For 6 people, it is safe to assume that at any point in time, not more than 4 rooms will be occupied.
We will use LED lights to minimize our electricity usage and maintenance cost.
4 L.E.D lights are sufficient for 1 room
LED of 15 Watts (equivalent to light bulbs of 100 W) will be used
Assuming 4 rooms occupied for 5 hours everyday after sunset:
4x4x15x5 = 1200Wh= 1.2kWh
- **Fridge**
For a 6 member family a 195L fridge is sufficient. A 195liters, 5star rating fridge consumes around 106 kWh/year.
Per day it consumes 0.3 kWh.
- **Water Purifier**
Drinking water consumption for a family of six is 17 litres. A 25 watt water purifier with purification capacity of 15litre/hour consumes around 12 kWh per year.
per day it consumes = 0.033 kWh.
- **Washing Machine**
Average washing cycle of washing machine is 30min. An Average family of 6 people requires 2 washing machine cycle to wash clothes.
A 500 watt washing machine consumes around 0.5kWh energy every day.
- **Exhaust Fan**
In Exhaust is used during cooking periode which we have considered 2 hour.
Normal Exhaust fan(150mm) consumes 40 W.
Energy consumption everyday is 0.080 kWh.
- **Fan**
As per client, there is a small stream in the afternoon, moreover the house is located near the coast. A fan may be added but not necessary.
Nights are cool and days have breezes near the coast so no other equipment is necessary.
Assuming 2 fans of 50W are used for 2 hours a day, during peak sunlight hours of 1:30 pm to 3:30 pm.
2x2x50= 0.2kWh

The total energy consumption per day is **7.816** units.

## Specifications

### Energy Specifications
### Solar energy
Solar panels capture whatever sunlight is available and convert it to DC power. An inverter converts the DC power to AC power (which is what we use to power electronic devices). To power an entire home with the sun's rays, the extra power needs to be converted and stored in the form of battery energy. This way, the house still can have a source of power at night or in poor weather.

<center>Off grid solar panel generator with back up </center>

[source:[Image Link](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5354537ce4b0e65f5c20d562/1547363004968-1Z1PQGZ6J4IORZ2UYVW4/Off-grid+AC+coupled+solar+system+layout+diagram.jpg?format=1500w)]
#### Seasonal effects on solar energy production:
Solar panels work in a certain set of conditions, but the amount of energy they are expected to produce changes with the seasons. The physical location of your solar panels may also receive more or less sunlight as the position of the sun and shadows change throughout the year. It’s important to take seasonal changes into account when determining the placement of your solar panels.
* The different factors that impact solar energy production are the angle of the sun, the length of the day, the weather location and temperature etc.
* For fixed solar panels that cannot be adjusted throughout the year, the best year-round performance will be when they are set at a 67° angle with solar panels facing directly south.
* On a given summer day there is more overall sunlight resulting in more energy production and the shorter days in the winter produce less solar energy.
* To maximise solar panels output, it is important to avoid any shadows that can occur throughout the day across the seasons due to the changing position of the sun.

Solar panels most likely produce less energy in the winter because winter days are significantly shorter than summer days. This means that the solar power system will be running for less time each day and therefore produce less average energy per day, but this doesn’t go to waste as people tend to use less energy in the winter, which can counterbalance the solar panels’ lower overall energy generation. Solar panels produce energy throughout the year and despite seasonal variations, they can help you with overall energy expenses

One important thing to note here is that severe heat can limit solar energy production, as solar panels become less efficient. Hot weather can reduce panels’ efficiency by 10-25% depending on the temperature. So even though it may seem like midsummer is the best for solar, the reality is that cooler winter months could be better for the panels because the cool weather allows for a more even flow of electricity from the panels into the home. Likewise, the colder weather helps keep the panels cool, which increases their lifespan and longevity as well.

#### Power generation and panels required:
* Daily energy consumption for the designed house = 9 kWh.
* Assuming 70% of it is taken from solar energy, which is ~ 6.3 kWh.
* Considering, 5.5 hours sunlight availability.
* 1 kWp solar rooftop plant on average generates 3.73 kWh of electricity per day over the year.
* Total solar panel capacity to be installed = 6.3 kWh / 3.73 kWp = 1.69 kW.
* No. of solar penals required = 1.69 kW / 650 W ~ 3 solar penals ( 650 W each ).
* Power degradation is less than 2.0 % in first year and less than 0.55 % / year in 2-30 years.
* Dimensions and weight of the individual panel are = 2390 mm x 1303 mm x 35 mm and 33.6 Kg respectively.
* Total space required to install the full set-up with proper spacing = 3 x 37.60 sq. ft = 113 sq. ft.

#### Cost analysis, efficiency and payback time:
* Monocrystalline solar panels are highly-efficient and cost-effective panels. The monocrystalline solar panels from Adani are 10% more power-efficient than a multi-crystalline module.
* Contact of the Adani solar team for inquiry purposes ([contact link ](https://www.adanisolar.com/Solutions/Rooftop))
* Considering installation of 650 Watt Solar Panels for our requirements, we would require 10 solar panels, which would cost 3 x 18,850 = Rs 56,550 (At the rate of Rs 29 / W ).
* After considering 40 % subsidy by the Government of India = Rs 33,930. ([Source link](https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/households-free-to-install-rooftop-solar-by-any-vendor-under-govt-scheme-mnre/articleshow/89036067.cms))
* Service charges to set up the penals on the rooftop = Rs 3000 ( Rs 1000 / panel ).
* Total cost for the solar plant = 33,930 + 1000 x 3 = Rs 36,930
Payback period:
- Assuming electricity cost to be 6 Rs per KW, daily cost of electricity is Rs 6 x 6.3 = Rs 37.8 / day.
- Rs 36,930 will be paid off in time = 36,930 / 37.8 = 977 days = 2.67 years.
- Service life of the solar plant is 25-30 years with 12 years manufactorers waranty.
- We will be using free electricity for more than 22 years.
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### Wind Energy

Wind power is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies. It has
enormous advantages.
#### Advantages of wind turbines:
- High Efficiency : Fully utilizes the wind energy, satisfying annual power generation. Superior generation capacity generally can cover normal household electricity consumption, and provides surplus electricity Optimized design of aerodynamic contour and structure, low start-up wind speed; Auto wind direction adjustment.

- Save Energy Bills : Surplus electricity can sell to power company; Low maintenance cost, high production, better ROI.

- Safe and reliable : Adopts mechanical and electromagnetic dual over-speed
control design, improve safety and reliability in operation.

- Durable and Sturdy : UV, mould, salt spray and damp air resistance; The shell is robust and compact; Can be used for 15 years without any maintenance if it is correctly applied.

- Low Noise : The aluminum alloy case of the wind turbine is light and pretty, low vibration noise interference.

However there are few factors to consider before Installing your own Residential
Wind Turbine:

- Height to turbine: The turbine should be placed in an area that is free from obstacles that can block the passage of the wind or may create turbulence. Asa rule your turbine should be placed at least 30 feet higher than the surrounding obstacles in a 300 foot radius or if it the obstacle is too high thenit should be at least 500 feet away.

- Surroundings: In placing your turbine, you must also consider the surroundings if there are obstructions. The turbine should be placed in an area that is free from obstacles that can block the passage of the wind or maycreate turbulence. The problem of turbulence can be solved easily by increasing the tower height. As a rule your turbine should be placed at least30 feet higher than the surrounding obstacles in a 300 foot radius or if it the obstacle is too high then it should be at least 500 feet away.

- System Considerations: It is encouraged that you only consider small wind turbines that have been tested and certified to national performance and safety standards. When siting be sure to leave enough room to raise and lower the tower for maintenance. If your tower is guyed, you must allow room for the guy wires. Whether the system is stand-alone or grid-connected, you also will need to take the length of the wire run between the turbine and the load (house, batteries, water pumps, etc.) into consideration. A substantial amount of electricity can be lost as a result of the wire resistance—the longer the wire run, the more electricity is lost. Using more or larger wire will also increase your installation cost. Your wire run losses are greater when you have direct current (DC) instead of alternating current (AC). If you have a long wire run, it is advisable to invert DC to AC.

Now, looking at the seasonal wind patterns in West Bengal and analysing whether it can satisfy our requirements within a feasible price range.

#### Seasonal wind patterns In Kolkata

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 m above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed in Kolkata experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 5.3 months, from March 25 to September 2, with average wind speeds of more than 7.4 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Kolkata is June, with an average hourly wind speed of 9.8 miles per hour. The calmer time of year lasts for 6.7 months, from September 2 to March 25. The calmest month of the year in Kolkata is October, with an average hourly wind speed of 5.0 miles per hour. The predominant average hourly wind direction in Kolkata varies throughout the year.


The wind is most often from the west for 1.2 months, from February 13 to March 20, with a peak percentage of 51% on March 6. The wind is most often from the south for 6.6 months, from March 20 to October 9, with a peak percentage of 87% on May 25. The wind is most often from the north for 4.1 months, from October 9 to February 13, with a peak percentage of 73% on January 1.

Looking at the above graph, the average speed is 7.3 mph in Kolkata. The maximum speed is 14mph, which is ideal for maximum turbines. Hence, we can use a solar, wind hybrid and make maximum out of wind in the months of Jan-Aug.

- [Power output] Number of hours=24 (Since we took hourly average as the speed and we would be storing energy in a battery, effective time is full day) With 3.3 m/s winds, the 400W turbine generates 50W.
Total energy per day = 24 * 50W = 1.2 kWh/day.

- [Cost and Vendor Details] We will buy 400W wind turbine from DIGISINE ENERGYTECH CO., LTD named AUTOMAXX windmill [Link](https://www.amazon.com/Windmill-DB-400-400W-Turbine-Generator/dp/B00RG2TF6U?ref_=ast_sto_dp) . It costs Rs 30,000 - and that’s just the turbine and including the concrete base, it costs upwards of Rs 40,000 for one of these turbines and its tower.

- [Maintainence] Life of a windmill is around 15 years and it requires low/no maintainence.

Hence,from our analysis, we plan to use only one windmill which would be used mostly in the months of Jan-July.

### Biogas Energy
Biogas is a renewable fuel produced by the breakdown of organic matter such as food scraps and animal waste.Biogas contains roughly 50-70 percent methane, 30-40 percent carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gasses.
- Current process of biomethanisation is highly inefficient as it uses feedstock like cattle dung,human feces, distillery effluents whose nutritive values are low.
- New Technique uses high calorie feedstock, consisting of starchy or sugary material.
- This high calorie content in the material allows to produce 250 kg of methane per tonne of feedstock.(on dry weight basis)
<center>Anaerobic digestion process (Graphic by Sara Tanigawa, EESI).</center>
<center>[Source:](https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-biogasconverting-waste-to-energy) </center>

#### Biogas Generation:

- Total biogas Production Capacity:
- 2kg waste=1000l biogas=> 500-700l of methane= 45% cooking requirement.
- According to reports avg LPG consumption is 11.7 kg per month i.e. 0.39 kg per day.
- If 1kg LPG is equivalent to 2.1 cu.m of methane then 0.39 kg is equivalent to 0.819 kg of methane= 1225 L methane.
- therefore 500-700L of methane=600/1225=45-55% daily cooking requirement.

* Average gas production from dung may be taken as 40 l/kg. of fresh dung when no temperature control is provided in the plant. One cu.m gas is equivalent to 1000 l.Efficiency depends on the nutrient contents of the food waste.

|Feed stock|Litre /kg of dry matter|% Methane content|
|----------|-|-|
|Dung|350|60|
|Night-soil|400*|65|
|Poultry manure|440|65|
|Dry leaf|450|44|
|Sugar cane Trash|750|45|
|Maize straw|800|46|
|Straw Powder|930|46|
- Equipments Required:
1. 2 plastic water tanks of 1000L.
2. Inlet and Outlet pipe
3. 2 Bends(75 mm)
4. 1 Plain Tee bend(75 mm)
5. Gas Pipeline(Dia 75mm,3m)
6. Gas knob and Burner filter.
- Space Required:
1. Levelled surface and at higher level than surrounding.
2. Exposure to sunlight.
3. Diameter=1.5m , Volume=2.4cu.m
- Installation Cost:
1. 2 Water Tanks: 10000 Rs
2. Pipes: 500-600 Rs
3. Gaspipe Knob and filter: 500-1000 Rs
Total Cost=11.5-12k Rs
- Stores to contact:
- [Vaayu](https://vaayu-mitra.com/)
- [Appropriate Rural Technology Institute]( http://www.arti-india.org/default.aspx)
- [Enersol Biopower Private Limited](https://www.enersolbiopower.in/biogas-generator-set.html)
- [Plasto](https://www.plasto.in/)
- Steps to Use:
The plant is filled with a starter mix, either cattle dung mixed with water and waste flour or else effluent from an existing biogas plant mixed with starch. The feeding of the plant is built up over a few weeks until it provides a steady supply of gas, typically 250 g of gas per day from 1 kg (dry matter) of feed.

<img src="https://i.imgur.com/bbj3Kd8.jpg" width="200" height="200" />
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/MH9L3lh.jpg" width="200" height="200"/>

[Source :Down To Earth Organisation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq-qNVhxZm0)

- Benefits of installation:
- Low input or initial cost for installation.
- This kind of small biogas plant is good to dispose of food waste.
- This setup reduces dependence on LPG cylinders in households.
- Size of the setup is small which requires less space.
- These setup don’t require any electricity or any fuel for working.
- Along with biogas we also get natural fertilizer or bio-slurry which can be used as fertilizers for plants.
- Safety:
The lower explosive limit being 5% methane and the upper limit 15% methane. Biogas mixtures containing more than 50 % methane are combustible, while lower percentages may support, or fuel, combustion. With this in mind no naked flames should be used in the vicinity of a digester and electrical equipment must be of suitable quality, normally "explosion proof".

**Increasing Productivity: If we can collect food waste from vegetable and fruit vendor in our locality, we may get approx 8-10 kg of input material for biogas. It will increase our biogas production by at least 4-5 times which will meet all daily cooking requirement.**

Designed in Online 3D Design Platform [Vectary](https://www.vectary.com/)

#### For Biogas to Electricity generation: Due to Economical Constraints we are not using biogas as a source of electricity generation

### Micro Hydro Energy
Small scale hydro energy generators can be setup in to cater some low energy needs.
- 250-300 W mini hydro generator costs 6600Rs approximately.
- With Approximate setup costing 2000 Rs and considering mild flow rates and 50% efficiency, 300W×24h×0.5×0.5= 1.8kWh can be generated.
- Maintenance cost = 200 Rs/month
- River is available for all 24hours. This implies time of operation can be taken 24hours, taking care of rest cycle 18 hours will give 1.35 kWh power daily.
- Battery requirement: Can be directly used to supply power to around 250W rated power appliances (suggested: lights, charging points, doorbell, etc.)
- Lifetime: A typical mini hydro generator can last 20 years with regular maintenance.
- Pay Back Period:
- Cost of 1 unit of electricity in West Bengal = 5.37 Rs
- Amount generated by generator daily = 1.8KWh
- Pay Back period= (Initial Investment)/(Cost recovered daily)=(6600+2000)/(5.67x1.8)=842 days approximately
- Hence in 2 years you can recover your initial investment and then keep on using the surplus amount for about 20 years
- Dimensions:
- Length= 15cm
- Width = 10cm
- Height= 20cm
- Weight= 2.8kg
We see that the device is quite small hence easily portable leading to low maintenance and installation costs.
- Quantity Required: As per cost availability.
- Purchase Link: https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005002629784640.html

## Battery Specifications

### Lead Acid Battery
The detailed analysis of a Sealed Lead Acid Battery is given below. The different components involved in its formation, efficiency, power rating, battery life and various other important characteristics are listed below.
- Components:
<center>[Source:(https://examvictory.com/lead-acid-battery/) ]</center>
- Advantages:
Lead Acid Battery does not require any maintenence and quite affordable. About 97% of lead can be recycled and reused in new batteries. It offers low self discharge, which is lowest among rechargeable batteries. It offers good performance at low and high temperature.
- Disadvantages:
Lead Acid battery has lot of advatages but it is heavier compare to other batteries. Its weight to energy reatio is poor. It can be charged slowly i.e. fully saturated charge takes 14 to 16 hours. It is not environmentally friendly.
- Applications:
Lead Acid Batteries are used in automobiles and electric bicycle and wheelchairs. These are also used in UPS System.
- Battery Life:
3 - 5 years.
- Working Principle:
- Backup time:
Lead acid batteries produce a substantial amount of heat when charging. Because of this, they require a “cool down” period afterward. A typical charge and use cycle for a lead acid battery is 8 hours of use, 8 hours of charging and 8 hours of rest or cool down.
- Cost:
A 12V, 150Ah battery costs around 14,290INR. Here are some selleres from [Indiamart](https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/exide-it500-inva-tubular-battery-20867278530.html).
### Battery Specification
- Battery name: EXIDE IT50
- Battery type- Tubular Battery
- Capacity – 150Ah
- Voltage- 12V
- Technology- Lead Acid Battery
- Warranty- 42 months
- Appliances used and their time - 3 fans + 6 LEDs + 2Tublight + 1Wifi modem can work for 6 hours
- Charging time- around 8-9 hours.
- Total lead-Acid batteries = 4 (let A,B,C,D)
A- can Works 11pm – 6 am
B- can Works 6am – 12 pm
C- can Works 12pm – 6 pm
D- can Works 6pm – 11 pm
(timings may vary depending upon working of power appliance)
- Price of 1 battery = Rs 14,290
- Weight of battery = 59.8 kg
- Dimensions - 500 x 187 x 416 mm
<center>[Source:(https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/exide-it500-inva-tubular-battery-20867278530.html) ]</center>
<center>[Source:(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128176269000071) ]</center>

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### Lithium Ion Battery
Now a days lithium ion batteries is most prefered energy storage solution for high performance, low maintenance and overall low cost in long term perspective.

##### Components:
- Lithium ions move from negative to positive electrode through an electrolyte.
- DoD (depth of discharge): 80%-90%
- density: approximately 200 Wh/kg ( Wh: watt hours )

##### Advantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries
- High Energy Density.
- Low Self Discharge
- Low to Minimum Maintenance
- Longer lifespan
- More usable storage capacity (deeper discharges)
- No off-gassing/ventilation required
- Options: One of the biggest advantages of lithium ion batteries is the fact that they come in all shapes and sizes- presenting users with a large number of options to choose from according to their needs.

##### Disadvantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries
- Inflammable
- Initial High Cost (though the when you compare with other batteries for long time period, say 10 years, then Li-ion batteries are more economical)

##### Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries
- Power backups/UPS
- Mobile, Laptops, and other commonly used consumer electronic goods
- Electric mobility
- Energy Storage Systems

##### Battery Life
- Lifetime: around 3000 cycles

##### Cost
- Cost: around 30000-35000 Rs per kWh

##### Seller's specifications:
- Seller Name: Loom Solar
- Battery Name: CAML10048
- Battery energy capacity: 100Ah at 48V ( 4.8 KWh)
- Price: Rs 150k
- Warranty: 3 years
- [Product link](https://www.loomsolar.com/collections/lithium-battery/products/100-ah-4800-watt-hour-lithium-battery-for-inverter)

##### Electrical specifications:
- Nominal voltage: 48V
- Nominal capacity: 100Ah
- Energy: 4.8KWh
- Capability: 1C ( maximum 100A current can be drawn at 48V i.e. we can connect maximum of 4.8KW load )
- Self-discharge rate: 5 % per month @25&deg;C
- DoD ( depth of discharge ) (efficiency): more than 80 % till first 3,000 cycles and more than 90 % till first 2,000 cycles

##### Mechanical specifications:
- Weight: 45 kg
- Dimensions (W x D x H) : (439 x 400 x 222) +-2 mm
- Chemistry: LiFePO4 or LFP ( Lithium iron phosphate )

##### Charge specification:
- Recommended charge current = 0.3 C
- Maximum charge current = 1 C
- Recommended charge voltage = 54 V + -0.5 V
- Operating voltage = 42-56 V

##### Discharge specification:
- Recommended discharge current = 0.3 C
- Maximum discharge current = 1 C
- Recommended Low Voltage Disconnect = 42 V
- Operating voltage = 42-56 V

##### Temperature specifications:
- Charge temperature: 0 to 60&deg;C
- Discharge temperature: -10 to +60&deg;C
- Storage temperature: 0 to 40&deg;C
- Humidity: 5% to 95%

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## Design Specifications

### Home Dimension Specifications
The house is a 2 bedroom (distinguishable Bedroom, Hall and Kitchen) cuboid fitted with basic amenities as mentioned. It is partitioned into 7 rooms which have living space as well as space for appliances.
The overall dimensions of the bounding cuboid are 24 ft. X 41 ft. in terms of floor area, and 8 ft. high. There are 2 bedrooms, 1 kitchen, 1 hall, two bathrooms, and an auxiliary store room.
Dimensions:
- Bedroom A: 12 ft. x 13 ft. (shown at bottom right)
- Bedroom B: 12 ft. x 18 ft. (shown at top right).
- Hall : 12 ft. x 22 ft.
- Kitchen : 12 ft. x 13 ft.
- Bathrooms: 10 ft. x 5 ft.

### Home Wiring
Two types of wires are used in a house distribution system:
- Phase wire
- Neutral wire

For household wiring, the most common material used is copper. It can
be stranded wire or solid metal conductor and in most cases, it is
insulated, using a non conductive plastic coating. The stranded wire
consists of several conductors twisted together and covered with jacket
to form a multi-strand wire and since there are several conductors in a
single run, stranded wire offers better conductivity. Compared to solid
wire, stranded wire has larger diameter and is more costly. Thus
standard wire is the typical choice for larger and outdoor installations.

So we will use solid wire for connecting home appliances with invertor
and will use stranded wire to connect sources with battery.

<img src="https://i.imgur.com/B8TJWgg.jpg" class="colored"></img>
The diagram had to be made coloured because of colour coded wires.

##### Cable-Sheath Color Coding
Below are the color and their associated size and amperage:
- Black : 8 or 6-gauge wire, 45 or 60 amp circuits
- Orange : 10-gauge wire, 30-amp circuit
- Yellow : 12-gauge wire, 20-amp circuit
- White : 14-gauge wire, 15-amp circuit

Gray cables are underground feeder (UF) cables.

##### Wire Color Coding
- White : This is a neutral wire. It’s responsible for completing a circuit by carrying the current back to the panel.
- Black/Red: These are hot wires. That means that they carry electrical current from the panel to a device.
- Bare/Green: This color code indicates ground wires.

##### Invertor to appliances
- Unit “Wire gauge” (Wires come in different sizes, to work with the amperage of the circuit in which they’re used. Larger the gauge number thinner will be the wire).
- Appliances : Washing machine, Fan, LED, Water purifier, Induction stove, Fan, Fridge, Exhaust fan.
- Sources : Battery, Biomass, Micro-hydro and Solar panel.
- Most common size for home is 12-14 gauge (2 mm – 2.6 mm). We will use 2.5 mm size for appliance such as fan.
- For large appliance like electric stove and washing machine 6 – 8 gauge (4 mm – 5 mm) wire is used.

##### Havells cable from invertor to appliances:
- Height = 13 ft. ( 3.96 m)
- Balcony to kitchen : 24 + 31 + 26 + 12 + 7 = 100 ft.
- Balcony to bathroom1 :8 + 26 = 34 ft.
- Balcony to room1 : 32 + 26 + 20 = 78 ft.
- Balcony to room2 : 41 + 32 + 26 + 13 + 5 = 116 ft.
- Balcony to bathroom2 : 26 + 32 + 30 = 88 ft.
- Balcony to hall : 41 + 26 + 32 + 18 = 117 ft.
- Total wire length = 533 Feet = 162.458 m
- Price of Havells wire for household wiring : Rs 4,200 per 90 m ( 2.5 mm)
- Total price = Rs 8,000 ( Approx )

##### Solar to battery:
- We are using DC Havells cabel for it.
- 6.0 mm, Price = Rs 121.00 per m.
- Total length = 13 + 6 = 19 Feet = 6 m (approximately).
- Total price = 121 x 6 = Rs 626

##### Windmill to battery:
- Distance from home = 30 feet = 10 m ( approximately )
- Total length of wire needed = 30 + 10 = 40 m
- Total price = 40 x 121 = Rs 4,840

##### Hydro to battery:
- Total price = 10 x 121 = Rs 1,210

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## Tools Used
This endeavour was made possible by the use of progressive open-source applications. We heartily thank the open source devs.
Tools used:
- [Freecad](https://www.freecadweb.org/) (Inspired by Prof. Subrat Kar to install and use) (an open-source cad software),
- [Smart draw](https://www.smartdraw.com/) online room layout,
- Github (an internet-based collaboration tool).
[Main github repository containing all models](https://github.com/mrityunjai01/combined-cad-model-elp305)

## Cost Analysis

| |Home Wiring|Price|
|--|--------------|----------|
|1|Havells Cable from invertor to appliances| Rs 8,000 |
|2|Solar to battery | Rs 626 |
|3| Windmill to battery| Rs 4,840 |
|4| Hydro to battery |Rs 1,210 |
| |Total Cost(approx)| Rs 14,600 |

| |Energy Source| Price|
|--|-------------|----------|
|1| Windmill|Rs 40,000 |
|2| Solar Plant |Rs 36,930|
|3| Biogas |Rs 11,500 to Rs 12,000|
|4| Micro Hydro|Rs 6,800|
|| Total cost(approx) |Rs 95,000|

||Batteries| Price|
|--|----------|-----------|
|1| Lithium-Ion|Rs 1,50,000|
|2| Lead acid battery Low load appliances | Rs 57,160|
|| Total cost(approx) |Rs 2,10,000|

Total Cost = Rs 3,19,600.

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## Conclusion
From the above discussion of our design for an off-grid home energy system, we can see that through careful assessment of our energy needs, we have removed the unnecessary usage of energy by using natural resources, like using natural light through windows. This deduction lead us to come to a conclusion that the essential daily energy need is about 8kWh. This energy was devided into sources Solar, Wind and Micro Hydro, where Solar contributes 6.3 units, wind 1.2 units and Micro Hydro 1.8 units which sums to 9.3kWh which keeps us in a safe range if any source does not produce required power. We have also used Biogas for cooking purposes, thus reducing our dependency on LPG distributors, enabling more self reliance and environmental friendly living. By reducing the energy requirements, we have also reduced the storage requirements. We have used two types of batteries:- Lithium Ion and Lead Acid. Lithium ion battery supplied power to heavy appliances like fridge, chimney etc. Lead acid is used for light appliances like LEDs and fans. We have also made a circuit and hence approximated the wire type and cost. By representing all this in a cad model, we have made it easier for anyone to understand our plan. Calculating the total initial investment needed, we see that it is possible to get free daily electricity for more than 20 years for an initial capital of Rs 3,19,600 which is in proximity to our costumer's budget.

<<All this was made possible by members of Tribe B, with special thanks to CAD and Documentation Team for this part of the report.>>

## Appendix

### Units:

| Symbol | Fullform |
| ------ | ------------------- |
| A | ampere |
| Ah | ampere-hour |
| cm | centimeter |
| cu | cubic |
| g | grams |
| h | hours |
| k | kilo |
| kg | kilograms |
| kWh | kilo-watt-hour |
| l | Liter |
| m | meter |
| min | minutes |
| sq | square |
| V | Volt |
| W | Watt |
| ° | Degree |
| kmph | kilometers per hour |
| Hz | Frequency |
|kWp | kilo-watt peak |
|ft | Feet |
| C | [ C-rate](https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-402-what-is-c-rate) |

### Abbreviations

|Symbol|Fullform|
|---------|-----------|
|AC|Alternating currents|
|DC|Direct currents|
|LPG|Liquefied petroleum gas|

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## Data Sheets

1. [[1]](https://amelon.org/2018/03/13/md-reference.html)
2.
3.

## References