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    # Course 2 -- Introduction to Machine Learning ## Machine Learning Brief ### Supervised learning 1. 輸出基本上都是基於先前給予的範例去決定 2. ==需要輸入/輸出範例(已標記資料)== 3. 資料素質不一(廉價或富有價值) * Classification problem: 分類問題,依照問題給予 Yes/No 或類別輸出 * Regression problem: 輸出結果為真實且連續的值,例如:薪水/溫度 ### Generative / Discriminative models * Generative model: 其嘗試在數據空間中進行建模(建構聯合機率),著重於解釋數據如何生成。 而其估計模型的參數是基於 training dataset,並過貝式進行運算。 * Discriminative models: 配別模型會在數據空間中繪製邊界,側重於標籤化數據。 經由貝式運算機率來標籤化輸入資料。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/2zRnVHE.png) ### Unsupervised learning 1. 經由輸入值去建構模型機率的密度 2. 沒有輸出(無標籤) * [Clustering](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90) E.g.: [k-means](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95) or [SOFM](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84) * Reduction E.g.: [PCA](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90) or [AE](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%99%A8) * Generation E.g.: AE ### Reinforcement learning 1. 學習準則 2. 沒有輸出(有經過標籤化) 3. 需要有回饋 Several approaches: * Mode-free * Valued-based (E.g.: Q learning) * Policy-based (E.g.: PPO) * Model-based ## Other issue * Semi-supervised learning 半監督學習是機器學習(machine learning)中的一種訓練方式/學習方式。 介於監督學習和無監督學習之間。 是監督學習與無監督學習相結合的一種學習方法,半監督學習使用大量的未標記數據,以及同時使用標記數據,來進行模式識別工作。 * Self-supervised learning 自我監督學習‎‎從數據本身獲取監督信號,通常利用數據中的底層結構‎‎。自我監督學習的一般技術是從輸入的任何觀察到或未隱藏的部分預測輸入的任何未觀察或隱藏的部分(或屬性)。‎ :::info ==Semi-supervised learning vs. Self-supervised learning== 這兩種技術之間最顯著的相似之處是,兩者都不完全依賴於手動標記的數據。 在 **Self-supervised learning** 技術中,==模型依賴於數據的底層結構來預測結果==,它不涉及標記的數據。 但是,在 **Semi-supervised learning** 中,我們==仍然提供少量的標記數據。== :::

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