# Reading List

This is simply a list of interesting materials. The lists are not exhaustive. Your favorite paper or article may be missing. Feel free to comment.

# Table of Contents

1. [ZK-VM](##ZK-VM)
2. [Non-EVM](#section-one)
3. [ZEXE](#section-two)
4. [ZK General](##ZK-General)
5. [Rollups](##Rollups)
6. [VMs & Hardware](##VMs-&Hardware)
7. [Hardware Acceleration](##Hardware-Acceleration)
8. [Consensus](##Consensus)
9. [ZK-EVM](##ZK-EVM)
10. [Parallel EVM](##Parallel-EVM)
11. [Sequencer](##Sequencer)
12. [MEV](##MEV)
13. [Economics](##Economics)
14. [Governance](##Governance)
15. [PGF](##PGF)
16. [Data Availability](##Data-Availability)
17. [X-Chain Communication](##X-Chain-Communication)
18. [Account Abstraction](##Account-Abstraction)

## ZK-VM
* [Overview](https://www.risczero.com/docs/explainers/zkvm/) of RISC Zero zkVM
* [RISC Zero ZKP](https://www.risczero.com/docs/explainers/proof-system/proof-system-sequence-diagram) Sequence Diagram and Spec
* [ZK HACK III](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wECQcmk-5ss): Building On-chain Apps Off-chain Using RISC Zero
* [OlaVM](https://olavm.org/whitepaper/OlaVM-07-25.pdf): An Ethereum compatible ZKVM
* [=nil;](https://blog.nil.foundation/2023/02/02/circuit-compiler.html) zkLLVM Circuit Compiler. [Kaskov, Komarov, 2023 ]
* [Zero-knowledge](https://medium.com/zeroknowledge/zero-knowledge-virtual-machines-the-polaris-license-and-vendor-lock-in-ab2c631cf139) Virtual Machines, the Polaris License, and Vendor Lock-in [Wei Jie, 2021]

## Non-EVM
* [Fuel Book](https://fuellabs.github.io/fuel-docs/master/fuelvm/index.html#the-fuelvm), FuelVM [Fuel Labs, 2022]
* [CosmWasm](https://book.cosmwasm.com/) Book [Confio, 2022]
* [Fantom Virtual](https://fantom.foundation/blog/fantom-virtual-machine-storage-the-roadmap/) Machine & Storage: The Roadmap [Khatibi, 2023]
* [Innovating](https://fantom.foundation/blog/innovating-the-fantom-virtual-machine/) the Fantom Virtual Machine [Fantom Foundation, 2022]

## ZEXE

* [Zexe](https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/962.pdf): Enabling Decentralized Private Computation [Bowe, et al., 2021]
* [Demystifying ZEXE](https://anoma.net/blog/demystifying-zexe/) [Khalniyazova, 2021]
* [What is ZEXE?](https://medium.com/zeroknowledge/what-is-zexe-part-i-5fd27b8dcf96) (Part I) [Matlala, Pruden, 2021]
* [What is ZEXE?](https://medium.com/zeroknowledge/what-is-zexe-part-ii-bb24b560aebd) (Part II) [Matlala, Pruden, 2021]
* [What is ZEXE?](https://medium.com/zeroknowledge/what-is-zexe-part-iii-a5515483bbeb) (Part III) [Matlala, Pruden, 2021]
* [ZEXE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqkzV81sLmQ): IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy [Mishra]
* [Arkworks-rs](https://github.com/arkworks-rs/snark): An ecosystem for developing and programming with zkSNARKs [arkworks, 2021]
* [The Future](https://www.aleo.org/post/the-future-of-zero-knowledge-with-aleo) of Zero Knowledge with Aleo [Pruden, 2021]
* [VERIZEXE](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/802.pdf): Decentralized Private Computation with Universal Setup [Xiong, et al., 2022]
* [VERI-ZEXE](https://www.espressosys.com/blog/veri-zexe-decentralized-private-computation-with-universal-setup): Decentralized Private Computation with Universal Setup (blog) [Xiong, 2022]

## ZK General
* [ZK Hack](https://zkhack.dev/whiteboard/) Whiteboard Sessions
* [Proofs, Arguments, and Zero-Knowledge](https://people.cs.georgetown.edu/jthaler/ProofsArgsAndZK.pdf) [Thaler, 2023]
* [Ingopedia](https://github.com/ingonyama-zk/ingopedia) [ignoyama]
* [Zero Knowledge Canon](https://a16zcrypto.com/zero-knowledge-canon/), part 1 & 2 [a16z crypto]
* [An approximate](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html) introduction to how zk-SNARKs are possible [Buterin, 2021]
* [@Siny7](https://hackmd.io/@sin7y) Notes
* [ Lecture 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUnlR3gMKu0): Overview of Modern SNARK Constructions (Part 1)[Boneh, et al.]
* [Optimized BLS](https://geometryresearch.xyz/notebook/Optimized-BLS-multisignatures-on-EVM) multisignatures on EVM
* [SHA512](https://research.aragon.org/sha512-noir.html) and its implementation in Noir
* [Folding Schemes](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1576.pdf) with Selective Verification [Ràfols1, Zacharakis, 2022]
* [Introduction](https://blog.trailofbits.com/2018/10/12/introduction-to-verifiable-delay-functions-vdfs/) to Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs)[Perez, 2018]
* [SuperNova](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1758.pdf): Proving universal machine executions without universal circuits [Kothapalli, 2022]
* [Pairings](https://alinush.github.io/2022/12/31/pairings-or-bilinear-maps.html) or bilinear maps [Tomescu, 2022]
* [BLS12-381](https://hackmd.io/@benjaminion/bls12-381) For The Rest Of Us [Edgington, 2022]
* [A Lower Bound](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.01939.pdf) for Byzantine Agreement and Consensus for Adaptive Adversaries using VDFs [Dryja et al, 2022]
* [Use of](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/3-540-39799-X_31.pdf) Elliptic Curves in Cryptography [Miller, 1985]
* [ZCash](https://zcash.readthedocs.io/en/latest/rtd_pages/basics.html#zcash-protocol) Protocol [Zcash docs, current]
* [ZCash](https://electriccoin.co/blog/proof-of-stake-research-overview-1/) Proof of Stake: Approach, focus, and next steps [Wilcox, 2022]
* [PlonKup](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/086.pdf): Reconciling PlonK with plookup [Pearson, et al. 2022]
* [Verifiable](https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/601.pdf) Delay Functions [Boneh, et al. 2019]
* [Part I](https://delendum.xyz/2022/11/22/what-to-build-next-in-zero-knowledge.html#cross-chain-trust-data-and-privacy): What to build next in Zero Knowledge? [Lubarov, et al. 2022]
* [The](https://zcash.github.io/halo2/index.html) Halo 2 Book [ZCash, current]
* [Recusive](https://medium.com/starkware/recursive-starks-78f8dd401025) STARKs [Starkware, 2022]
* [Verifiable](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.07041.pdf) Fully Homomorphic Encryption [Viand, Knabenhans,
Hithnawi, 2023]
* [Into the deep end](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty-LZf0YCK0): making sense of PLONK - [Williamson, ZKS4, 2019]
* [Lecture 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUnlR3gMKu0): Overview of Modern SNARK Constructions (Part 1)[Boneh, 2023]
* [Threshold](https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/956.pdf) Cryptosystems From Threshold Fully Homomorphic Encryption [Boneh, et al., 2017]

## Rollups
* [Based rollups](https://ethresear.ch/t/based-rollups-superpowers-from-l1-sequencing/15016?u=0xapriori)[Drake, 2023]
* [How rollups actually work](https://t.co/74NsslFGVw) [Fichter, 2023]
* [Discussion](https://twitter.com/sreeramkannan/status/1634966046326280192) on How Rollups actually work [McCory, Kannan, Fichter 2023]
* [An Incomplete](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html) Guide to Rollups [Buterin, 2021]
* [SOK:](https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1589) Validating Bridges as a Scaling Solution for Blockchains [McCory, et al. 2023]
* [Rollups](https://blog.celestia.org/sovereign-rollup-chains/) as Sovereign Chains [Al-Bassam, Tas, Viziri, 2022]
* [Solutions](https://research.arbitrum.io/t/solutions-to-delay-attacks-on-rollups/692) to Delay Attacks on Rollups
* [L2Beat](https://l2beat.com/scaling/risk) risk analysis
* [Loopring](https://docs.loopring.io/en/) Docs
* [Loopring](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#account-update) v3 design
* [Permissionless](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.12439.pdf) Refereed Tournamants
* [Plasma](https://plasma.io/plasma.pdf): Scalable Autonomous Smart Contracts
* [On-chain](https://ethresear.ch/t/on-chain-scaling-to-potentially-500-tx-sec-through-mass-tx-validation/3477) scaling to potentially ~500 tx/sec through mass tx validation
* [Accountable](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.15017.pdf) Safety for Rollups
* [Research](https://blog.kyber.network/research-trade-offs-in-rollup-solutions-a1084d2b444): Trade-offs in Rollup Solutions
* [PoS Plasma Cash](https://ethresear.ch/t/pos-plasma-cash-with-sharded-validation/1486) with Sharded Validation
* [Arbitrum](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity18/sec18-kalodner.pdf): Scalable, private smart contracts
* [Proto](https://notes.ethereum.org/@vbuterin/proto_danksharding_faq#Proto-Danksharding-FAQ)-Danksharding FAQ
* [Specular](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.05219.pdf): Towards Trust-minimized Blockchain Execution Scalability with EVM-native Fraud Proofs
* [Cannon](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/cannon/wiki/Cannon-Overview) Overview
* [Inside](https://developer.arbitrum.io/inside-arbitrum-nitro/#rules-for-confirming-or-rejecting-rblocks) Arbitrum Nitro
* [WASM](https://research.arbitrum.io/t/wasm-oracle-in-nitro/55) Oracle in Nitro
* [Multi round Fraud Proofs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxvGatp9dIE): What, How, and Why.
* [Proof of Efficiency](https://ethresear.ch/t/proof-of-efficiency-a-new-consensus-mechanism-for-zk-rollups/11988): A new consensus mechanism for zk-rollups
* [What kind](https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html) of layer 3s make sense?
* [Notes](https://github.com/vbuterin/scalability_paper/blob/master/scalability.pdf) on Scalable Blockchain protocols [Buterin, 2015]
* [Keeping Funds Safe](https://blog.matter-labs.io/keeping-funds-safe-a-3-factor-approach-to-security-in-zksync-2-0-a70b0f53f360): a 3-Factor Approach to Security in zkSync 2.0
* [On Managing](https://blog.matter-labs.io/upgradability3-934db4433b0c) Secure Upgradability [ZkSync blog]
* [Bedrock](https://dev.optimism.io/bedrock-security/) Security Reviews & Audit Competition

## VMs & Hardware
* [MIPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture) Architecture
* [Apple unveils](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/01/apple-unveils-m2-pro-and-m2-max-next-generation-chips-for-next-level-workflows/) M2 Pro and M2 Max: next-generation chips for next-level workflows

## Hardware Acceleration
* [Cryptography](https://www.sigarch.org/cryptography-for-secure-computing-a-new-hardware-acceleration-opportunity/) for Secure Computing: A New Hardware Acceleration Opportunity
* [Hardware](https://www.paradigm.xyz/2022/04/zk-hardware) Acceleration for Zero Knowledge Proofs
* [Introducing Ingonyama](https://www.ingonyama.com/blogs/introducing-ingonyama-lowering-the-barrier-of-entry-to-zkp) - Lowering the Barrier of Entry to ZKP
* [ZK8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0q0BAO18Hu0&list=PLj80z0cJm8QFnY6VLVa84nr-21DNvjWH7&index=3): Fantastic Beasts: unfolding ZK hardware [Shlomovits, 2022]
* [Sparkworks](https://medium.com/@ingonyama/sparkworks-native-hardware-acceleration-in-arkworks-a3343b059f76): Cloud-ZK FPGA acceleration by running Arkworks Groth16 over the BN254 curve [ignonyama, geometry, 2022]
* [Hardware](https://twitter.com/heydari_be/status/1580171691531341824) acceleration for FHE (Verbauwhede, 2022)

## Consensus
* [What is the difference](https://decentralizedthoughts.github.io/2019-06-23-what-is-the-difference-between/) between PBFT, Tendermint, SBFT and HotStuff ? [Abraham, 2019]
* [Practical](https://pmg.csail.mit.edu/papers/osdi99.pdf) Byzantine Fault Tolerance [Castro, Liskov, 1999]
* [Paths](https://notes.ethereum.org/@vbuterin/single_slot_finality) toward single-slot finality [Buterin, 2022-]
* [Celestia](https://github.com/celestiaorg/celestia-specs/blob/930d56baa317591c4d2d6604e46c20f78815f268/src/specs/consensus.md#leader-selection) Consensus Specs [Celestia repo, 2022-]
* [Snowman++:](https://github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/blob/master/vms/proposervm/README.md#snowman-congestion-control-for-snowman-vms) congestion control for Snowman VMs [Buttolph, 2021]
* [Avalanche](https://docs.avax.network/overview/getting-started/avalanche-consensus) Blockchain Consensus [Avalanche Docs, 2022]
* [Scaling](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PB2AjTx1BdY) Avalanche with Subnets and Specialized VMs with [O’Grady, a16z crypto, 2023]
* [Scalable](https://assets.website-files.com/5d80307810123f5ffbb34d6e/6009805681b416f34dcae012_Avalanche%20Consensus%20Whitepaper.pdf) and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Metastability [Team Rocket, et al., 2020]
* [Apricot](https://medium.com/avalancheavax/apricot-phase-four-snowman-and-reduced-c-chain-transaction-fees-1e1f67b42ecf) Phase Four: Snowman++ and Reduced C-Chain Transaction Fees [O'Grady, 2021]
* [Sync HotStuff](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/270.pdf): Simple and Practical Synchronous State Machine Replication [Abraham, et al., 2019]
* [Optimal](https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1138.pdf) Good-case Latency for Rotating Leader Synchronous BFT [Abraham, et al. 2021]
* [DiemBFT v4](https://developers.diem.com/papers/diem-consensus-state-machine-replication-in-the-diem-blockchain/2021-08-17.pdf): State Machine Replication in the Diem Blockchain [Diem Team, 2021]
* [The power](https://decentralizedthoughts.github.io/2019-06-07-modeling-the-adversary/) of the adversary [Abraham, 2019]
* [How To](https://web.cs.ucla.edu/~rafail/PUBLIC/05.pdf) Withstand Mobile Virus Attacks [Ostrovsky, Yung, 1991]
* [Narwhal and Tusk](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.11827.pdf): A DAG-based Mempool and Efficient BFT Consensus [Danezis, etal. 2022]
* [Data, Consensus, Execution](https://decentralizedthoughts.github.io/2019-12-06-dce-the-three-scalability-bottlenecks-of-state-machine-replication/): Three Scalability Bottlenecks for State Machine Replication [Abraham, 2019]
* [Blockchain](https://decentralizedthoughts.github.io/2020-02-26-selfish-mining/) Selfish Mining [Eyal, 2020]
* [Narwhal and Tusk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7A_k8U0iWY) (video) [Lefteris Kokoris Kogias 2022]
* [Long-range Attacks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uxHoEfxXC4) on Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Blockchains (video)[Nikolaenko, a16z crypto, 2022]
* [Byzantine](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi20-zhang_yunhao_0.pdf) Ordered Consensus without Byzantine Oligarchy [Zhang, etal. 2020]
* [EIP-4844](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/23d3aeebba3b5da0df4bd25108461b442199f406/specs/eip4844/polynomial-commitments.md#verify_kzg_proof) Consensus Specs -- Polynomial Commitments [Ethereum CL Specs]
* [Whisk](https://ethresear.ch/t/whisk-a-practical-shuffle-based-ssle-protocol-for-ethereum/11763): A practical shuffle-based SSLE protocol for Ethereum [asn, 2022]
* [Resource Pools](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.10698.pdf) and the CAP Theorem [Lewis-Pye, Roughgarden, 2020]
* [A model](https://uncommoncore.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/A-model-for-Bitcoins-security-and-the-declining-block-subsidy-v1.02.pdf) for Bitcoin’s security and the declining block subsidy [Hasu, Prestwich, Curtis, 2019]
* [Everything](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.10484.pdf) is a race and Nakamoto Always Wins [Kannan, Tse, Denbo, et al., 2020]
* [Reorg](https://ethresear.ch/t/reorg-resilience-and-security-in-post-ssf-lmd-ghost/14164) resilience and security in post-SSF LMD-GHOST [fradamt, 2022]
* [Ouroboros](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/889.pdf): A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol [Kiayias, et al, 2019]
* [Byzantine Agreement](https://decentralizedthoughts.github.io/2019-08-02-byzantine-agreement-is-impossible-for-$n-slash-leq-3-f$-is-the-adversary-can-easily-simulate/) is Impossible for $n ≤ 3f$ if the Adversary can Simulate [Nayak, Abraham, 2019]
* [Secret](https://ethresear.ch/t/secret-non-single-leader-election/11789#a-concrete-proposal-2) non-single leader election [Buterin, 2022]
* [Two-slot](https://ethresear.ch/t/two-slot-proposer-builder-separation/10980) proposer/builder separation [Buterin, 2021]
* [Ethereum](https://www.paradigm.xyz/2021/07/ethereum-reorgs-after-the-merge) Reorgs After The Merge [Konstantanopoulos, Buterin, 2021]
* [Consensus](https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03936) in the Age of Blockchains [Banno, et al., 2017]

## ZK-EVM

* [Ethereum](https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf): A Secure Decentralized Generalized Transaction Ledger, Berlin Version
* [Ethereum](https://ethereum.org/669c9e2e2027310b6b3cdce6e1c52962/Ethereum_Whitepaper_-_Buterin_2014.pdf): A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform
* [You think](https://twitter.com/gakonst/status/1592563352282497024) the EVM is slow? [@gakonst, 2022]
* [Taiko](https://taikoxyz.github.io/taiko-mono/taiko-whitepaper.pdf): A Decentralized Ethereum-Equivalent ZK-Rollup
* [Taiko](https://github.com/taikoxyz/zkevm-specs/tree/master/specs) ZK-EVM Specs
* [PSE](https://privacy-scaling-explorations.github.io/zkevm-docs/architecture.html) ZK-EVM
* [Introducing Scroll](https://scroll.mirror.xyz/N7cAie4ul0PdSxNdv2FTqgMV2JEkhOJocsxfeqe4SFE) – Technical principles
* [An overview](https://scroll.mirror.xyz/nDAbJbSIJdQIWqp9kn8J0MVS4s6pYBwHmK7keidQs-k) of Scroll's architecture
* [Starknet Docs](https://docs.starknet.io/documentation/architecture_and_concepts/Account_Abstraction/simplified_transaction_flow/): Simplified transaction flow
* [A Guide](https://hackmd.io/@sin7y/S1MjTwR8K#A-Guide-to-AppliedZKP-zkEVM-Circuit-Code) to AppliedZKP zkEVM Circuit Code
* [The Go Fast Machine](https://polygon.technology/blog/the-go-fast-machine-adding-recursion-to-polygon-zkevm): Adding Recursion to Polygon zkEVM
* [ZK7](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DT8g3veR17k): zkEVM circuit arithmetization [Ye Zhang, 2022]

## Parallel EVM
* [i built](https://twitter.com/brockjelmore/status/1433189610797113357) a parallel evm execution engine to find out [@brockjelmore, 2021]
* [Easy](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/648) parallelizability #648
* [An Empirical](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.01376.pdf) Study of Speculative Concurrency in Ethereum Smart Contracts [Saraph, Herlihy, 2019]
* [An Empirical](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.01376.pdf) Study of Speculative Concurrency in Ethereum Smart Contracts
* [Innovating the Main Chain](https://polygon.technology/blog/innovating-the-main-chain-a-polygon-pos-study-in-parallelization): a Polygon PoS Study in Parallelization
* [Speeding](https://writings.flashbots.net/speeding-up-evm-part-1/) up the EVM (part 1) [Sun, 2021]
* [Block-STM](https://malkhi.com/posts/2022/04/block-stm/): Accelerating Smart-Contract Processing [Malkhi, 2022]
* [Block-STM](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.06871.pdf) Scaling Blockchain Execution by Turning Ordering Curse to a Performance Blessing [Malkhi, et al. 2022]
* [Parallelilizing EVM](https://ethresear.ch/t/parallelilizing-evm-through-end-of-the-block-virtual-transactions/7787) through end-of-the-block virtual transactions [kladkogex, et al. 2020]
* [The Implementation](https://nodereal.io/blog/en/the-implementation-of-parallel-evm-1-0-2/) of Parallel EVM 1.0 [Henry.CTO, 2022]
* [New Milestone](https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/new-milestone-the-implementation-of-parallel-evm-2-0/): The Implementation of Parallel EVM 2.0 [NodeReal, 2022]
* [Parallel](https://monad-xyz.medium.com/parallel-execution-monad-f4c203cddf31) Execution & Monad [Monad Labs, 2023]

## Sequencer
* [Leader Election](https://a16zcrypto.com/leader-election-from-randomness-beacons-and-other-strategies/) from Randomness Beacons and Other Strategies
* [Against](https://ethresear.ch/t/against-proof-of-stake-for-zk-op-rollup-leader-election/7698) proof of stake for [zk/op]rollup leader election [barryWhiteHat, 2020]
* [Anoma](https://media.githubusercontent.com/media/anoma/whitepaper/main/whitepaper.pdf): a unified architecture for full-stack decentralised
applications
* [Anoma](https://specs.anoma.net/main/architecture/clients/explorer.html) Specifications
* [Introducing Namada](https://medium.com/anomanetwork/introducing-namada-shielded-transfers-with-any-assets-dce2e579384c): Shielded Transfers with Any Assets
* [Multislot](https://forum.celestia.org/t/multislot-leader-pipelining/583) Leader Pipelining
* [Optimism](https://community.optimism.io/docs/protocol/#decentralizing-the-sequencer) - Decentralizing The Sequencer
* [Starknet](https://community.starknet.io/t/starknet-decentralization-tendermint-based-suggestion/998) Decentralization - Tendermint based suggestion [Ohad, 2022]
* [Sharing a Sequencer](https://forum.celestia.org/t/sharing-a-sequencer-set-by-separating-execution-from-aggregation/702) Set by Separating Execution from Aggregation
* [StarkNet](https://medium.com/starkware/starknet-performance-roadmap-bb7aae14c7de) Performance Roadmap
* [Starknet](https://community.starknet.io/t/starknet-decentralized-protocol-introduction/2671) Decentralized Protocol - Introduction [ilia, 2022]
* [Starknet](https://community.starknet.io/t/starknet-decentralized-protocol-candidate-for-leader-elections/4751) Decentralized Protocol - Candidate for Leader Elections [ilia, 2022]
* [Starknet](https://community.starknet.io/t/starknet-decentralized-protocol-consensus/5386) Decentralized Protocol - Consensus [ ilia, 2023]
* [Decentralizing Rollups](https://www.espressosys.com/blog/decentralizing-rollups-announcing-the-espresso-sequencer): Announcing the Espresso Sequencer [Espresso Systems, 2022]
* [Espresso HotShot](https://www.espressosys.com/blog/espresso-hotshot-consensus-designed-for-rollups): Consensus Designed for Rollups [Espresso Systems, 2022]
* [Decentralized](https://www.alexbeckett.xyz/decentralized-sequencers-where-do-we-go-next/) Sequencers: where do we go next? [Beckett, 2022]
* [Metis](https://docs.metis.io/dev/the-architecture-of-the-metis-smart-l2/sequencers) architecture of Smart L2 - Sequencer
* [Decentralized](https://ethglobal.com/showcase/decentralized-sequencers-for-optimism-rollup-1o98i) Sequencers for Optimism rollup (2022)
* [Rolling Shutter](https://blog.shutter.network/announcing-rolling-shutter/): MEV protection built into Layer 2 [Shutter 2022]
* [Decentralized](https://forum.celestia.org/t/decentralized-rollup-sequencing-as-a-service-via-interchain-security/423) Rollup Sequencing as a Service via Interchain Security [White, 2022]

## MEV
* [Credible](https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/114.pdf), Optimal Auctions via Blockchains [Chitra, Ferreira, Kulkarni, 2023]
* [Order Flow Auction](https://frontier.tech/the-orderflow-auction-design-space) Design Space [Gosselin, Chiplunkar, 2023]
* [A new game](https://frontier.tech/a-new-game-in-town) in town [Chiplunkar, Gosselin, 2023]
* [Censorship Resistance](https://github.com/eljhfx/Decentralized-Auctions/blob/main/Censorship_Resistance_in_On-Chain_Auctions.pdf) in On-chain Auctions [Pai, Resnick, Fox, 2023]
* [Follow-Up](https://crocswap.medium.com/follow-up-analyses-of-lp-profitability-in-uniswap-v3-2cfc8c5e014e) Analyses of LP Profitability in Uniswap V3 [0xfbifemboy, 2023]
* [Usage](https://crocswap.medium.com/usage-of-markout-to-calculate-lp-profitability-in-uniswap-v3-e32773b1a88e) of Markout to Calculate LP Profitability in Uniswap V3 [0xfbifemboy, 2022]
* [Discrimination](https://crocswap.medium.com/discrimination-of-toxic-flow-in-uniswap-v3-part-1-fb5b6e01398b) of Toxic Flow in Uniswap V3: Part 1 [0xfbifemboy, 2023]
* [Discrimination](https://crocswap.medium.com/discrimination-of-toxic-flow-in-uniswap-v3-part-2-21d84aaa33f5) of Toxic Flow in Uniswap V3: Part 2 [0xfbifemboy, 2023]
* [Beginner's](https://writings.flashbots.net/beginners-guide-mevboost/) guide to MEV-Boost [Dunn, 2022]
* [Mempool](https://github.com/flashbots/mev-research/blob/main/FRPs/active/FRP-10.md#mempool-privacy) Privacy [Obadia, 2021]
* [On Frequent](https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26341/w26341.pdf) Batch Auctions for Stocks [Jagannathan, 2019]
* ["Front-Running"](https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1876&context=lawreview) – Insider Trading Under the Commodity Exchange Act [Markham, 1988]
* [Burning](https://ethresear.ch/t/burning-mev-through-block-proposer-auctions/14029) MEV through block proposer auctions [@domothy, 2022]
* [The Future](https://writings.flashbots.net/the-future-of-mev-is-suave) of MEV is SUAVE [FB, 2022]
* [The Future](https://collective.flashbots.net/t/the-future-of-mev-is-suave/762) of MEV is SUAVE [FB collective, 2022]
* [Can](https://writings.flashbots.net/fcfs-and-front-running) First Come First Served-Based Transaction Ordering Prevent Front-Running? [Annessi, 2022]
* [Committee-driven](https://ethresear.ch/t/committee-driven-mev-smoothing/10408) MEV smoothing [fradamt, 2022]
* [Improving Proof](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ksk/files/MEV_Redistribution.pdf) of Stake Economic Security via MEV Redistribution [Chitra, Kulkarni, 2022]
* [Constant Function](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.07220.pdf) Market Making, Social Welfare and Maximal Extractable Value [Mazorra, Della Penna, 2022]
* [Structuring](https://mirror.xyz/0x03c29504CEcCa30B93FF5774183a1358D41fbeB1/WKa3GFC03uY34d2MufTyD0c595xVRUEZi9RNG-dHNKs) Blockspace Derivatives [Ma, 2021]
* [What](https://hackmd.io/@0xapriori/r1stc3zPi#What-is-MEV) is MEV? [apriori, 2022]
* [MEV](https://hackmd.io/@0xapriori/HJ3Bf3DPj) Resources [apriori, 2022]
* [FastLane](https://forum.polygon.technology/t/fastlane-on-polygon-pfl-spam-reduction-mev/11007) on Polygon (PFL) - Spam Reduction / MEV [Thogard, 2023]
* [Polygon](https://www.fastlane.finance/PFL_WHITE_PAPER_1_5.pdf) Fastlane White Paper [Thogard, FastLane Labs, 2022]
* [Beyond Extraction](https://frontier.tech/beyond-extraction): The Role of Block Building in the Future of Ethereum [Van der Werff, 2023]

## Economics
* [Understanding fees](https://barnabe.substack.com/p/understanding-fees-in-eip1559) in eip1559 [Monnot, 2022]
* [Multidimensional](https://ethresear.ch/t/multidimensional-eip-1559/11651) EIP 1559 [Buterin, 2022]
* [Dynamic Pricing](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.07919.pdf) for Non-fungible Resources: Designing Multidimensional Blockchain Fee Markets [Diamandes, Evans, Chitra, 2022]
* [Pre-PIP Discussion](https://forum.polygon.technology/t/pre-pip-discussion-addressing-reorgs-and-gas-spikes/10623): Addressing Reorgs and Gas Spikes
* [Competitive equilibria](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.00919.pdf) between staking and on-chain lending [Chitra, 2020]
* [John Adler](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoWMLoeQGeI) : Wait, It's All Resource Pricing? [Adler, 2021]
* [Protocol-level](https://ex.rs/protocol-level-fees/) transaction fees?[Breitman, 2020]

## Governance
* [(DAOs)](https://ethereum.org/en/dao/) Decentralized Autonomous Organizations [Ethereum.org, 2023]
* [Notes](https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/17/voting.html) on Blockchain governance [Buterin, 2017]
* [Governance, Part 2](https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html): Plutocracy Is Still Bad [Buterin, 2018]
* [Moving](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html) beyond coin voting governance [Buterin, 2021]
* [How Governance]() on Ethereum works [Zoultu, 2021]
* [Optimism](https://community.optimism.io/docs/governance/) Docs Governance
* [Governance](https://daocollective.xyz/governance/): the DAO research collective [Nigam, Wandler, Minicucci, 2023]
* [The](https://www.optimism.io/vision) Optimistic Vision
* [Cosmos White Paper](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos/blob/master/WHITEPAPER.md#tendermint)
* [EIP 1](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1) - What belongs in a succesful EIP?

## PGF
* [Funding public goods](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_t4VhisO1Y) — algorithms and mechanisms [Buterin, Protocol Labs, 2021]
* [Retroactive](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXlQY7T2xJE) Public Goods Funding - One Year In [Floersch, 2022]
* [Into the bytecode](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tg9mu21H9iY): Retroactive Public Goods Funding [Buterin, Floersch, 2022]
* [Green Pill](https://store.gitcoin.co/products/green-pill-book-digital-edition) Book [Owocki, 2022]
* [RetroPGF](https://community.optimism.io/docs/governance/retropgf-2/#) Round 2 [Optimism Docs, 2023]
* [Namada](https://blog.namada.net/privacy-as-a-public-good/): Privacy as a Public Good [Lofgren, 2023]
* [Namada](https://specs.namada.net/economics/public-goods-funding.html) PGF Specs [Namada Specs, 2022]
* [EF](https://esp.ethereum.foundation/academic-grants-2023#requirements) Academic Grants Round [EF Blog, 2023]
* [MEV](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWA2and3jCg) Redistribution with apriori | Green Pill #85
* [Lewis Carroll](https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/lewis-carroll-invented-retroactive) Invented Retroactive Public Goods Funding In 1894
* [Ethereum Beyond ETH](https://hackmd.io/@nikete/beyondETH): towards social welfare optimal chains via developer aligned staking token distribution [nikete, 2023]
* [Uniswap Grants Round](https://uniswap.notion.site/671c591ad93d47bcbdf4a724bbe878b7?v=9db58a27eb524ab694cf0054f6add470) Wishlist February 20 submission deadline

## Data Availability
* [Fraud and Data Availability Proofs](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.09044.pdf): Maximising Light Client Security and Scaling Blockchains with Dishonest Majorities [Al-Bassam, Sonino, Buterin, 2019]
* [An explanation](https://hackmd.io/@vbuterin/sharding_proposal) of the sharding + DAS proposal [Buterin, 2022-]
* [Data Availability](https://www.paradigm.xyz/2022/08/das) Sampling: From Basics to Open Problems [Joachimneu, 2022]
* [Cryptoeconomic](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.02999.pdf) Security for Data Availability Committees [Tas, Boneh, 2022]
* [FAQ](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQs/c54cf1b520b0bd07468bee6950cda9a2c4ab4982) On sharding blockchains [Buterin, 2018]

## X-Chain Communication
* [Research](https://hackmd.io/@kalmanlajko/ByE28sYfs) on fast cross-rollup messaging and settlement inside recursive proofs [Lajko, 2022]
* [Decentralized](https://ethresear.ch/t/decentralized-l2-sequencing-w-native-ibc-interoperability/14944) L2 Sequencing w/ Native IBC Interoperability [Du, 2023]
* [Cross-rollup](https://ethresear.ch/t/cross-rollup-dex-with-smart-contracts-only-on-the-destination-side/8778) DEX with smart contracts only on the destination side [Buterin, 2021]
* [Succinct](https://blog.succinct.xyz/post/2022/09/20/proof-of-consensus/) Towards the endgame of blockchain interoperability with proof of consensus [Succinct Labs, 2022]
* [Cross-chain](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbVdb8_Icfg) ZK Messaging - Drew Stone (Webb)[Scroll, Web, 2023]
* [IBC](https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ibc-for-solana-vm-rollups-eclipse-modular-insights-3/id1630169902) for Solana VM rollups: Eclipse [Modular insights #3, 2023]
* [The Multi-hop](https://polymerlabs.medium.com/the-multi-hop-ibc-upgrade-will-take-ibc-to-ethereum-and-beyond-b4bee43523e) IBC upgrade will take IBC to Ethereum and beyond [Polymer Labs, 2023]
* [Bringing IBC to Ethereum using ZK-Snarks](https://ethresear.ch/t/bringing-ibc-to-ethereum-using-zk-snarks/13634)[Garvit Goel, Jinank Jain, 2022]
* [zkBridge](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.00264.pdf): Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical [Xie, et al, 2022]
* [Bridging](https://blog.nil.foundation/2023/01/19/mina-integration-launch.html) Mina to Ethereum via =nil;'s Proof Market.[Komarov, 2023]
* [Private](https://hackmd.io/VVvlsIcgSV6TwqA_Wxhimw?both=#Asssumptions) Bridging [Iraklis, 2022]
* [Private](https://hackmd.io/@heliax/By2YXEldY?type=view#Private-Asset-Bridges) Assett Bridges [Heliax, 2022]
* [Beyond IBC](https://maven11.substack.com/p/beyond-ibc) - ZK Light Clients, Verkle Trees and connecting IBC to non-Cosmos chains [Maven 11, 2022]
* [Hop](https://ethresear.ch/t/hop-send-tokens-across-rollups/8581): Send Tokens Across Rollups [Whinfrey, 2021]
* [Communication](https://community.optimism.io/docs/developers/bridge/messaging/#communication-basics-between-layers) between Layers - Optimism [OP Docs, 2023]
* [ICS-15](https://research.polytope.technology/ics-15:-ethereum-beacon-chain-light-client-specification-for-ibc): Ethereum beacon chain light client specification for IBC [Leinege, 2022]
* [dAMM](https://medium.com/starkware/damm-decentralized-amm-59b329fb4cc3)(distributed AMM)A Cross-L2 AMM [Starkware, 2021]

## Data Models
* [Accounts](https://forum.celestia.org/t/accounts-strict-access-lists-and-utxos/37), Strict Access Lists, and UTXOs
* [Ethereum](https://medium.com/@eiki1212/ethereum-state-trie-architecture-explained-a30237009d4e) State Trie Architecture Explained
* [Merkle](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/dev/ssz/merkle-proofs.md) proof formats, consensus-specs
* [Protocols](http://www.ralphmerkle.com/papers/Protocols.pdf) for Public Key Crypto Systems [Merkle, 1980]

## Account Abstraction
* [ERC 4337](https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/erc-4337-account-abstraction-via-entry-point-contract-specification/7160): Account Abstraction via Entry Point Contract specification [Buterin, et al. 2021]
* [Unified](https://notes.ethereum.org/@yoav/unified-erc-4337-mempool) ERC-4337 mempool [Weiss, 2023]
* [Unpacking ERC-4337](https://frontier.tech/unpacking-erc-4337) [Chiplunkar, 2022]
* [EIP-4337](https://blog.openzeppelin.com/eth-foundation-account-abstraction-audit/) Ethereum Account Abstraction Audit [OpenZeppelin, 2022]
* [Talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyT6WzJmWyc) | ERC 4337: Account Abstraction via Alternative Mempool [Weiss, 2022]
* [The Road](https://notes.ethereum.org/@vbuterin/account_abstraction_roadmap) To Account Abstraction [Buterin, 2022-]
* [EIP-3074](https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/eip-3074-auth-and-authcall-opcodes/4880/1): AUTH and AUTHCALL opcodes [Wilson, et al., 2023]
* [An introduction](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zToZVpKPW6Q) to EIP-3074 [Garnett, Dietrichs, 2022]
* [EIP-3074](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUJlZMXrVEI): AUTH and AUTHCALL opcodes Community call [Sam W., Ansgar D, Matt G. & Micah Z, 2022]
* [EIP-5003](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-5003) Allow migrating away from ECDSA by deploying code in place of an externally owned account. [Finlay, Wilson, 2022]
* [ELI5](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuYZWJj65AY): Account Abstraction | Devcon Bogotá [Liraz, 2022]
* [Account Abstraction Panel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsZBymiyT-8) | Devcon Bogotá [Buterin, et al., 2022]
* [Account](https://camiinthisthang.substack.com/p/account-abstraction-for-everyone) Abstraction for Everyone Else [Cami, 2023]